钒在不同蔬菜体内的吸收转运及其亚细胞分布

通过盆栽培养试验结合差速离心技术,研究了钒(V)在芥菜(Brassica juncea)和小白菜(Brassica chinensis)的叶片、叶柄和根系中的亚细胞分布和积累。研究表明,V在芥菜和小白菜不同器官中的含量和分配比例大小依次为:根系叶片叶柄,不同蔬菜地下部和地上部积累的V含量和分配比例有明显差异,芥菜吸收积累V的能力大于小白菜。随着V处理浓度的增加,芥菜和小白菜富集系数(BCF)增加,而转运系数(TF)减小,表明蔬菜对V有一定的富集能力,两种蔬菜转运V的能力降低,其积累的V主要富集在植物根部,可减轻过量V对可食部分的伤害。V在植株各器官的亚细胞分布主要为细胞壁和含核蛋白的细胞可溶性组分,在芥菜和小白菜根系中,两种组分的V含量之和占总量的73.4%~78.6%,在叶柄中占总量的74.9%~79.8%,叶片中为86.6%~93.2%,而V在细胞核、线粒体和叶绿体两种细胞器中的分配较少,根系为21.4%~26.6%,叶柄为20.1%~25%,叶片为6.8%~13.4%。随着V处理浓度的增加,蔬菜根系和叶片中V在细胞壁的分配增加,在含核蛋白的细胞可溶性组分的分配减少;在叶柄中V在含核蛋白的细胞可溶性组分的分配增加,细胞核和线粒体叶绿体两组分的分配减小。在不同V浓度处理下,芥菜较小白菜对V有较强的耐性,而细胞壁固持和可溶性组分的液泡区隔化可能是蔬菜耐V的主要机制。     

不同镉耐性水稻非蛋白巯基及镉的亚细胞和分子分布

采用镉（Cd）耐性不同的水稻品种N07-6和N07-63,通过室内水培试验,比较了50 μmol·L-1Cd胁迫下水稻的非蛋白巯基（NPT）、Cd的亚细胞和分子分布的差异。结果表明,Cd处理后,两品种水稻植株Cd含量存在明显差异,N07-63根部向地上部转移的Cd显著少于N07-6。Cd胁迫诱导了两个品种NPT含量的增加,N07-63的增幅显著高于N07-6。Cd绝大部分分布在水稻的细胞壁和细胞可溶部分。N07-63茎叶和根部细胞壁结合的Cd占总Cd的比例高于N07-6,而细胞可溶部分Cd的比例低于N07-6。从Cd的分子分布来看,水稻茎叶细胞可溶部分的Cd一部分与大分子量蛋白质结合,其余大部分与植物螯合肽（PCs）结合,而根细胞可溶部分的Cd绝大部分与PCs络合,N07-63的Cd-PCs结合程度高于N07-6。由此说明,与N07-6相比,N07-63细胞壁对Cd的束缚和细胞可溶部分Cd-PCs的络合程度更高,Cd的毒害效应更小,向地上部转运的Cd更少。     

镉胁迫下钙对镉在玉米细胞中分布及对叶绿体结构与酶活性的影响

采用溶液培养试验、亚细胞组分分级分离技术、透射电子显微镜观察及生化分析等方法研究钙对镉胁迫下玉米根、叶组织镉的亚细胞分布、叶绿体超微结构及叶片RuBP 羧化酶和PEP 羧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,与缺钙加镉处理比较,镉毒害下添加钙,玉米根、叶细胞器和细胞质Cd 组分均显著下降,相应Ca 组分则显著增加,而细胞壁Cd 、Ca 含量各处理间均十分接近;镉毒害下添加钙,维管束鞘细胞基质片层及叶肉细胞基粒和基粒片层排列较好,维管束鞘细胞嗜锇粒大为减少,叶片RuBP和PEP羧化酶活性显著增加。说明Ca 对于Cd 胁迫下玉米叶片正常结构与功能的保持具有十分重要的意义。     

硫对超积累东南景天镉累积、亚细胞分布和化学形态的影响

采用差速离心技术和化学试剂逐步提取法研究了硫对超积累东南景天镉累积、亚细胞分布和化学形态的影响。结果表明,增硫处理（S2和S3）显著提高超积累东南景天根、茎和叶的镉含量、累积量及整株累积总量。镉在超积累东南景天根、茎和叶中的含量和分配比例为F1（细胞壁）F3（可溶性部分）F2（细胞器与膜）,细胞壁（F1）是Cd在超积累东南景天细胞内的主要结合位点;超积累东南景天根、茎和叶F1、F2、F3组分中的镉含量随着硫水平的增加而增加,但分配比例变化不一致;超积累东南景天植物体内镉形态以氯化钠提取态（FNacl）、醋酸提取态（FHAc）和水提取态（FW）占优势。增施硫处理,提高超积累东南景天根FNacl、FHAc和FW提取态镉含量和分配比例,降低FE和FHCl提取态镉含量和分配比例;茎FNacl和FHAc提取态镉含量和分配比例增加,FW、FE和FHCl提取态镉分配比例降低;叶FNacl、FHAc和FW提取态镉的含量增加,但对其分配比例影响不大。     

水稻突变体对镉的吸收及其亚细胞分布和化学形态特点

Wild-type （Zhonghua 11） and mutant rice （Oryza sativa L.） plants were used to investigate the effect of cadmium （Cd） application on biomass production, to characterize the influx of Cd from roots to shoots, and to determine the form, content, and subcellular distribution of Cd in the roots, leaf sheaths, and leaves of the rice plants. Seedlings were cultivated in a nutrient solution and were treated with 0.5 mmol L^-1 of Cd^2＋ for 14 d. The sensitivity of rice plants to Cd toxicity was tested by studying the changes in biomass production and by observing the onset of toxicity symptoms in the plants. Both the wild-type and mutant rice plants developed symptoms of Cd stress. In addition, Cd application significantly （P ≤ 0.01） decreased dry matter production of roots, leaf sheaths, and leaves of both types, especially the mutant. The Cd content in roots of the mutant was significantly （P ≤0.05） higher than that of the wild-type rice. However, there was no significant difference in the Cd content of roots, leaf sheaths, and leaves between the wild-type and mutant rice. Most of the Cd was bound to the cell wall of the roots, leaf sheaths, and leaves, and the mutant had greater Cd content in cell organelles than the wild type. The uneven subcellular distribution could be responsible for the Cd sensitivity of the mutant rice. Furthermore, different chemical forms of Cd were found to occur in the roots, leaf sheaths, and leaves of both types of rice plants. Ethanol-, water-, and NaCl-extractable Cd had greater toxicity than the other forms of Cd and induced stunted growth and chlorosis in the plants. The high Cd content of the toxic forms of Cd in the cell organelles could seriously damage the cells and the metabolic processes in mutant rice plants.     

溶解性有机质对镉在蔬菜中累积的影响

在赤红土中施用溶解性有机质（ＤＯＭ）——稻秆ＤＯＭ（稻秆发酵液中的有机质）后，生长在该土壤上的蔬菜体内镉含量，较不施稻秆ＤＯＭ的显著增加，加重了对蔬菜的危害程度     

牛粪与秸秆配施对玉米体内镉积累及亚细胞分布的影响

以受镉(Cd)污染的棕壤为供试土壤,采用盆栽试验的方法,研究牛粪与秸秆配施对玉米各部位Cd吸收、转运及Cd在各部位亚细胞分布的影响。试验设6个处理,分别为对照处理(CK)、单施秸秆(S)、单施牛粪(M)、牛粪与秸秆含氮量比1∶1(SM1)、牛粪与秸秆含氮量比3∶1(SM3)、牛粪与秸秆含氮量比5∶1(SM5)。结果表明,与对照相比,SM1处理根部吸收Cd的含量下降了46.2%;SM1和SM3处理玉米叶部Cd吸收量与对照相比分别下降了69.8%和61.0%,玉米茎部Cd含量与对照相比分别降低了62.6%和50.4%,玉米籽粒Cd吸收量与对照处理相比分别降低了80.0%和75.0%。与对照相比,SM1、SM3和SM5处理Cd由根部向茎叶部位的转运系数分别降低了0.37、0.21和0.17;Cd由茎叶向籽粒的转运系数分别降低了0.014、0.012和0.010。所有处理玉米各部位亚细胞组分的Cd含量均呈现为细胞壁细胞器可溶部分;在SM1处理下,Cd在根、叶、茎和籽粒四个部位细胞壁中比例与对照相比提高最多,分别提高了16.5%、10.5%、10.7%和19.3%。因此,适宜的牛粪与秸秆配比能有效降低玉米各部位对Cd的吸收和转运,提高Cd在玉米各部位细胞壁中的分布比例,牛粪与秸秆含氮量比1∶1配施有利于Cd污染地区玉米的安全生产。     

不同种类蔬菜苗期对镉的敏感性研究

产地环境中镉（Cd）对蔬菜的影响主要表现为蔬菜可食部分超标,高浓度时影响其生长发育,基于评述蔬菜幼苗对Cd的敏感性是按其对Cd的吸收累积量来排序,累积Cd量越高定义为该蔬菜幼苗对Cd越敏感,采用水培方法,探讨了Cd对小白菜（叶菜）、黄瓜、豇豆（果菜）和萝卜（根菜）幼苗吸收累积量及生长发育的影响。结果表明,蔬菜幼苗根和茎叶中累积Cd量均随Cd处理浓度的增加而显著增加（P〈0．05）。同一处理浓度下根中Cd含量远高于茎叶中Cd含量,根和茎叶对Cd的累积强弱顺序也即蔬菜苗期对Cd的敏感性排序为小白菜〉萝卜〉黄瓜〉豇豆;随Cd浓度增加,叶片中叶绿素含量降低,过氧化氢酶（CAT）含量升高;蔬菜出苗率、幼苗根长、植株鲜重显著降低。     

大麦中镉的亚细胞分布和化学形态及PCs合成的基因型差异

为探明不同基因型大麦对镉耐性和转运能力差异,选取大麦耐镉品种华10118和敏感品种华2255进行水培试验,比较不同镉处理下大麦根系和地上部中镉的亚细胞分布和化学形态的差异,并研究了根系和叶片中PCs含量对镉转运能力的影响。结果表明：华10118对镉的转运能力较差,地上部镉含量较低;镉在两个大麦品种中主要分布于细胞壁和胞液中,基本各占35％-44％,细胞器占5％-26％,华2255的细胞器组分中镉含量显著大于华10118,可能是华2255耐镉性差的原因。两个基因型大麦根系中的镉以醋酸提取态为主,而地上部中以NaCl提取态最多;华2255的乙醇提取态、去离子水提取态和NaCl提取态的镉含量较高,可能是其对镉转运能力较强和耐受性差的原因。华2255根系和叶片中的PC2和PC3含量都显著高于华10118,根系合成较多的Pc：和PC,有助于镉从根部向地上部的转运。     

黑麦草幼苗对镉耐性能力及吸收积累和细胞分布特点研究

通过盆栽试验研究了镉（Cd）胁迫下黑麦草（LoliumperenneL.）幼苗的耐性能力（包括生长反应和生理生化特性）以及对Cd的吸收、积累、分布特征。结果表明,当Cd浓度为10mg.kg-1时,黑麦草的生长和发育没有受到明显抑制（P〉0.05）,当Cd浓度为20、60、100mg.kg-1时,黑麦草生物量、叶绿素含量、根系活性都显著降低（P〈0.05）;超氧阴离子（O2-.）、MDA含量显著增加（P〈0.05）;SOD、POD活性先增加后降低。黑麦草体内Cd积累量随着Cd浓度增加而显著增加（P〈0.05）;Cd在亚细胞内积累量：F1（细胞壁）〉F3（可溶部分）〉F2（细胞器）。黑麦草在Cd浓度为10、20mg.kg-1时,富集系数〉1.0,对Cd有较强的富集能力,转移系数〈1,富集的Cd主要累积在根部,表明黑麦草能够有效富集土壤中的Cd,且富集的Cd主要积累在根部。     

Genotypic Difference in Arsenic and Cadmium Accumulation by Rice Seedlings Grown in Hydroponics

Genotypic differences in arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) uptake and their translocation within rice seedlings grown in solution culture were investigated. Arsenic uptake and its translocation differed significantly between eight cultivars. The largest shoot and root As concentrations were found in cultivar ‘TN1’ and ‘ZYQ8’, while cultivar ‘JX-17’ had the lowest As concentration. Arsenic concentration in shoot or root of ‘JX-17’ was about 50% of that in cultivar ‘ZYQ8’. Specific Arsenic uptake (SAU) was found significantly different between rice cultivars, which was about 2-fold higher of ‘ZYQ8’ than that of ‘JX-17’. The Cd accumulation also differed significantly between cultivars. Rice cultivar ‘JX-17’ had the highest ability in Cd uptake, but the lowest ability in Cd translocation from root to shoot. The transfer factor (TF) of Cd had an important effect on Cd accumulation by rice seedlings. Arsenic can competitively inhibit P uptake by rice seedlings, P concentrations in shoots, or roots treated with As were significantly lower than those without As addition. However, the concentrations of P and As were positively correlated within these genotypes. The Cd immobilization by cell wall was an important mechanism for Cd detoxification. The cell wall bound 21–44% of total Cd in shoots and 25–59% of total Cd in roots of these tested genotypes. The genotypic differences in As and Cd uptake and translocation within rice seedlings provide the possibility of selecting and breeding genotypes and /or cultivars with reduced levels of As and Cd in rice grains.     

蔬菜不同部位对DDTs的富集与分配作用

在可控条件下研究了人为污染土壤中DDT类污染物在蔬菜（菠菜和胡萝卜）不同部位的富集与分配规律。结果表明,DDT类污染物在菠菜和胡萝卜叶部和根部均有一定富集,其中菠菜叶面富集量占富集总量的68.6%～92.2%之间;而胡萝卜叶部富集占富集总量的34.9%～41.6%之间。不同DDTs在菠菜和胡萝卜体内的生物富集量呈：p,p＇-DDE〉p,p＇-DDT〉p,p＇-DDD〉o,p＇-DDE〉o,p＇-DDT的规律。DDTs通过不同途径在菠菜和胡萝卜内的生物富集系数表现如下规律：BCF大气－菠菜〉BCF大气－胡萝卜〉BCF土壤－胡萝卜〉BCF土壤－菠菜。不同DDTs在蔬菜体内的生物富集系数表现为：BCFp,p＇-DDE〉BCFo,p＇-DDE〉BCFp,p＇-DDD〉BCFp,p＇-DDT〉BCFo,p＇-DDT。由于DDTs在蔬菜体内富集后,可沿食物链传递和放大,对农产品质量和人体健康构成直接威胁。     

石灰和泥炭配施对叶菜吸收Cd的阻控效应

为寻求有效阻控污染土壤上叶菜对镉的吸收、实现叶菜安全生产的技术方法,采用盆栽试验比较研究了石灰与不同用量的泥炭配施对cd污染土壤上3茬叶菜吸收累积cd的影响,并分析了土壤pH值和DTPA提取态cd含量的变化。结果表明：与不施改良剂对照相比,石灰与不同用量的泥炭配施对第2茬生菜和第3茬红苋菜的生长具有促进作用,使土壤pH值升高了0．76~1．14个单位,土壤DTPA提取态cd含量降低了7．55％～32．0％,叶菜地上部cd含量降低了35．5％～67．2％。与单施石灰处理相比,石灰泥炭配施效果进一步提升,土壤pH值提高了0．04～0．32个单位,第2茬土壤DTPA提取态cd含量降低了2．06％~20．6％,前两茬叶菜地上部cd含量降低了11．1％～24．6％。综合3茬结果,石灰、泥炭具有协同作用,两者配比为1：5时对cd的阻控效果最好,且后效可持续到第3茬叶菜。因此,石灰泥炭合理配施可以作为降低中轻度污染土壤上叶菜cd含量的有效措施之一。     

Cadmium Accumulation and Tolerance of Two Salix Genotypes Hydroponically Grown in Presence of Cadmium

Abstract

In general, according to previous studies, pioneer species do not require arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to increase their growth and survival in tropical systems. The aim of this study was to determine the dependence response to AMF of Heliocarpus appendiculatus, a pioneer species, at different phosphorus (P) levels. In a greenhouse experiment, H. appendiculatus seedlings were grown in pots with a sterile vermiculite-sand mixture (1:1). Two sets of pots were set up: One set was inoculated (150 spores per pot) with indigenous AMF from a tropical rain forest at “Los Tuxtlas” (Veracruz, Mexico); the other set was not inoculated. To each set, 0, 0.02, 0.2, and 2 g L^?1P was added. All pots were watered with 250 mL of nutrient solution. Mycorrhizal plants showed a higher total dry weight and relative growth rate in 0.02 g L^?1P concentration, while nonmycorrhizal plants responded positively at 0.2 g L^?1P; a decrease in plant responses at higher P levels was observed in both treatments. H. appendiculatus showed to have higher relative dependence at lower P concentration (≈50%). As levels of P increased, mycorrhizal colonization decreased. Successful growth of pioneer species during succession process may be improved if there is AMF content in soils, prior to disturbance.     

长期取食染镉小麦后中华稻蝗体内镉的累积分布

重金属镉在动物体内的代谢过程主要通过消化途径实现。以食物染毒的方法,采用不同浓度镉溶液培养的麦苗饲喂中华稻蝗（从一龄若虫至成虫）,将中华稻蝗成虫不同组织部位（头、翅、足、卵巢／精巢、体壁、前肠、中肠、后肠）解剖,并通过原子吸收分光光度计测定其镉的浓度,统计分析各组织部位镉的累积分布规律。火焰原子吸收测定结果表明,生长于浓度为0、36．67、73．34、110．01、146．68μg·g^-1镉溶液中的小麦,其叶片中镉的累积浓度分别达到1．99、102．88、159．92、255．48、372．68μg·g^-1,与培养液中镉浓度呈显著正相关（Y=2．4379X-0．206,R^2=0．988P〈0．01;Y为小麦中镉浓度,X为镉溶液浓度）;随着镉处理浓度的增加,中华稻蝗头、翅、足、卵巢、体壁、前肠、中肠、后肠中镉的累积浓度基本都呈增加的趋势,例如,在各组织部位中镉累积浓度最高的为中肠,4个处理浓度中雌虫分别为对照组的139．29、82．11、197．94、212．74倍,雄虫为对照组的99．89、70．32、100．17、91．23倍;在各组织部位中镉累积浓度较低的足,雌、雄虫也分别达到了对照组的4．95、8．80、16．23、16．90倍和7．14、12．22、20．59、27．98倍。对中华稻蝗成虫各组织部位镉累积浓度进行比较发现,消化道各部位的累积浓度较其他部位为高,其中,中肠内镉的累积浓度均为最高,前后肠间的累积浓度次之;此外,镉在中华稻蝗头部也有明显的累积,其次是体壁和翅,而卵巢／精巢和足的累积浓度最低。研究结果表明长期取食染毒小麦可导致镉在中华稻蝗体内的累积,且镉在不同组织部位中的累积分布存在差异。     

Sequential Injection Determination of Nitrate in Vegetables by Spectrophotometry with Inline Cadmium Reduction

Abstract

A sequential injection system for the determination of nitrate (NO₃ ^?) in vegetables was developed to automate this determination, allowing for substantially reduced reagent consumption and generated waste using low‐cost equipment. After extraction with water and filtration, the extracted nitrate is reduced inline to nitrite in a copperized cadmium (Cd) column and determined as nitrite. According to the Griess–Ilosvay reaction, nitrate is diazotized with sulfanilamide and coupled with N‐(1‐naphtyl)‐ethylenediamine dihydrochloride to form a purple‐red azo dye monitored at 538 nm.

Nitrate can be determined within a range of 1.35–50.0 mg L^?1 of NO₃ ^? (corresponding to 0.270–10.0 g of NO₃ ^? per kg of vegetable), with a conversion rate of nitrate to nitrite of 99.1±0.8%. The results obtained for 15 vegetable extracts compare well with those provided by the classical procedure, with a sampling throughput of 24 determinations per hour and relative standard deviations better than 1.2%.     

低镉水稻研究进展

稻米镉污染已成为全球粮食安全的一个重大问题.系统了解水稻体内镉响应基因调控机制及镉代谢的影响因素有助于推动低镉优质水稻新品种的培育.本文重点阐述了镉进入根细胞、镉从根转移至茎、从茎转移至籽粒的三种机制及主要影响因素,同时对目前已知的水稻镉代谢调控相关基因进行了综述,以期为利用分子育种技术选育低镉积累水稻品种提供参考.     

东北地区不同水稻品种对Cd的累积特性研究

采用土培盆栽试验方法,以东北地区大面积种植的32个水稻品种为试验材料,在土壤中未添加和添加Cd（5mg.kg-1Cd）的条件下,研究水稻生长、籽粒产量和Cd在水稻植株不同部位的分配规律。结果表明,土壤中添加Cd后,多数水稻籽粒产量和植株总生物量下降,只有少数品种籽粒产量和生物量有所上升。Cd在水稻植株中的含量遵循根系〉茎叶〉颖壳〉籽粒的规律,但从分配比例来看,土壤中未添加Cd时根系中Cd的分配比例较高,添加Cd后茎叶中Cd的分配比例明显增加。从稻米产量和质量安全角度综合考虑,认为越路早生（3号）品种为农业生产中较理想的种植品种,沈农265（1号）、农林315（30号）、屉锦（31号）、沈稻12（32号）品种可以在中轻度污染的农田土壤条件下种植,而千重浪-1（8号）、辽盐2（14号）、辽盐283（17号）、辽恢190（19号）以及吉03-2843（27号）品种尽量避免在污染土壤上种植。研究结果对东北地区镉污染稻田选择水稻品种,保障稻米安全具有重要意义。