阳离子纸浆纤维的制备及其用作造纸湿部添加剂的研究(英文)

Cationized pulp fibers （CPF） were prepared by the adsorption of a novel biodegradable cationic ester quaternary ammonium salt （31441） on bleached softwood kraft pulp fibers. The optimized conditions for the CPF preparation were： 4% of 31441 （based on oven-dry pulp）, 80℃ and 30 rain. The CPF was characterized by FT-IR, SEM and XPS. Experimental results showed that the CPF improved the retention of precipitated calcium carbonate （PCC） filler significantly. With 0.9% CPF （based on oven-dry pulp）, the retention of PCC increased from 57.53% to 72.21%. The physical properties of paper were also slightly improved. The tensile strength and burst strength of the paper with CPF were higher than those with CPAM. CPF addition had no effect on the stock drainage.     

微坑型微织构硬质合金表面对木材摩擦特性的影响

【目的】探讨木材含水率、木材切面和纤维方向以及运动速度等因素对木材表面摩擦系数的影响规律,为设计更加合理的木材切削刀具表面织构形式提供参考和指导。【方法】以水曲柳和樟子松为研究对象,在具有不同微坑直径硬质合金表面条件下,研究木材含水率、木材切面和纤维方向以及运动速度等因素对木材表面摩擦系数的影响。【结果】与无微坑表面相比,当微坑直径为60μm、含水率为67%±3%时,在水曲柳表面产生的摩擦系数由0. 151降低到0. 091,降幅为39. 7%,在樟子松表面产生的摩擦系数由0. 241降低到0. 164,降幅为32. 0%。木材径切面上纤维方向差异对表面摩擦系数的影响不大,但在横切面上,微坑直径越小,其表现出的摩擦系数越高。摩擦过程中运动速度对表面摩擦系数的影响与木材中的水分有较大关系,当含水率处于生材状态时,表面摩擦系数随运动速度增大而降低,且微坑型结构表面产生的摩擦系数降幅明显高于无微坑表面,无微坑表面产生的摩擦系数由0. 160降低到0. 134,降幅为16. 3%,微坑直径为60μm时的摩擦系数由0. 124降低到0. 071,降幅为42. 7%。【结论】木材含水率状态对微坑型表面微织构与木材之间的摩擦系数影响较大,木材中自由水的存在有利于降低硬质合金与木材表面之间的摩擦系数。微织构直径越小,其接触角平均变化率越大,表面铺展速度越大,越有利于改善木材/硬质合金摩擦副的状态,使表面间的摩擦系数减小。     

涂饰工艺对木质体育地板表面滑动摩擦系数的影响研究

采用正交试验法,研究涂饰工艺对木质体育地板表面滑动摩擦系数的影响,试验因素为面漆涂饰次数、涂料种类和面板砂光目数,试验测试指标为表面滑动摩擦系数。方差分析结果表明,涂料种类与测试指标呈极为显著的影响关系,水性面漆涂饰的试件表面滑动摩擦系数相对较高;其他2个因素与测试指标之间无显著影响关系。砂光目数极可能对表面滑动摩擦系数有一定影响,但这一影响关系被底漆涂饰工艺所覆盖,因此所有试件的表面滑动摩擦系数全部达到了国家标准的要求。     

Influence of soil properties on the growth of sycamore (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acer pseudoplatanus </Emphasis>L.) in Denmark

Despite high demand on the timber, sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) covers only about 2% of the forested area in Denmark, mainly because several examples of failed stands have made foresters reluctant to grow sycamore. In order to optimize the use of sycamore, scientifically based knowledge is needed on the specific demands of sycamore to soil properties. Therefore, 34 stands of sycamore covering a broad range of soil types, tree heights and ages were investigated. Tree height and age were determined on 20 trees in each stand and combined into a site index. In each stand, soil water status, slope and ground cover were determined and soil samples were taken and analyzed for pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, calcium carbonate, bulk density and texture in the laboratory. The data were analyzed by simple regression supplemented by PCA and MLR. Accordingly, sycamore can grow well on a broad range of soils regarding texture and water content. However, soils with stagnant water within 40 cm of the soil surface are unsuited for sycamore. On well-drained soils, increasing clay content caused better sycamore growth, which was also improved on insufficiently drained soils with calcium carbonate. Increased nitrogen content stimulated sycamore growth while, less productive stands occurred on carbon rich soils indicating that carbon and nitrogen contents can serve as sycamore growth indicators. Bulk density, C/N ratio and pH showed no significant influence on growth. The investigation showed that sycamore could grow well on a broader range of soils than hitherto believed.     

木棉花红色素的提取及性质研究

研究了木棉花红色素的提取条件和理化性质，结果表明，用1：1的0．1mol/L盐酸－50％乙醇在60℃恒温浸取2h，提取效率较好。木棉花红色素属花青素类色素，PH值对色素影响明显，在酸性条件下色泽稳定且具有热稳定性。光照能加快色素降解，但与紫外光无关。金属离子Na^2 ,Mg^2 ,Ca^2 ,Al^3 ,Cu^2 ,Pb^2 ,Zn^2 对色素色泽无影响，而Fe^ ,Sn^2 有不良影响。色素的抗氧化还原能力较弱。蔗糖、葡萄糖和盐等添加剂对色素无影响。     

电机电刷和集电器（环）的磨损分析

发电机和直流电动机使用的电刷和集电器（环），是电机中唯一的滑动磨擦部件，也是磨损最严重的部分．本文从摩擦学的角度出发，并考虑电化学的原理，对电刷和集电器（环）的摩擦和磨损情况进行了分析，并提出了提高抗磨损的措施．     

Impact of earthworm casts on soil pH and calcium carbonate in black truffle burns

Granules of calcium carbonate are known to be produced by the calciferous glands of earthworms, and may have a measurable impact on the soil; however, little is known of their dynamics. Earthworms are often found in Tuber melanosporum burns, and this truffle is closely linked to calcium carbonate and soil pH. The present work shows that in weakly calcareous soil burns with high earthworm (Prosellodrilus sp.) activity, earthworm casts showed a significant increase of 0.2 units of pH and 66 % more total calcium carbonate than soils in the burns, although the casts were produced from these same soils. Analysis of the soil carbonate fractions (active carbonate versus calcium carbonate greater than 50 μm in size) showed that the origin of the increase in the total calcium carbonate content of the Prosellodrilus sp. casts cannot be explained by the levels of original carbonate existing in the soils in the study, although it can be explained by the synthesis of calcite granules by earthworms. These results obtained in the field with Prosellodrilus sp. confirm Canti’s (2009) experiments in the laboratory using δ¹³C concerning the synthesis of calcite granules by Lumbricus terrestris. Both these results and other works indicate that production of calcite granules by Prosellodrilus sp., L. terrestris, Aporrectodea longa, A. trapezoides and Anisochaetae sp. has the ability to increase soil pH and calcium carbonate; additionally Lambkin et al. (2011) have found that higher soil pH and carbonates can cause an increase in the production of calcite granules by L. terrestris. All these results, therefore, point to a feedback process, scope of which is a function of the different soil types and earthworm species. In summary, different earthworm species may have a significant and positive impact on soil pH and net recarbonation of T. melanosporum burns, and the importance of both soil properties justifies the development of further experiments aimed at incorporating vermiculture into the truffle cultivations.     

Bending strength and toughness of heat-treated wood

The load-deflection curve for static bending and the force-time curve for impact bending of heat-treated wood were examined in detail. The effect of oxygen in air was also investigated. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Carr.) was heated for 0.5–16.0h at a temperature of 160°C in nitrogen gas or air. The dynamic Young's modulus was measured by the free-free flexural vibration test, the static Young's modulus and work needed for rupture by the static bending test, and the absorbed energy in impact bending by the impact bending test. The results obtained were as follows: (1) The static Young's modulus increased at the initial stage of the heat treatment and decreased later. It decreased more in air than in nitrogen. (2) The bending strength increased at the initial stage of the heat treatment and decreased later. It decreased more in air than in nitrogen. (3) The work needed for rupture decreased steadily as the heating time increased. It decreased more in nitrogen than in air. It is thought that heat-treated wood was more brittle than untreated wood in the static bending test because W₁₂ was reduced by the heat treatment. This means that the main factors contributing to the reduction of the work needed for rupture were viscosity and plasticity, not elasticity. (4) The absorbed energy in impact bending increased at the initial stage of the heat treatment and decreased later. It decreased more in air than in nitrogen. It was concluded that heat-treated wood became more brittle in the impact bending test becauseI ₁₂ andI ₂₃ were reduced by the heat treatment.     

20年生加勒比松种源试验研究

1984年在广东雷州半岛遂溪进行加勒比松种源试验，共有3个变种，9个种源，用当地湿地松作对照。20年生种源试验林生长结果表明，正种加勒比松可在我国热带及南亚热带沿海地区发展，它生长快，保存率高，干形通直，无严重病虫害，抗风力较强，适宜在沿海贫瘠沙地及砖红壤上生长。洪都拉斯加勒比松不适合在我国热带沿海地区发展，其幼树病虫害严重，20年生保存率仅19％，抗风力也较差，但采用生长较快、表现较好的波布顿种源，可在热带及南亚热带内陆地区发展，其中生长快的优良单株，可选用作杂交松的亲本。巴哈马加勒比松生长与正种加勒比松相似，干形通直，但原产巴哈马珊瑚岛上，为浅根性树种，抗风力差，只能在我国南亚热带少台风地区的中性土壤发展。湿地松生长远较加勒比松差，但抗风力强，干形通直，木材密度高，可用作杂交松的亲本。     

镁肥对台湾青枣叶片光合色素和矿质养分含量的影响

对出现缺镁症的台湾青枣树进行镁肥试验,结果表明:土壤施肥和叶面喷施硫酸镁均能提高台湾青枣叶片光合色素含量和叶片氮、磷、钙养分含量。单株施镁量200～400g,叶片镁含量最高,株施400g时达到最大值,叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量分别比对照提高22.14%、34.38%、25.31%、17.86%,并能促进叶片中氮、磷、钙、镁含量的均衡提高。     

Morphological and kinetic parameters of the absorption of nitrogen forms for selection of Eucalyptus clones

Eucalyptus clones are selected according to productivity,wood quality,rooting capacity,and resistance to drought,frost and diseases.However,kinetic and morphological parameters that determine the absorption efficiency of nutrients such as nitrate(NO_3~-) and ammonium(NH_4~+)are often not considered in breeding programs.The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphological,physiological and kinetic parameters of nitrogen uptake by clones of Eucalyptus saligna(32,864) and Eucalyptus grandis(GPC23).Morphological parameters in shoot and root systems,biomass and N concentrations in different organs,photosynthetic pigment concentrations,parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence and photosynthetic rates were evaluated.Kinetic parameters,maximum absorption velocity(V_(max)),Michaelis-Menten constant(K_m),minimum concentration(C_(min)) and influx(I) were calculated for NO_3~-and NH_4~+ in the two clones.E.granais clone was more efficient in the uptake of NO_3~-and NH_4~+,and showed lower K_m and C_(min)values,allowing for the absorption of nitrogen at low concentrations due to the high affinity of the absorption sites of clone roots to NO_3~-and NH_4~+.Higher root lengths,area and volume helped the E.grandis clone in absorption efficiency and consequently,resulted in higher root and shoot biomass.The E.saligna clone had higher K_m and Cmin for NO_3~-and NH_4~+,indicating adaptation to environments with higher N availability.The results of NO_3~-and NH_4~+ kinetic parameters indicate that they can be used in Eucalyptus clone selection and breeding programs as they can predict the ability of clones to absorb NO_3~-and NH_4~+ at different concentrations.     

Variations in shoot and root growth of three provenances of Faidherbia albida in clay and sand soil

The variation in shoot and root seedling growth traits was compared among three Faidherbia albida(Del).A. Chev. provenances originating from Kenya(Taveta),Malawi(Bolero) and Ghana(Bolgatanga); representing east, south and west Africa, respectively. Bulked seeds from three provenances were grown in two soil types(clay and sand) at the World Agroforestry Centre nursery,Nairobi. Seedlings grown in clay soil had high shoot growth and shoot to root ratios but shorter root length,lower number of nodules and specific root length compared to seedlings in sand soil. Shoot to root ratios reduced with time and this was more pronounced in sand soil. Overall,the Bolero and Taveta provenances had higher growth than the Bolgatanga provenance. This was probably because plants grown in nutrient-rich clay soil invest more in shoot growth as compared to root growth. Longer root growth in sand soil shows a better adaptive mechanism that increases competitive ability and survival in nutrient-poor systems.Variations observed among the seedling variables such us shoot and root growth could be used for early selection for reforestation and agroforestry in predominantly clay and sand soil areas.     

Wood friction characteristics during exposure to high pressure: influence of wood/metal tool surface finishing conditions

Friction that arises during processing for the deformation of wood under relatively high pressure levels (ca. >1 MPa) is an important factor to be taken into account when wood is processed. However, few studies on such friction have been published. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of surface finishing conditions on the nominal friction coefficient (μ) of the wood and metal tool surfaces. Sticking friction was likely to arise on a relatively coarse metal surface, and the type of metal tool surface finishing was found to have large impact on the friction mechanism. The friction characteristics during exposure to high pressure seem to be affected not only by the interface contact characteristics, but also by the deformation characteristics of wood during compressive load or measurement. The value of μ on water-saturated wood was equal or higher than that on dry wood, which suggests that the contact characteristics between these two types of wood are significantly different. The water content in wood was shown to affect both the interface contact and deformation characteristics of wood. The value of μ was not significantly affected by the wood surface finishing conditions; however, changes in μ during sliding differed slightly, depending on the finishing conditions.     

Effect of combinations of wood and counterface materials on three-body abrasive wear

The abrasion characteristics of various combinations of wood and counterface materials in three-body abrasive wear were investigated. Various wood samples were examined in combination with wood, plastic, and metal counterface materials. The wear coefficient in the wood samples was calculated as the wear volume of the friction surface divided by the sliding distance and the applied load. The results showed that the wear coefficient was smaller in cases where the wood samples had greater yield stress. The wear coefficient increased as the yield stress of the various counterface materials increased, reaching a maximum value and then decreased as the yield stress increased. This result indicated that a peak value existed for the wear coefficient in combination with the counterface material.Part of this report was presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 2001     

Changes in wood temperature under high-speed friction

Thermal effects at the surface of a sample wood specimen while it is rubbed by reduction with a metal disk rotating at high speed are investigated. The results provide fundamental data for the development of new surface processing methods. The results of high-speed friction tests showed that the wood surface developed high-temperature regions due to the effect of friction heat, and deformed tissue was observed at the wood surface in the region that experienced the rubbing action. The thermal effects extended to a deep range in the deformed region by reduction due to different fiber inclination angles, both parallel and normal to the friction surface. The thermal effects from the rubbed conditions of the reduction and feed speed also extended deeply into the region deformed by reduction, although the thermal effect was decreased at higher feed speed. From the results of these friction tests, the change in wood temperature is described unambiguously by factors related to pressure on the friction surface.     

扭叶松实木板材三种动态弹性模量和静态弹性模量比较研究(英文)

采用Pundit、Metriguard、FFT等三种无损检测方法和常规弯曲法对加拿大扭叶松(lodgepole pine)蓝变与非蓝变实木板材的动态及静态弹性模量进行检测和比较研究。结果表明,蓝变材三种动态弹性模量及静态弹性模量均高于非蓝变材;对比分析表明,蓝变材和非蓝变材的动态及静态弹性模量存在差异,其中动态弹性模量差异均达到0.01显著性水平,静态弹性模量差异达到0.05显著性水平,并且心、边材及密度值不同是导致以上差异的主要原因。相关性分析表明,动态与静态弹性模量间相关性达到0.01显著性水平;尽管三种无损检测方法测量结果存在差异,但它们之间仍存在密切相关性,FFT 技术测量的准确性高于Pundit和Metriguard;板材中结子数影响木材动态和静态弹性模量,随着板材结子数增加弹性模量相应地降低。     

高效液相色谱法测定不同开花时期大马士革Ⅲ玫瑰（Rosa damascene tyigintipetala）花青素种类及含量

本实验采用HPLC法对大马士革III玫瑰(Rosa damascene tyigintipetala)蕾期、初开期、盛开期和盛开末期4个开花时期中6种主要花青素(飞燕草色素、矢车菊色素、天竺葵色素、芍药素、锦葵色素、矮牵牛色素)同时进行测定。采用V(无水乙醇)∶V(水)∶V(盐酸)=2∶1∶1溶液超声提取样品中花青苷30 min,并于沸水浴中水解1 h。测定的色谱条件为Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为1%甲酸水溶液和1%甲酸乙腈溶液,流速0.8 mL/min,检测波长530 nm,柱温35℃。结果表明:大马士革III玫瑰4个开花时期中均检出了矢车菊色素和天竺葵色素,方差分析结果表明两类花青素不同开花时期含量差异达到极显著水平(p<0.01);两类花青素含量均随开花过程和花瓣褪色而降低;矢车菊色素含量在不同开花时期均占绝对优势。同时,本研究建立的大马士III玫瑰花青素的提取和检测方法,该方法简便、快速、稳定且重现性好,可作为大马士革Ⅲ玫瑰及其他植物源性材料中飞燕草色素、矢车菊色素、天竺葵色素、芍药素、锦葵色素、矮牵牛色素等六...     

Studies on the control of subterranean termites by inorganic pesticides

Studies on the wood preserving techniques against subterranean termites have been undertaken with a view to promote the use of inorganic indigenous pesticides in our country. The thin films of gelatine solution (glue of animal hides) containing 10% calcium carbonate or 5% copper sulphate as well as sodium silicate solution containing 12% calcium carbonate +10% zinc oxide coated separately on wooden stakes prevented termite attack in soil up to 2, 4 and 5 years, respectively. Whereas control wooden stakes were found to be severely damaged by termites within 6 months. Stakes coated with Solignum^®-white used as standard wood preservative for comparison remained free from termite infestation for a period of 5 years.     

对转子发动机气缸径向密封片的改进

通过对传统往复活塞式发动机和转子发动机气缸密封结构的分析，针对现存的问题提出对转子发动机气缸径向密封的改进。在原径向密封片的基础上，在其前段与缸体接触的密封面开出圆柱形通孔，在通孔中装入滚针，将径向密封片装入滚针后，把原来的滑动摩擦改变为滚动摩擦，从而改善径向密封片的摩擦特性，增强密封性能。     

测试方法对运动木地板表面摩擦系数的影响

针对运动木地板的表面摩擦系数进行测试分析,对比了2种不同测试方法所得到的表面摩擦系数之间的差异。结果显示:使用自主研发的表面系数摩擦仪所测得的动摩擦系数与摆锤测试结果基本保持一致,而静摩擦系数要大于动摩擦系数。