硫肥对双低油菜产量与品质的影响

在澳大利亚新南威尔士州缺硫土壤上进行了硫、氮不同水平组合对双低油菜(Canola)的影响试验。结果表明,试验条件下施用硫肥可显著提高油菜产量及含油量。低硫(S10)或无硫(So)条件下,一定量的氮肥(N80)可提高子粒内的含硫量,但高硫条件下,高量氮肥则降低含硫量。植株体内的含硫量随生育进程趋于降低。施硫处理在抽苔期出现一吸硫高峰,而对照呈指数下降;但在开花期与角果充实期则保持相对稳定。氮肥对生长前期(莲座期与抽苔期)植株(茎、叶)含硫量的影响不显著,而中、后期(开花、角果充实期),则随施氮量的增加而显著降低。高量氮肥(N160)会降低子粒内的硫代葡萄糖甙含量;施硫,特别是在高施硫量条件下,其含量则明显增加,但仍远低于子粒硫代葡萄糖甙40mol/g的标准,因而不会影响脱油饼粕的饲喂质量。     

氮、硫供应对章丘大葱生长和含硫有机物含量的影响

以章丘大葱为材料,并以珍珠岩为栽培基质,采用盆栽试验研究了不同氮、硫供应水平对大葱生长前期的干物质累积及含硫有机物含量的影响。结果表明,氮、硫供应及其交互作用显著影响大葱生长和含硫有机物含量。在硫不足（SO42- 0.01 mmol/L）和硫充足（SO42- 4.00 mmol/L）供应条件下,随氮供应水平提高,大葱植株干物重明显增加,当供氮水平为N 6.0 mmol/L时,植株干物重及氮素吸收数量达到最大;增加硫素供应可显著提高植株的硫含量和总硫量。然而,硫供应不足时,随着供氮水平提高,植株含硫有机物含量逐渐下降;反之,充足供硫条件下,随着氮供应水平的提高,大葱含硫有机物含量出现先增加后降低。当供氮水平为N 12.0 mmol/L时,含硫有机物含量最高,达到7.23 μmol/g,FW。过量氮供应（N 24.0 mmol/L）则抑制植株生长,降低含硫有机物含量。因此,充足供硫条件下,氮素调控水平对保证大葱高产和高含硫有机物含量至关重要。     

不同硫甙背景油菜苗期需硫量的研究

利用温室砂培盆栽试验研究了不同硫甙背景油菜苗期的需硫(S)量特性、植株硫甙含量及不同供S水平植株与根系的含S量差异。结果表明，对最高产量(生物量)的获得，低硫甙油菜对S素的需求量反而明显大于高硫甙油菜；植株S浓度与供S水平间呈极显著的指教相关，且品种(系)间无显著差异;根系S浓度与供S水平呈极显著相关的二次曲线型，并反映了油菜硫甙背景间的差异;植株硫甙含量与供S量呈二次回归型相关，在一定范围内高琉甙油菜植株硫甙的合成积累相对较高，而低硫甙油菜植株对硫甙的合成积累具有一定的阻抑怍用。因此，对双低油菜偏施、重施S肥，是满足其较高生理需求，提高产量和效益的重要手段。     

不同硼水平对双低油菜华双4号产量和品质的影响

以甘蓝型常规油菜品种中油821(双高品种)为对照,通过盆栽试验研究了不同硼水平对甘蓝型双低油菜华双4号子粒产量和品质的影响。结果看出,两个油菜品种在缺硼条件下,施硼量从B 0.3 mg/kg增加到B 2.5 mg/kg时,单株角果数、每角粒数和子粒产量显著增加,但增加到B 5.0 mg/kg时,每株角果数、每角粒数和子粒产量显著降低,硼过量影响产量建成。在硼缺乏和硼过量条件下,华双4号的减产程度均高于中油821,表明双低优质油菜华双4号对缺硼和硼过量的反应较常规双高油菜中油821敏感。硼缺乏或过量时,两个品种子粒含油量和油酸含量均表现降低的趋势,而蛋白质含量呈增加趋势。本试验的结果表明,合理施用硼肥对子粒产量的影响大于对品质的影响,而高产优质品种华双4号更应注重硼肥的合理施用;我国栽培油菜的土壤有效硼的适宜浓度可以提高至B 1.0 mg/kg.但硼肥的安全施用应当控制在土壤有效硼含量为B 2.5 mg/kg以下。     

硫对油菜产量和抗逆性的影响

通过田间小区试验，研究了施用硫肥对油菜的生长、产量构成因素和抗逆性的影响。结果表明，苏北建湖和大丰的潮土尽管土壤有效硫测定值超过临界值，但是，施用硫肥显著促进油菜的生长发育，提高油菜的株高、叶面积、绿叶数等生物学参数和产量。与对照相比，施用硫肥处理的分枝数、每株角果数、每角粒数均显著增加，但千粒重无显著差异。施用硫肥后植株对冻害和菌核病的抵抗力增强。本研究结果表明，对油菜这类需硫量大的作物，现有的土壤有效硫临界值不能准确反映其对硫肥的需要，其缺硫指标要进一步研究。     

氮硫互作对越冬大葱生长及品质的影响

为探讨氮、硫对大葱生长及产量品质的影响，本文采用裂区试验设计，研究了盆栽砂培条件下越冬大葱对营养液氮、硫水平的响应特性。结果表明，随着氮水平的提高，大葱各器官生长量均显著增加，产量以N 16.00 mmol/L（N2）时较高，分别比N 4.00 mmol/L（N1/2）、 8.00 mmol/L（N1）时提高了50.09 %和22.46 %；而随硫水平的升高，大葱生长量亦呈增加趋势，但反应不如对氮敏感，产量以S 1.68 mmol/L（S1）、3.35 mmol/L（S2）时较高，继续增加硫浓度至6.69 mmol/L（S4）时则产量降低。尽管氮、硫对大葱主要内含物质的作用方向不尽相同，但大葱硫化物（以丙酮酸计）含量均随氮、硫供应水平的增加而显著增加，且合理增施氮、硫均可显著改善大葱的综合品质。氮、硫对大葱生长及产量品质存在显著的互作效应，综合分析表明，以营养液中N 16.00 mmol/L（N2）、S 3.35 mmol/L（S2）时最有利于大葱的生长及产量和品质的提高。     

水氮运筹与强筋小麦产量和品质关系研究

研究结果表明：小麦的子粒产量和品质与氮肥的施用及氮肥和浇水的配合有密切关系，拔节和开花期追氮结合浇水对产量有明显增加作用；水氮配合施用可显著提高子粒品质，开花期追氮对子粒蛋白质作用明显，药隔期追氮稳定时间最长，拔节期大量浇水显著降低稳定时间，开花和药隔期追氮结合浇水对子粒品质作用最大。产量和子粒主要品质（蛋白质、湿面筋、稳定时间）表现最佳的结合点是拔节和开花期的水氮配合施用。     

硫对油菜产量和抗逆性的影响

通过田间小区试验 ,研究了施用硫肥对油菜的生长、产量构成因素和抗逆性的影响。结果表明 ,苏北建湖和大丰的潮土尽管土壤有效硫测定值超过临界值 ,但是 ,施用硫肥显著促进油菜的生长发育 ,提高油菜的株高、叶面积、绿叶数等生物学参数和产量。与对照相比 ,施用硫肥处理的分枝数、每株角果数、每角粒数均显著增加 ,但千粒重无显著差异。施用硫肥后植株对冻害和菌核病的抵抗力增强。本研究结果表明 ,对油菜这类需硫量大的作物 ,现有的土壤有效硫临界值不能准确反映其对硫肥的需要 ,其缺硫指标要进一步研究     

水氮运筹与强筋小麦产量和品质关系研究

研究结果表明:小麦的子粒产量和品质与氮肥的施用及氮肥和浇水的配合有密切关系,拔节和开花期追氮结合浇水对产量有明显增加作用;水氮配合施用可显著提高子粒品质,开花期追氮对子粒蛋白质作用明显,药隔期追氮稳定时间最长,拔节期大量浇水显著降低稳定时间,开花和药隔期追氮结合浇水对子粒品质作用最大。产量和子粒主要品质(蛋白质、湿面筋、稳定时间)表现最佳的结合点是拔节和开花期的水氮配合施用。     

硼钼锌配合对甘蓝型油菜产量和品质的影响

通过水泥池小区试验,研究了B、Mo、Zn配合对甘蓝型油菜双低品种华双4号产量和品质的影响。结果表明,B、Mo、Zn配合产量最高,比对照增产20.7%;两种微量元素配合时,以BMo配合最佳,其产量与BMoZn配合差异不显著,BZn或MoZn配合仅比对照略有增产。BMoZn配合的每角粒数居各处理首位,每株角果数居第二,BMo配合的每株角果数和千粒重处于各处理首位。试验还表明,凡有配施硼的处理,即:BMo、BZn和BMoZn,有利于提高华双4号菜籽的含油量;凡配施锌的处理,即:MoZn、BZn和BMoZn,有利于提高华双4号菜籽的蛋白质含量。微量元素的各种配合均可降低华双4号菜籽的硫甙、芥酸含量;BZn配合具有最高的油酸含量,较低的棕榈酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸含量,对改善华双4号菜籽的脂肪酸组分配比最为有利。对于双高(高硫甙、高芥酸)油菜,只考虑提高其产量及含油量,以BMo配合较好;而对优质的双低(低硫甙、低芥酸)油菜,其饼粕所含的蛋白质可以直接作为动物饲料,因此在提高其产量、含油量,改善油分品质的同时,还要兼顾其蛋白质含量,则以BMoZn配合效果最好。     

稻草覆盖还田对直播冬油菜生长及养分积累的影响

[目的]冬油菜产量常受限于季节性干旱、冬季低温以及土壤肥力较低等因素。考虑到秸秆还田有培肥土壤的优势以及长江中下游地区稻草过剩的现实,通过田间试验研究稻油轮作区稻草覆盖还田对直播冬油菜生长的影响,探讨稻草整株覆盖还田对直播油菜生育期内密度、株高、根茎粗的变化特征及其对油菜产量和养分吸收量的影响。[方法]试验于2014 2015和2015 2016年在湖北省武汉市华中农业大学试验场进行,共设置4个处理,分别为:1)对照,不施肥稻草不还田(CK);2)不施肥稻草覆盖还田(S);3)单施化肥(NPK);4)稻草覆盖还田配施化肥(NPK+S)。施肥处理(NPK、NPK+S)肥料用量为N 180 kg/hm^2、P2O5 60 kg/hm^2、K2O75 kg/hm^2、硼砂15 kg/hm^2。分别于油菜苗期、蕾薹期、花期、角果期和成熟期取样,测定油菜地上部生物量,氮磷钾含量和积累量,并在田间监测油菜生育期内密度、株高和根茎粗。[结果]稻草覆盖还田提高土壤最低温度0.6~1.2℃(播后95天),降低土壤最高温度0.8~1.8℃(播后184天),缩小土壤温度变幅2.3℃(播后95~184天),提高土壤平均含水量8.0%~8.9%(播后48~184天)。与稻草不覆盖相比,稻草覆盖还田减少冬油菜80%以上的出苗密度;与出苗密度相比,成熟期CK、S、NPK和NPK+S处理的密度分别降低71.3%、40.3%、69.5%和32.1%,稻草还田处理的油菜生育期内密度降低幅度小于稻草不还田处理。油菜成熟期S处理的根茎粗和株高分别比CK显著提高了22.7%和8.3%,NPK+S和NPK处理株高和根茎粗无明显差异。两年结果表明,S处理的最大生物量较CK平均增加了88.6%,与NPK处理相比,NPK+S处理的地上部苗期生物量降低3.7%~27.9%,角果期生物量平均增加28.1%。CK和S处理氮、磷和钾素积累量均在蕾薹期花期差异较大,成熟期S处理的氮、磷积累量分别较CK高28.6%~268.2%、93.3%~253.1%,两年增产率分别为218.8%和28.5%;施肥处理(NPK、NPK+S)冬油菜氮、磷和钾积累量随生育期持续增加,均在角果期达到最大值,与NPK相比,NPK+S处理分别提高成熟期油菜氮、磷和钾积累量18.1%~19.1%、23.7%~36.9%和28.3%~56.9%,两年分别增产1811和1032 kg/hm^2,增产率分别达到25.6%和20.3%。[结论]稻草覆盖还田能缓解气温骤变对土壤温度的影响,保持土壤含水量,缓解土壤干旱。稻草覆盖还田前期抑制直播冬油菜的出苗密度,后期可维持冬油菜密度的稳定,同时对冬油菜的生长、生物量、产量和养分吸收量有促进作用。     

不同硝铵比对油菜生长、生理与产量的影响

【目的】 探究不同形态氮肥及配施比对油菜全生育期 (苗期、花期、收获期) 生长、生理与产量的影响,旨在为油菜生产中氮肥合理施用,促进油菜高产高效栽培提供理论依据。 【方法】 试验以石英砂为基质,以Hoagland营养液为基础进行盆栽试验,供试油菜品种为氮高效型湘油15和氮低效型814。在营养液总氮量相等 (N 15 mmol/L) 的条件下,设5个处理:硝态氮 (NO₃–)/铵态氮 (NH₄+) 摩尔比例分别为100/0 (N1)、75/25 (N2)、50/50 (N3)、25/75 (N4)、0/100 (N5)。于油菜移栽后70 d、130 d、180 d收获全株,用根系扫描仪 EPSON(PER-FECTION C700) 对根进行扫描,用WinRHIZO PRO2009软件进行分析,获得植株总根长、根系总表面积、根系平均直径、根总体积等数据。植株样品分为根、茎、叶、角果 (花),测定生物量和氮含量,籽粒测定生物量、氮含量和油分含量。 【结果】 N1、N2处理的两个氮效率油菜品种在全生育期的干重、根长、根表面积、根体积、氮累积量、籽粒产量、油产量均显著高于其他处理,N1、N2两个处理间差异不显著,N5处理的最差。N2、N3、N4处理苗期叶片的叶绿素含量 (SPAD值) 均显著高于N1、N5处理。不同氮效率品种分析表明:N1、N2、N3、N4处理下氮高效品种湘油15在全生育期的根长、根表面积、根体积、籽粒产量、含油量、油产量显著高于氮低效品种814。氮高效品种湘油15在收获期地上部和根的干重显著高于氮低效品种814,而氮累积量无显著差异。 【结论】 适宜的铵态氮、硝态氮配比 (75%NO₃– + 25%NH₄+) 能够促进油菜生长、增强光合作用、提高产量。较高的根长、根表面积、根体积以及对硝态氮的高效利用是湘油15氮效率高于814的基础与关键。为油菜生产上氮肥合理施用及不同氮效率油菜品种筛选提供理论依据。      

Effects of Different Soil Texture on Peanut Growth and Development

The effects of different soil textures (namely sand, loam, and clay) on peanut growth and development were investigated using the carton planting method. The results showed that sand is conducive to the growth of stems and leaves of peanuts in the early growth period, loam is conducive to the growth of stems and leaves in the middle and late periods, and clay is not conducive to the growth of stems and leaves of peanuts throughout the entire growth period. Soil texture had a significant effect on the number of peanut flowers. This is because the amount of flowering peanuts was insufficient in the clay. Although the amount of flowering peanuts was large in the sand, the peanuts mainly flowered in the late period, and there was a large amount of fruitless flowers. In the loam, the peanuts mainly flowered in the early period, and there was a large amount of fruitful flowers. The difference in the total number of pegs between the sand and loam was not significant, but either had more pegs than when grown in clay. Peanuts accumulated pod dry matter quickly in the sand early in the season, but pod growth slowed later in the season. The pod dry matter in the loam was accumulated mostly in the middle and late periods. Clay was not conducive to pod dry-matter accumulation. The moderate aeration and water and fertility retention of the loam was more suitable for peanut growth and development, as well as yield formation.     

油菜不同生长期稻田土壤无机氮形态及氮肥利用率对控释氮肥施用的响应

通过盆栽土培试验研究了尿素、控释氮肥对南方稻田冬油菜生长、产量、土壤肥效和氮肥利用效率的影响,为控释氮肥在油菜生产上的推广应用提供参考。试验选用油菜品种"湘油15",参考油菜大田种植施氮量,共设4个处理,以不施氮肥(CK)为对照,在施氮量均为200kg/hm^2的水平下,设置了3种氮肥处理:尿素(Urea)、控释氮肥1(CRNF1)和控释氮肥2(CRNF2)。对油菜生物量和产量、不同生育期下土壤无机氮、油菜氮素吸收、油菜生理特性、土壤微生物氮以及土壤酶活性等相关指标进行测定及分析。结果表明:较常规Urea处理相比,控释氮肥处理显著提高了油菜花期、收获期生物量,增产11.2%～20.1%;CRNF1处理显著提高了油菜花期、收获期土壤NO3--N含量,相比尿素处理分别提高43.2%和61.8%,CRNF2处理显著提高了油菜花期、收获期土壤NH4+-N含量,相比尿素处理分别提高18.7%和64.1%,保证了油菜生育后期土壤氮素供应;与Urea处理相比,控释氮肥显著提高了油菜薹期及生殖生长期油菜总氮吸收,最终氮肥利用率(NUE)提高23.1%～60.2%,氮肥农学利用率(NAE)提高19.1%～30.5%;CRNF1处理显著提高了油菜生长后期SPDA值和总叶绿素含量,相比尿素处理分别提高6.5%,10.1%;CRNF1处理极显著提高了油菜生长后期土壤微生物氮,较尿素处理提高142.5%;此外,控释氮肥显著提高了油菜生长后期土壤脲酶、FDA水解酶活性,相比尿素处理分别提高8.4%～12.9%,24.5%～32.4%。在总氮施用量不变的前提下,施用控释氮肥可提高油菜生殖生长期土壤有效氮含量,改善光合作用,增强土壤微生物量和微生物活性,促进氮素的吸收,提高氮肥的利用效率,进而增加油菜干物质累积,最终提高产量。     

Yield Physiology of Dry Bean

Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important food legume for the world population. However, its average yield is low worldwide. The main reasons for low yield are biotic and abiotic stresses. Maximum economic yield of a crop can be achieved with appropriate balance between plant and environmental factors during crop growth cycle. Adopting appropriate management practices in favor of high yields can modify some of these factors. Hence, knowledge of yield physiology of dry bean is important for understanding yield formation components during crop growth and development and consequently improving yield. Dry bean growth cycle is divided into vegetative and reproductive growth stages. During vegetative stage, development of roots, trifoliate, node, and branches take place. Main features of reproductive growth stage are flowering, pod and grain formation. Important plant traits associated with yield are root and shoot dry matter yield, pod number, 100 grain weight, leaf area index, grain harvest index, and nitrogen harvest index. These plant traits are genetically controlled and also influenced by soil and plant management practices. Higher yield is possible only when there is an adequate balance among various physiological processes or yield components. The objective of this review is to discuss growth and development of bean plant including yield formation process or traits during crop growth cycle and importance of these yield components in determining yield.     

Irrigation frequency effects on leaching of cations from gypsum amended coastal plain surface soils

In low Ca soils, gypsum is applied at flowering of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to insure adequate availability of Ca in the fruiting zone (0 to 8 cm soil depth) during pod development. Effects of 15.2 cm water applied as 1, 2, 4 or 12 split applications over 28-d period following the application of gypsum on the distribution of Ca and other cations in the fruiting zone and immediately below the fruiting zone (8 to 16 cm depth) were investigated on the Lakeland and Tifton soils under controlled conditions in rainout shelter plots. In Lakeland soil, the fruiting zone Ca concentration was greater for the high frequency (15.2 cm in 4 or 12 split applications) irrigation treatments than for the low frequency (15.2 cm in 1 or 2 split applications) treatments at 7 d. Those differences became non-significant after 14 d. In Tifton soil, leaching of Ca below the fruiting zone was significantly greater for the low frequency irrigation treatments than for the high frequency treatments throughout the duration of this e experiment. High frequency irrigation of moderate quantities should result in low Ca losses from the fruiting zone. Irrigation following gypsum application decreased K and Mg concentrations in the fruiting zone for both soils. The gypsum-induced leaching of K or Mg was lower in high frequency irrigation treatments than in low frequency treatments. High frequency irrigation following gypsum application resulted in a decrease in soil pH during the initial 7 d.     

Dinitrogen fixation and soil n uptake by soybean as affected by phosphorus availability

The effects of phosphorus supply (0, 30, and 90 mg P kg^‐1) on growth, N₂ fixation, and soil N uptake by soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were studied in a pot experiment using the ¹⁵N isotope technique. Phosphorus supply increased the top dry matter production at flowering and the dry matter production of seeds, straw, pod shells, and roots at late pod filling of inoculated soybeans. Phosphorus supply reduced the N concentration of plant tops at flowering, but increased the amount of N accumulated at both flowering and late pod filling. In inoculated soybeans total N accumulation paralleled the dry matter production. The P concentration in above‐ground plant parts of nodulated soybeans was not affected by P application. At flowering only 18 to 34% of total N was derived from N₂ fixation, whereas as much as 74% was derived from N₂ fixation at late pod filling. Only the addition of 90 mg P kg^‐1 soil significantly increased the amount of N₂ fixed at the late pod filling stage. Phosphorus supply did not influence the uptake of fertilizer or soil N in soybeans, even if the root mass was increased up to 60% by the P supply.     

Effects of Salinity Stress at Different Growth Stages on Tomato Growth,Yield, and Water-Use Efficiency

This study investigated the effects of salinity stress at different growth stages on the growth, yield, fruit quality, and water-use efficiency (WUE) of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants cultivated under soilless conditions. Six different growth stages were exposed to the same salinity stress treatments using a completely randomized design, with three pots (six plants) per treatment. It was found that short-term (<21 days) salinity stress during any of the growth stages did not affect tomato growth or WUE, and during the vegetative stage did not affect yield. Salinity stress during the flowering and fruiting stages caused a reduction in tomato yield, which was due to a reduction in the number of fruit produced rather than the fruit size. However, salt exposure at the fruiting stage also improved fruit quality. The effect of salinity stress on the yield and fruit quality of the frontal and later truss depended on the developmental stage of the truss at the time when the stress occurred.     

Flowering and podding characteristics on the main stem of soybean grown on varying levels of phosphate nutrition 1

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) plants normally abort a high percentage of flowers and pods. This study was conducted to determine the effect of P nutrition on flower and pod abscission in soybean. Williams 82 soybeans were established in hydroponic culture in the greenhouse at four levels of P (0.45 mM, 0.20 mM, 0.10 mM or 0.05 mM), and main stem flowers and pods were counted every two days from flowering to maturity. The two highest P treatments had similar flower production, pod production, pod abortion, seed weight and seeds per pod, but the 0.20 mM P treatment had 20% lower dry matter production and 19% lower seed yield. At P supplies of 0.10 or 0.05 mM, flower production, pod production, flowers per node, pods per node, seed yield, seed number and weight per seed were less (P < 0.05) than at 0.20 mM. Flowers produced per main stem node and seeds per pod were largely unaffected by limited P. Plants supplied 0.10 or 0.05 mM P aborted more flowers and pods than did those supplied 0.45 or 0.20 mM P. At P supply of 0.05 mM, flower, pod and total abortion was 80%, 49% and 90%, respectively. Flower and pod production were 50% and 78% less, while plant dry weight, seed yield and weight per seed were 83%, 90% and 23% less, respectively for the 0.05 mM P treatment compared to control. The data indicate that the primary effect of limited P on reproductive growth of soybean is to increase flower and pod abortion.