华北玉米秸秆覆盖对砂土、壤土水土保持效应的影响

通过野外径流场模拟降雨试验,研究玉米秸秆覆盖对砂土和壤土产流产沙过程的影响,探索不同土壤质地下水土保持的临界秸秆覆盖条件。处理分为2种土壤质地类型和5个水平的秸秆覆盖度:0、10%、20%、30%和40%。结果表明:壤土抗侵蚀能力优于砂土,但透水性弱于砂土;不同土壤质地条件下秸秆覆盖效益存在差异,相同的秸秆覆盖时,砂土条件下的土壤侵蚀防治效果优于壤土;2种土壤质地条件秸秆覆盖度30%时可显著提高土壤入渗总量(25.7%~33.9%),减少产沙总量(22.2%~46.4%),对水土流失具有良好的防治效果。考虑到过大的秸秆覆盖度(大于80%)会造成播种机堵塞,在华北保护性耕作研究实践中,建议砂土和壤土质地下的农田地表保持1 600~3 000 kg/hm2(30%~60%)的玉米秸秆覆盖,以达到较好的水土保持效果和播种质量。     

耕作方式和土层厚度深度对紫色土胶体迁移的影响

【目的】研究不同的田间管理措施对不同粒径土壤胶体迁移的影响。【方法】通过微区试验,设置不同耕作措施(平作、垄作、平作+完整秸秆覆盖、垄作+完整秸秆覆盖、平作+粉碎秸秆覆盖、垄作+粉碎秸秆覆盖),并在平作条件下设置不同紫色土土层厚度(20、40、60、80、100、120 cm)处理,研究不同措施对地表径流和壤中流中产流量、不同粒径范围(0.45~2、0.22~0.45μm、<0.22μm)胶体出流浓度和流出量的影响。【结果】①秸秆还田覆盖处理能够显著减少地表径流的产流量,但是会增加壤中流的产流量,特别是完整秸秆还田覆盖;平作条件下,壤中流产流量会随着土壤深度的增加而减少。②垄作或垄作+秸秆覆盖处理与平作处理相比能够显著降低地表径流和壤中流中大粒径范围胶体的出流质量浓度和流出量,而且对壤中流中<0.22μm粒径的胶体出流质量浓度和流出量降低程度也比较显著。③小粒径的胶体容易随地表径流迁移,而壤中流中粒径较大的胶体更加容易迁移,小粒径胶体颗粒随着紫色土土层厚度的增加出流质量浓度和流出量都会减少。【结论】对于不同耕作措施而言,垄作+粉碎秸秆覆盖处理对于减少地表径流和壤中流产流量,以及减少地表径流和壤中流中胶体的流出质量浓度和流出量都比较显著。对于不同紫色土土层厚度处理而言,土层深度越深胶体流出量越少,而且小粒径胶体比大粒径胶体更难从壤中流中流出。     

小麦保护性耕作技术体系与配套机具介绍

保护性耕作以地表秸秆覆盖+免耕播种或秸秆覆盖+旋耕播种为主要技术内容,取代了传统的秸秆废弃焚烧+土壤耕翻播种的模式。地表秸秆覆盖可起到防止农作物秸秆焚烧造成的环境污染,减少地表径流,保护土壤水分,增加土壤有机质含量,改善土壤物理性状等作用。少免耕播种能减少水分蒸发和     

土壤表面微形貌加工对红壤坡面侵蚀定量调控

为科学地量化分析和准确评估土壤表面微形貌加工整地措施对红壤丘陵区坡耕地的土壤侵蚀调控作用,以衡量土壤表面微形貌加工作业对云南省红壤丘陵区坡耕地的适用性和有效性,进行了人工模拟降雨(240 min,55 mm/h),在不同坡面坡度(7.5°,9.0°,12.0°和15.0°)条件的试验小区进行径流试验,将产流量、产沙量和产流时间作为关键参数进行了测定.研究结果表明,在不同坡度的坡面,与控制组(土壤表面无微坑)相比,经土壤表面微形貌加工作业后的地表均可明显延长产流时间、减少产流量和产沙量,产流时间最大可延长51.18%,产流量最多可减小43.04%,产沙量最多减小25.14%.本研究可为南方红壤丘陵区坡耕地水力侵蚀的防治提供新的方法和数据基础.     

不同耕作措施对南方壤粘土的侵蚀产流产沙影响

通过微径流场模拟降雨试验,研究了我国南方暴雨条件下不同旱地耕作措施的坡耕地产流产沙情况,并设置了秸秆覆盖、横坡起垄、免耕和纵坡起垄4种南方最为常见的旱地表土耕作方式。在320mm/h的稳定降雨强度下,观测到华南保护性耕作研究区域壤质粘土的产流量与降雨时间符合线次或二次函数关系。由各处理的径流含沙量可知:秸秆覆盖是最有效的防治土壤侵蚀的方式;免耕其次;横坡垄作在降雨初期有一定程度的防治效果,但暴雨依旧会造成土壤结构的破坏;顺坡起垄的水土流失程度最大。分析土壤质地可知:流失的土壤大多为粒径小的粉粒和黏粒,暴雨不仅造成水土流失,也造成表层土壤质地的改变。该研究可为华南地区受暴雨侵蚀的坡耕地提供耕作模式价值相关参考。     

旱涝急转条件下红壤坡地径流养分流失特征研究

为了研究旱涝急转条件下红壤坡地地表径流、壤中流及其养分流失规律,通过径流小区试验,分析对比在旱涝急转条件下,裸露(CK)、百喜草全园敷盖(T1)和百喜草全园覆盖(T2)措施下红壤坡地地表径流和壤中流产流及总氮、总磷流失特征。结果表明,旱涝急转条件下,地表径流产流过程随着雨强的变化而变化,壤中流产流开始后径流过程与地表径流相似;地表径流和30cm壤中流养分流失呈现先增大后减小最终趋于稳定的趋势,60cm壤中流和105cm壤中流养分质量浓度相对稳定;T2处理对于减少径流养分流失的效果最好,地表径流和壤中流径流量分别为CK的32.89%和45.05%,径流中养分质量浓度也明显降低。     

不同截排水布置方式下坡耕地坡面产流产沙的模拟研究

为了改善坡面水系分段拦蓄径流泥沙的调控效益,采用室内人工模拟降雨试验,探讨l坡面集中汇流(T1)和"燕型"分流(T2)2种不同的控制排水措施下的坡面产沙产流过程。结果表明,与无措施坡面(CK)对比,2种不同排水布置方式均能显著延长径流急剧增加的历时,降低产流率增速,减少产流深46.61%~56.40%,使产流率与径流历时的对数拟合系数均达到0.85以上,且T2处理坡面产流率较T1处理变化更平稳,产流率和产流总量在各坡度均表现为T2处理T1处理CK;在5°、10°坡面,不同排水措施对径流挟沙调控效应表现为T1处理T2处理,在15°坡面则相反。而坡面径流含沙量与坡面累计产沙量变化并没有显著的对应关系;T1处理有利于削弱坡度对侵蚀量的影响,而T2处理对减少产流受坡度因子影响的效果更显著。     

林草措施调控坡面降雨径流输沙效应的初步研究

利用人工模拟降雨小区试验,分析了林地和草地2种生物措施在不同坡度、不同雨强下的径流调控和产沙机制。结果表明,产流时间和降雨强度之间存在幂函数关系,与单宽输沙率之间存在线性关系,单宽输沙率与单宽流量之间亦存在线性关系。并对2种措施的调控效应进行比较,草地措施的产流、产沙调控效应均优于林地措施。     

坡耕地治理措施及其组合对水土环境及养分流失的影响

针对松嫩平原漫岗黑土区坡耕地严重的水土流失问题,以深松、秸秆还田、垄向区田3项耕作技术和鼠道、暗管2种工程技术为核心,并将其有机组合形成了4个坡耕地治理技术集成模式,于2011-2012年,以黑龙江省农垦北安分局红星农场3°坡耕地为研究对象,对天然降雨条件下的降雨产流及产沙过程进行了试验研究,并分析了不同技术模式下玉米生育期内的土壤侵蚀与养分流失特征。结果表明,各单项措施及其组合对水土环境及养分流失均有不同程度的影响,其中"鼠洞+暗管+垄向区田"组合模式效果最好。与常规耕作相比,地表径流量、土壤侵蚀量分别减少了71.27mm和11.839t/(hm2·a),其有机质、碱解N、速效P、速效K流失量分别占常规耕作的0.16%、0.14%、0.04%、0.04%。     

农业耕作措施减沙的能量分析

从径流能量入手,在室内人工降雨试验的基础上,分析了坡面耕作措施对径流能量的削减作用。耕作措施可有效减少坡面产流、产沙,其径流能量消减率可达26.84%～51.58%,在径流能量传递过程中,3种耕作措施能量传递均小于对照,其中等高耕作对径流能量消减率最大,减沙作用与径流能量消减之间呈对数关系,耕作措施对径流能量的消减作用受雨强和坡度的影响,随雨强和坡度增大,消减作用减弱。     

农田地表径流氮素流失特性分析

为了了解不同的灌溉条件下水旱农田地表径流氮素流失特性,开展水旱作物节水与传统灌溉条件下农田地表径流氮素流失试验研究。结果表明,不同作物类型对氮素流失影响显著,旱地铵态氮质量浓度低于水田,而硝态氮则高于水田;灌溉方式对氮素流失有一定的影响,但并不显著。虽然节水灌溉农田地表径流氮素质量浓度较高,但由于排水总量大大减少,所以...     

Watercourse Pollution due to Surface Runoff following Slurry Spreading. Part I: Calibration of the Soil Water Simulation Model SOIL for Fields Prone to Surface Runoff

The Swedish soil water model SOIL has been calibrated for several drained fields in Scotland and Ireland. Drainage efficiency in these fields varies, with inefficient drainage systems leading to saturated profiles and large surface runoff flows. The model has been modified to represent drainflow in typical Scottish and Irish fields in which permeable backfill extending to the surface is present directly above plot drains. When the conductivity of the backfill material is low, surface runoff is shown to be enhanced in specific soil types. Overall, the predictions of the modified model are in reasonably good agreement (as shown by the efficiency factor values) with measured water table levels, drain and surface runoff flows in these fields. These calibrated fields are to be used in subsequent work on pollution from surface runoff following slurry spreading. A useful indicator of potential runoff risk in such systems is the total saturated hydraulic conductivity of the profile, defined here as arising from the combination of the saturated soil and drain conductivities. Fields are classified into high risk if the conductivity of the profile is lower than 6 mm/d, low risk if the conductivity is greater than 18 mm/d, and moderate risk for intermediate conductivities. A sensitivity analysis of the model with regard to drain and surface runoff flows, varying the drain spacing, a backfill resistance term, the soil matrix and macropore saturated hydraulic conductivities, soil porosity and the pore size distribution index, is also presented. This analysis shows that in order of increasing importance, backfill resistance, macropore saturated hydraulic conductivity and drain spacing, have the largest effect on the generation of surface runoff.     

Runoff estimation in southern Brazil based on Smith's modified model and the Curve Number method

The objective of this work was to measure and model the runoff for different soils classes at different rainfall intensities (30, 60 and 120 mm h⁻¹) in Southern Brazil. A portable rainfall simulator with multiple nozzles was used to simulate these rainfall intensities. For each soil, the initial time and runoff rate, rainfall characteristics (total, duration and intensities), surface slope, crop residue amount and cover percentage, soil densities (bulk and particle), soil porosity (bulk, macro and micro), textural fractions (clay, silt and sand), and the initial and saturated soil water content were measured. The runoff measured was compared to Smith's modified and Curve Number (USDA-SCS) models. The cumulative runoff losses were 67, 45 and 27% of the total rainfall, for a Rhodic Paleudalf, Typic Quartzipsamment and Rhodic Hapludox, respectively. An inverse relationship was observed between initial runoff and the runoff rate, independently of the soil surface and rainfall conditions. Increasing rainfall intensity decreased the time to runoff and increased runoff rate. The Smith's modified model overestimated the cumulative runoff by about 4%. The Smith's modified model presented a better estimate for both higher and lower rainfall intensities (120 and 30 mm h⁻¹). The SCS Curve Number model overestimated the cumulative runoff by about 34%. This large overestimate is probably due to that the model did not take into account the soil tillage system used in the field by farmers, particularly for irrigated conditions. The combination of high porosity, low bulk density and presence of crop residue on soil surface decreased runoff losses, independently of the soil texture class. Smith's modified model better estimated the surface runoff for soil with a high soil water content, and it was considered satisfactory for Southern Brazil runoff estimations. The SCS Curve Number model overestimated the cumulative runoff and its use needs adjustments particularly for no-tillage management system.     

黑土区坡耕地几种耕作措施水土保持效益研究

我国东北黑土区作为全国水土流失重点区域,其坡耕地的水土流失问题早已备受关注。【目的】采取保护性耕作措施可以大大降低坡耕地的水土流失强度,起到保水保肥的作用。【方法】在10°坡径流小区上,对比分析了黑土区不同耕作措施对坡耕地坡面产流、土壤侵蚀以及土壤养分的影响。【结果】竹节垄Ⅱ与横坡耕作相比,产流起始时间延长38 min,单次降雨径流量减少57.1%,产沙量减少51.9%;0～20 cm土层土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾平均质量分数分别提高5.89%、11.48%、16.54%、21.75%。【结论】在相同降雨条件下,横坡耕作、竹节垄Ⅰ、竹节垄Ⅱ较顺坡耕作均有不同程度的减流减沙作用,竹节垄Ⅱ效果最为明显。     

坡改梯对水源区坡面产汇流过程的影响研究综述

概括了坡耕地水土流失现状、危害,提出坡耕地水土流失治理是保护生态环境和维系水土资源可持续利用的迫切要求,通过综合分析坡耕地水土流失治理各项措施及实施效果,指出坡改梯是25°以下坡耕地水土流失治理的主要水土保持措施。针对坡改梯蓄水保土和减少坡面径流并影响水源区水量这一现实问题,从坡面尺度总结分析了前人在坡耕地改梯田对土壤水分特征、产汇流过程及水量平衡的影响方面所做的研究工作,指出应加强坡改梯土壤水分特征曲线、产流特征及水资源量的影响方面的研究,以期为水源区水土资源综合利用提供技术支撑。     

平邑县山区金银花地产流研究

采用野外模拟人工降雨试验方法对金银花和荒草2种植被条件下坡地产流过程进行了研究.结果表明:覆盖条件是影响产流的重要因素;金银花与草本植物相比具有很高的雨水截蓄能力和改造土壤性状的能力,可以有效推迟坡面的产流时阀;通过对产流曲线的分析可以将产流过程分为3个阶段,即预产流阶段,迅速增长阶段,稳流阶段;快速增长阶段呈现对数增长.     

Soluble potassium transport in agricultural runoff water

Potassium transport in runoff from three agricultural soils was investigated in laboratory and field experiments using a kinetic equation describing soil K desorption. In the laboratory, this equation was used to study the effect of rainfall intensity and soil slope, cover, and residue incorporation on the effective depth of interaction between surface soil and runoff (edi), an important parameter in the kinetic equation. Using simulated rainfall, edi increased linearly (from 1.6 to 22.0 mm) with an increase in rainfall intensity (50 to 160 mm h⁻¹) and soil slope (2 to 20%). edi was reduced an average 82% following incorporation of 5.0 t ha⁻¹ of wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L. sp.) and 44% by a 0.5-mm² mesh screen, simulating crop cover, compared to the control (4.5 mm). This reduction was attributed to a decreased turbulent mixing of water at the soil surface brought about by an increased physical protection of soil. For all soils and treatments, edi was logarithmically related to soil loss (r² = 0.80), allowing estimation of edi under variable rainfall intensity, soil slope, type, and cover conditions from measured or estimated soil loss. The values of edi, thus estimated were used in the kinetic equation to predict solution K transport in runoff from eight agricultural watersheds in Oklahoma, U.S.A. Measured and predicted mean annual flow-weighted concentrations of solution K were not significantly different and were strongly correlated (r² = 0.92). These results improve our capability to predict K transport in runoff under field conditions. These methods could also be applied to other agricultural chemicals transported in runoff and results used to improve management of soil and water.     

秸秆覆盖对不同初始含水率土壤产沙过程的影响

秸秆覆盖是防治水土流失最有效的措施之一。该文通过模拟降雨（降雨强度为60 mm/h,降雨历时1 h）研究坡耕地在不同土壤初始含水率状态下秸秆覆盖变化对产沙过程的影响。试验地位于中国科学院红壤生态实验站,土壤类型为耕作铝质湿润淋溶土,试验小区为12 m×3 m,坡度为9%。处理分为5个水平的覆盖度（0、15%、30%、60%和90%）和2种土壤初始含水率（干态和湿态）。结果表明,在0、15%、30%、60%和90%覆盖度下,干态土壤平均产沙速率依次为24.5、15.8、10.4、11.2和1.0 g/(m2·h),同一覆盖度下产沙速率在模拟降雨时段内略微增大。湿态土壤条件下平均产沙速率依次为115.6、70.0、49.6、34.8和31.9 g/(m2·h),同一覆盖度下产沙速率在模拟降雨时段内下降明显。0、15%、30%、60%和90%覆盖度下平衡时产沙速率依次为52.5、30.5、22.8、19.8和15.4 g/(m2·h)。另外,5个水平的覆盖度中,30%的花生秸秆覆盖降低不同前期含水率下土壤产沙速率50%以上。因此,不同前期含水率情况下土壤产沙速率对秸秆覆盖度变化的响应非常明显,30%秸秆覆盖具有较为经济的水土保持效果。     

黄土高原中部典型流域植被恢复对径流的影响

针对黄土高原植被恢复后水文要素变化和水文要素之间关系不明确的问题,以黄土高原中部半湿润型气候的延河流域为研究对象,利用通用陆面模型CLM5.0,模拟1980—2018年土地覆盖变化对流域关键水文要素和水文要素之间关系的影响。结果表明：延河流域耕地面积从1980年的3277km2减少到2018年的2400km2,减少了26.76%,而林地和草地面积分别增加了244km2和528km2。土地覆盖变化导致延河流域年径流量和年径流系数明显减小,减幅分别为12.34%和11.46%。土地覆盖变化导致延河流域多年平均月径流量和多年平均月径流系数明显减小,其对丰水季径流量影响较小,对枯水季径流量影响较大,并使年内径流分配趋于集中化。本研究可为黄土高原水资源开发利用及科学管理提供参考。     

地表秸秆覆盖度图像识别技术的研究

农田地表秸秆覆盖是防止水土流失的一项主要措施,研究秸秆覆盖度与土壤风蚀、水蚀的定量关系对农田采取合理的覆盖形式有重要的指导意义。针对当前主要靠手工测试秸秆覆盖度存在效率低的问题,研究了如何应用MATLAB语言强大的图像处理功能来识别、分析秸秆图像。通过对样本图像类型的转换、灰度的均衡化和中值滤波等一系列的处理,得出较准确的秸秆覆盖面积和秸秆覆盖百分比,为准确快速测量秸秆覆盖度提供了测试手段。