On the Formation of Civil Engineering Contract

It is the major way to form a civil engineering contract by means of bidding and tendering passing through the following steps as: tendering, bidding, bid opening, evaluation, acceptance and contract signing. The legal nature of the bid is an invitation to offer. The bid has certain legal binding which is different from the ordinary invitation to offer. The legal nature of the tendering is an order, which is sent to the inviter by the bidder. The letter of acceptance takes effect when it is issued and meanwhile the civil engineering contract is formed.     

Measurements to Protect Owners'' Benefits under the Non-price Bottom Bidding

Investment on construction projects has become an important factor in improving the development of economy in China.The non-price bottom bidding is a representation that the investment on projects is becoming standardized.During the years of trying out the non-price bottom bidding,the colluding in bidding or bidding below the cost has happened several times,which have damaged the benefits of owners.To solve theses problems,this paper firstly studies the reason of these problems-the failure in the normal relationship between principal and agent.Then,some measures have been presented as follows: building systematic and scientific system of qualification prejudication,judging behaviors of colluding in bidding and bidding below the cost with reason and providing a surety mechanism of the project.The authors hope that these measures are beneficial to non-price bottom bidding.     

Microcomputer Network Management Information System for Construction Engineering Invite and Bidding

To assure that inviting and bidding are accomplished legally, normally and orderly in the construction engineering, a tangible market came into being by means of novel technologies, such as computers, networks and information managing so that exoteric, fair and equitable principles are embodied during inviting and bidding in the construction engineering. A framework model of the information managing system for inviting and bidding is proposed, which owns common functions and can be applied to usual construction engineering bargaining. Functions and characteristics of the computer network management system, which was developed and applied on the basis of the framework model, for construction engineering inviting and bidding information are demonstrated. In addition, pivotal technologies of developing the system also are expatiated.Anticipated effects are gained and the system is proved to own a friendly man machine interface after running and applying near a year. Maneuverability and expansibility is competent for inviting and bidding in the tangible construction market.     

Study on the Construction of China's Unified Urban-rural Construction Land Market

State-owned urban construction land market in China has evolved and been improved gradually, but use system of rural collective construction land has lagged far behind, so the urban-rural construction land market in China has been split with a result that use effi ciency of land resources is poor and collective land property rights of peasants are damaged. On the basis of analyzing problems of the current construction land market and also the causes, modern land property theory and institutional change of neoinstitutional economics are applied to study dynamical mechanism and development path of the construction land market, to construct the unifi ed construction land market system of China, and to propose corresponding guarantee policies, so as to achieve the effective allocation of construction land and maximization of social welfare.     

Problems in China''s Building Market and Their Countermeasures

There is chaos existed in the building market systems to some degrees in recent years, which has not only endangered the engineering quality and safety, but also has caused lower investment benefit as well as corrupted cadres and social vogue. So it is necessary to further rectify the building market. In this paper, the main existing problems including breaching the principle of bidding, contracting, rules of owners, monopolization and blockage, involving main bodies and government branches are analyzed. Then corresponding solutions in domestic building market from the standings of construction procedure, legal system, law execution supervision and management of main bodies are pointed out.     

On the Non-price Bottom Bidding System under the Mode of Valuation with Bill Quality of Construction Works

It is the direction of the project bidding system reform to apply the non-price bottom bidding system under the mode of valuation with bill quality of construction works in China. In this paper, the significance of implementing the non-price bottom bidding system is analyzed and emphasis is put on the workout of the non-price bottom bidding, valuation and so on. The risk prevention and risk management are studied on the side of tenderee from the qualification examination, engineering guarantee, defending system and so on.     

耕地保护机制建设的机理、特征与挑战探讨

探究了中国耕地保护机制建设的运行机理、基本特征、存在的问题并针对问题提出了相应的对策建议。综合运用了理论分析法、模型分析法、博弈论分析法和图示分析法。研究结果表明中国耕地保护机制建设中行政法律机制占据主导地位、经济市场机制成为发展趋势、多层博弈贯穿始终,市场失灵、政府失灵、社会监督乏力三方面的局限性导致耕地保护机制建设滞后。因此,应改革农村土地产权制度、变革政绩考核制度、规范参与平台、实现经济激励与生态补偿同步化,更重要的是不断探索耕地保护新机制。     

Analysis of the Behavior of Together-conspired Bidding

Since China adopted formalized and standardizedprocedures of tender and bidding in the construction industry, many illegal actions have been prevented effectively. However, the together-conspired bidding, a new illegal activity,recently emerged in many regions of China. It is widely believed that the establishedfair competition system will be frustrated and the healthy development of the industry will be harmed, if the together-conspired bidding can not be controlled. This paper firstly introduces the background of the together-conspired bidding and stressed the necessity of preventing together-conspired bidding. Then, the whole procedure of together-conspired bidding is studied and ananticipated profit model fortogether-conspired bidding is provided from the economic angle. According to the analysis on interactions between the economic factors and the anticipated profits, some strategic methods to prevent the together-conspired biddingare recommended.     

Selecting Bid with Reasonably Low Price Without Bottom Price Based On Sector Estimate

For raveling out the main shortage of tendering which is the reasonable sector is unreasonable of making the bid evaluation uncertain. In order to eliminate subjective factor, this paper quantificationally analyses the price in bidding and establishes the sector selecting bid model based on the sector estimate idea, which tries to provide a new method and academic basic for determining the reasonable sector. Finally, the article gives an example to prove that the model is feasible and effective and it tries to ensure the bidding assessment public, equitable and just.     

对完善中国农业技术推广体系的思考

随着中国市场经济的不断完善,原计划经济条件下建立起来的国家农业技术推广体系在推广体制与机制、推广经费、推广人员素质、推广法制建设等方面已远不能适应市场经济的发展。对此,提出建立适应市场经济需求的农业技术推广体制,增加政府投资,提高农技推广队伍素质,加强农业技术推广法制建设等对策,完善中国农业技术推广体系。     

中国农村土地资产市场研究综述

农村土地资产市场受到很多学者的高度关注。综合运用文献资料法和对比分析法,梳理总结了相关研究关于中国农村土地资产市场的研究成果,分析了建立农村土地资产市场的必要性,梳理了存在的主要问题,探讨了建设农村土地资产市场的机制,并展望了研究重点和方向。研究结果表明：建设农村土地资产市场非常必要,它是完善社会主义市场体系、保障农民土地权益、统筹城乡发展的客观要求;建设农村土地资产市场面临一定困难,突出表现在土地制度供给不足、管理工作平台缺失、市场发展环境制约;发展农村土地资产市场要创新机制,建立农民土地资产权益保护机制、城乡土地资产市场统筹机制、农村土地资产配置市场机制。     

中国各省市数字农业发展现状、问题与建议

信息化是当今时代农业发展的主要方向和目标,而数字农业则是实现农业信息化的支撑技术,也是现阶段解决＂三农＂问题的一个重要手段。中国从＂十五＂开始启动国家＂863计划数字农业技术研究与示范＂重大专项。经过近十年的发展,全国各省市都取得了不同程度的成绩。笔者通过对各省市的数字农业发展现状进行概述,揭示了现阶段数字农业发展存在的问题,并为今后的发展提出几点建议。     

Optimal bidding models of power plants considering transmission congestion

In order to achieve optimal bidding strategy of power plants in electricity market, the authors build optimal bidding model by predicting the bidding coefficients of competitors, and the optimal bidding coefficient without considering transmission capacity is achieved. Based on the bidding coefficients, the market clearing model is built, and the expected market clearing price is achieved. According to the expected values, the authors calculate the power flow. When forecasting the transmission congestion, this paper presents an optimal bidding model taking transmission congestion into account. Based on sensitivity analysis, the output regulation of power plants with minimum cost of eliminating congestion is achieved. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can help power plants achieve the optimal profit.     

中国土地违法问题研究综述

中国的土地违法问题逐步受到学术界的广泛关注。从土地违法现象的特征与发展态势、违法成因与驱动机理以及违法的影响与治理3个方面对近些年国内外相关研究成果进行了综述与评论。结果显示：国内外研究都侧重于探讨各类土地违法行为的成因或影响因素,并基于此有针对性地提出治理对策。但有所差异的是,在研究视角上,国内研究注重宏观层面的分析,而国外文献则偏重于微观视角;在研究方法上,国内研究主要基于经验判断或定性分析,近些年才开始采用计量模型,而国外则侧重于通过剖析案例、构建理论模型或利用微观调查数据来分析验证相关违法问题。最后,进一步阐述了未来中国土地违法现象的发展趋势以及相关领域研究重点与方向思路。     

Intensifying Reform on the Operating Mechanism of Building Market

In this paper the necessity and urgency of reforming the operating mechanism of building market are discussed.It suggests that the improvement of quality of builing engineering in China can be ensured in aspects of system and operating mechanism only through the reforms in responsibility mechanism, competition mechanism,supply and demand mechanism,price mechanism,security mechanism and supervision and control mechanism.     

The Problems and the Countermeasures in Bidding Management of the Construction Engineering Project

Dividing the bidding document into technical bidding and commercial bidding and scoring them respectively, then evaluating and awarding the bidding according to some principles and the fixed procedures and it may be the promising solution to problems existing in the bidding.     

Perfecting the Market-Oriented Ecological Compensation Mechanism of Ethnic Minority Areas: A Case Study of Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture

The construction of the market-oriented ecological compensation mechanism in China is complicated system engineering. China's ecological compensation funds are mainly derived from the public finance, lacking market-oriented operation. That not only increases the financial burden of the government, but also leads to the incomprehensive compensation scope. Moreover, China's ecological compensation lacks market mechanism so that it is difficult to set compensation standards and calculate offsets. This paper takes Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture as an example to analyze the market-oriented ecological compensation system of ethnic minority areas from the perspective of market economy, so as to provide a theoretical basis and a reference point for the establishment of efficient and reasonable ecological compensation mechanism and policies in ethnic minority areas and provide environmental protection for the sustainable development of economy and society of ethnic minority areas.     

Management System of the Tender and Bidding for Power Projects with a Valuation Based on the Bill of Quantities

Valuation based on the bill of quantifies will change the existing valuation mode of tender and bidding. For the standardized management of tender and bidding for power projects and the inteUigentized information management of power enterprises, it is an inevitable trend of reform to apply the valuation mode based on the bill of quantifies. According to the characteristics of power projects, this paper expounds the working process of the valuation mode based on the bill of quantities and analyzes the goal and function need of the tender and bidding management system. Considering the calculation procedure of the valuation and the quote strategy of quantities bill, the composition of fees for the valuation is settled and the calculation method is designed. To establish the management system of tender and bidding with a valuation based on the bill of quantities is beneficial for the costing reform of power projects and the perfection of the tender and bidding market. Therefore it is of great significance to spread the new management mode of project costing with a valuation based on the bill of quantities.     

民族水产种业转型升级政策路径探讨

中国是水产养殖产量大国,但与大多数发达国家相比中国水产种业不强。为应对国内外新形势,亟需做强民族水产种业,进而推进中国渔业的转型升级,笔者从法律法规与理论体系、科技创新与人才体系、工程建设与核心示范体系、产业发展与进出口状况4 个方面系统梳理了当前民族水产种业的基本情况;从顶层设计、扶持政策、科技创新、经营主体、市场环境5 个角度分析了当前民族水产种业发展中存在的主要问题。最后探讨并提出了民族水产种业转型升级的政策路径,即优化顶层设计、丰富扶持策略、转变评价方法、坚持以人为本、加强种业监管,以期为产业发展和相关政策完善提供参考。     

试论我国农产品流通中的问题及对策

我国农产品流通存在着供需信息不畅,加工能力薄弱,市场化程度低,物流技术落后,流通主体功能定位不明确等方面的问题,需要通过拓宽农产品流通主渠道,发展深加工,推进品牌化,加强市场综合管理,完善信息发布和建立绿色通道等方面来解决。