红平菇(Pleurotus diamor)培育条件和栽培技术研究

从形态特征、生长与发育、农艺性状、栽培方式、栽培基质、接种管理和出菇管理等几方面阐述红平菇的品种特性及其栽培技术要点。研究得出:红平菇子实体丛生,由菌盖和侧生菌柄构成;适宜熟料袋栽或菌筒栽培,也可进行生料袋栽或床栽;菌丝生长温度控制在28～30℃、空间湿度控制在75%左右、于黑暗环境中培养;原基分化的适宜温度为18～25℃,子实体发育温度20～28℃。     

In situ hybridization to study the origin and fate of identified neurons

Egg-laying behavior in Aplysia is mediated by a set of peptides, including egg-laying hormone (ELH), which are released by a cluster of identified neurons, the bag cells. A family of neuropeptide genes which includes the gene encoding ELH along with two additional genes encoding the A and B peptides thought to initiate the egg-laying process has been isolated and their nucleotide sequence has been determined. In situ hybridization and immunofluorescence was used to explore the origin and distribution of the neurons that express this family of genes. The ELH genes are expressed, not only in the bag cells, but in an extensive system of neurons distributed in four of the five ganglia of the central nervous system. The genes for ELH are expressed in these cells early in the animal's life cycle. As a result, it was possible to use in situ hybridization to trace the cells expressing ELH to their site of origin. The cells originate outside the central nervous system in the ectoderm of the body wall and appear to migrate to their final locations within the central nervous system by crawling along strands of connective tissue.     

Concanavalin A alters synaptic specificity between cultured Aplysia neurons

Factors that regulate synaptic specificity were investigated with Aplysia buccal and bag cell neurons in primary cell culture. In the presence of fetal calf serum electrical synapses are formed between buccal-buccal or bag-bag cell pairs, but not between buccal-bag cell pairs. Instead, buccal neurons make inhibitory chemical synapses on bag cells. However, in the presence of nanomolar concentrations of the lectin concanavalin A this pattern changes, such that more than 75 percent of buccal-bag pairs exhibit electrical synapses and the frequency of occurrence of buccal-bag chemical synapses is reduced. Such changes in synaptic specificity may be important in determining the types of synapses formed during neuronal development and neurite regeneration.     

In vivo function and membrane binding properties are correlated for Escherichia coli lamB signal peptides

Wild-type and pseudorevertant signal peptides of the lamB gene product of Escherichia coli interact with lipid systems whereas a nonfunctional deletion mutant signal peptide does not. This conclusion is based on interaction of synthetic signal peptides with a lipid monolayer-water surface, conformational changes induced by presence of lipid vesicles in an aqueous solution of signal peptide, and capacities of the peptides to promote vesicle aggregation. Analysis of the signal sequences and previous conformational studies suggest that these lipid interaction properties may be attributable to the tendency of the functional signal peptides to adopt alpha-helical conformations. Although the possibility of direct interaction between the signal peptide and membrane lipids during protein secretion is controversial, the results suggest that conformationally related amphiphilicity and consequent membrane affinity of signal sequences are important for function in vivo.     

Brain peptides: what, where, and why?

Within the past decade, a large number of peptides have been described within the vertebrate central nervous system. Some of these peptides were previously known to be present in nonneural vertebrate tissues, as well as in lower species, in which they may serve as primitive elements of intercellular communication prior to the development of neuronal or endocrine systems. In vertebrates, these peptides are thought to have neurotransmitter or neuromodulatory roles and appear to be involved in the regulation of a number of homeostatic systems, although the mechanisms of their actions are still unclear.     

Reconstitution of Ca2+-regulated membrane fusion by synaptotagmin and SNAREs

We investigated the effect of synaptotagmin I on membrane fusion mediated by neuronal SNARE proteins, SNAP-25, syntaxin, and synaptobrevin, which were reconstituted into vesicles. In the presence of Ca2+, the cytoplasmic domain of synaptotagmin I (syt) strongly stimulated membrane fusion when synaptobrevin densities were similar to those found in native synaptic vesicles. The Ca2+ dependence of syt-stimulated fusion was modulated by changes in lipid composition of the vesicles and by a truncation that mimics cleavage of SNAP-25 by botulinum neurotoxin A. Stimulation of fusion was abolished by disrupting the Ca2+-binding activity, or by severing the tandem C2 domains, of syt. Thus, syt and SNAREs are likely to represent the minimal protein complement for Ca2+-triggered exocytosis.     

花生活性肽的分子量分布及抗氧化活性研究

[目的]研究花生活性肽的分子量分布及其与抗氧化活性的关系。[方法]采用截留分子量8.0、3.5、1.0 kD的透析袋对花生蛋白酶水解液进行分级分离,得到不同分子量范围的抗氧化肽,分别测定其清除自由基的能力,并与Tricine-SDS-PAGE技术相结合,考察花生蛋白酶解物的分子量分布。[结果]分子量范围在1.0 kD以下的多肽混合物含量分别为碱性蛋白酶和风味酶的总水解物的76.21%和83.42%,不同分子量范围的水解物均具有一定的清除自由基的能力,且随分子量的减小而增大,分子量范围在1.0 kD以下的组分对碱性蛋白酶和风味酶中的自由基的清除能力最强,分别为(87.41±0.66)%和(67.88±0.48)%。[结论]花生活性肽的抗氧化能力较强,尤其是分子量1.0 kD以下的短肽,具有较好的开发应用前景。     

Clusters of coupled neuroblasts in embryonic neocortex.

The neocortex of the brain develops from a simple germinal layer into a complex multilayer structure. To investigate cellular interactions during early neocortical development, whole-cell patch clamp recordings were made from neuroblasts in the ventricular zone of fetal rats. During early corticogenesis, neuroblasts are physiologically coupled by gap junctions into clusters of 15 to 90 cells. The coupled cells form columns within the ventricular zone and, by virtue of their membership in clusters, have low apparent membrane resistances and generate large responses to the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid. As neuronal migration out of the ventricular zone progresses, the number of cells within the clusters decreases. These clusters allow direct cell to cell interaction at the earliest stages of corticogenesis.     

Brain region and gene specificity of neuropeptide gene expression in cultured astrocytes

Astrocytes have many neuronal characteristics, such as neurotransmitter receptors, ion channels, and neurotransmitter uptake systems. Cultured astrocytes were shown to express certain neuropeptide genes, with specificity for both the gene expressed and the brain region from which the cells were prepared. Somatostatin messenger RNA and peptides were detected only in cerebellar astrocytes, whereas proenkephalin messenger RNA and enkephalin peptides were present in astrocytes of cortex, cerebellum, and striatum. Cholecystokinin was not expressed in any of the cells. These results support the hypothesis that peptides synthesized in astrocytes may play a role in the development of the central nervous system.     

Kinesin superfamily motor protein KIF17 and mLin-10 in NMDA receptor-containing vesicle transport

Experiments with vesicles containing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor 2B (NR2B subunit) show that they are transported along microtubules by KIF17, a neuron-specific molecular motor in neuronal dendrites. Selective transport is accomplished by direct interaction of the KIF17 tail with a PDZ domain of mLin-10 (Mint1/X11), which is a constituent of a large protein complex including mLin-2 (CASK), mLin-7 (MALS/Velis), and the NR2B subunit. This interaction, specific for a neurotransmitter receptor critically important for plasticity in the postsynaptic terminal, may be a regulatory point for synaptic plasticity and neuronal morphogenesis.     

Aggregations of 35-nanometer particles associated with neuronal cytopathic changes in natural scrapie

Neuronal vacuolation and intravacuolar budding of vesicles and cytoplasmic processes appear to be the most characteristic cellular lesion in natural scrapie, a chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system of sheep which is transmissible by injection. Membrane-bound accumulations of the 35-nm particles are fotnd in the cytoplasmic processes that project inside the vacuoles of the neuronal perikaryon. Such particles are present only in a small number of vacuolated neurons.     

Quantal release of transmitter is not associated with channel opening on the neuronal membrane

The traditional view that quantal release of neurotransmitter results from the fusion of transmitter-containing vesicles with the neuronal membrane has been recently challenged. Although various alternative mechanisms have been proposed, a common element among them is the release of cytoplasmic transmitter, which, in one view, could occur through large conductance channels on the presynaptic membrane. Six nerve-muscle cell pairs were examined with a whole-cell patch clamp for the presence of such channels that are associated with the production of miniature end-plate potentials. Examination of the neuronal membrane current during the occurrence of 822 miniature end-plate potentials produced no evidence of large channels. Thus it is unlikely that quantal release is mediated by such channels in the neuromuscular junction.     

Transport of peptide-MHC class II complexes in developing dendritic cells

Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecules capture peptides within the endocytic pathway to generate T cell receptor (TCR) ligands. Immature dendritic cells (DCs) sequester intact antigens in lysosomes, processing and converting antigens into peptide-MHC II complexes upon induction of DC maturation. The complexes then accumulate in distinctive, nonlysosomal MHC II+ vesicles that appear to migrate to the cell surface. Although the vesicles exclude soluble lysosomal contents and antigen-processing machinery, many contain MHC I and B7 costimulatory molecules. After arrival at the cell surface, the MHC and costimulatory molecules remain clustered. Thus, transport of peptide-MHC II complexes by DCs not only accomplishes transfer from late endocytic compartments to the plasma membrane, but does so in a manner that selectively concentrates TCR ligands and costimulatory molecules for T cell contact.     

From the genome to the proteome: uncovering peptides in the Apis brain

Neuropeptides, critical brain peptides that modulate animal behavior by affecting the activity of almost every neuronal circuit, are inherently difficult to predict directly from a nascent genome sequence because of extensive posttranslational processing. The combination of bioinformatics and proteomics allows unprecedented neuropeptide discovery from an unannotated genome. Within the Apis mellifera genome, we have inferred more than 200 neuropeptides and have confirmed the sequences of 100 peptides. This study lays the groundwork for future molecular studies of Apis neuropeptides with the identification of 36 genes, 33 of which were previously unreported.     

Treatment of ischemic brain damage by perturbing NMDA receptor- PSD-95 protein interactions

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) mediate ischemic brain damage but also mediate essential neuronal excitation. To treat stroke without blocking NMDARs, we transduced neurons with peptides that disrupted the interaction of NMDARs with the postsynaptic density protein PSD-95. This procedure dissociated NMDARs from downstream neurotoxic signaling without blocking synaptic activity or calcium influx. The peptides, when applied either before or 1 hour after an insult, protected cultured neurons from excitotoxicity, reduced focal ischemic brain damage in rats, and improved their neurological function. This approach circumvents the negative consequences associated with blocking NMDARs and may constitute a practical stroke therapy.     

高寒冷凉区红地球葡萄套袋与日灼发生关系的研究

高寒冷凉区设施栽培条件下红地球葡萄套袋后,袋内温度升高,比不套袋葡萄更易发生日灼;套袋后发生日灼与气温高低、套袋时间、袋型种类、袋体通气性、遮阴条件有关;套袋时避开高温期,选用色调较深、通气条件较好的袋型,日灼较轻;创造良好的遮阴条件,可有效地减少日灼。     

寒富苹果果实品质对不同果袋的响应机制研究

研究了不同果袋对寒富苹果品质的影响,结果发现:套袋改善了寒富苹果的外观品质,套反光膜袋和双层纸袋效果好于塑膜袋,套袋对果实的内在品质也有不利影响,不同类型袋影响程度不同。生产优质高档寒富苹果,应采用反光膜袋和双层纸袋为主,少用塑膜袋。反光膜袋是一种新型果袋,对于一些问题还需进一步研究。     

液膜果袋在石榴上的应用效果

石榴生产中存在果实感病较多,果面光洁度、色泽较差及农药残留量高等问题,套纸袋和塑膜袋各有缺点,为了探索新的套袋途径,对液膜果袋和纸制果袋、塑膜袋进行了对比试验。结果表明,喷施液膜果袋后的石榴果实比套纸袋、塑膜袋及对照的感病率低,果实着色指数及果面光洁度较高,单果重增加,果实六六六残留量低于套纸袋和塑膜袋。     

不同类型果袋对霞光油桃果实品质的影响

本试验以晚熟油桃品种霞光为试验材料,研究了不同纸质类型果袋(白色单层纸袋、外黄内白双层纸袋和外黄内黑双层纸袋)对油桃果实品质的影响。结果表明:与不套袋的对照相比,套袋处理显著降低了油桃病虫果率、果锈指数和裂果率(P<0.05),并显著增加了亮度值、色饱和度和去皮硬度(P<0.05)。3种套袋处理中,外黄内白双层纸袋和外黄内黑双层纸袋处理的病虫果率和裂果率均显著低于白色单层纸袋处理(P<0.05),而单果重显著高于白色单层纸袋处理(P<0.05);外黄内白双层纸袋和外黄内黑双层纸袋处理的果实亮度值、黄色饱和度、色饱和度均显著高于白色单层纸袋处理(P<0.05);白色单层纸袋和外黄内白双层纸袋处理的果实红色饱和度、红色饱和度与黄色饱和度比值均显著高于外黄内黑双层纸袋处理(P<0.05)。因此,用外黄内白双层纸袋对长江下游地区晚熟油桃进行套袋生产是一种较好的方法。     

珍贵绢丝昆虫天蚕FXPRLamide家族神经肽的免疫组织化学鉴定

 利用Zooblotting、酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）和免疫组织化学等方法，对天蚕的DH、PBAN等FXPRLamide家族神经肽进行鉴定。结果表明，标记的蓖麻蚕的DH-PBAN cDNA片断能够与天蚕、樟蚕、柳蚕和棉铃虫的基因组DNA结合。这证明了天蚕可能存在FXPRLamide家族神经肽中的DH－PBAN基因；天蚕的咽下神经节中FXPRLamide神经肽含量最高，咽下神经节有三簇细胞合成FXPRLamide神经肽，在胸神经节和腹神经节也有明显的阳性细胞；天蚕5龄幼虫的血淋巴中FXPRLamide神经肽含量比较稳定，化蛹前含量升高，蛹期含量降低。上述结果证明天蚕含有DH、PBAN等FXPRLamide家族神经肽，其对天蚕的滞育和性信息素合成等的调控还需要进一步研究。