土壤—植物根际磷的生物有效性研究进展

探讨土壤－植物根际磷素养分状况及利用机理，提高土壤磷的生物有效性，使土壤中潜在的难溶性磷库活化，提高磷肥利用率，对促进农业生产的持续发展和陆地生态系统的良性循环具有重大的现实意义。文章从这一角度出发，论述了根际土壤中根际微生物，根际pH值，根系分泌物，菌根，根际土壤磷酸酶等各种因素对提高土壤磷素利用率的机理。     

根际环境中镉的形态转化

用根际箱或根际根际袋试验研究了红壤,黄棕壤植稻或植麦后根际中镉的形态转化状况,并讨论了与铅复合处理对镉形态的影响。结果表明,红壤根际,非根际镉的主要形态为可交换态,黄棕壤则主要为碳酸盐结合态。水稻根际富集铁锰氧化物结合态镉,根际有机结合太镉远远大于非根际。对铅,镉复合污染的研究表明。     

根际微生态系统养分有效性及植物适应性机理

文章从铁营养为例，从植物－土壤－微生物及其环境条件所组成的微生态系统角度，讨论了养分的迁移途径和植物对营养胁迫适应性反应的机理，及植物营养效率基因型差异的实质，对今后的研究重点提出了设想。     

镉污染土壤根际环境的调节与植物修复研究进展

简要回顾了近年来土壤镉污染现状,介绍了根际环境的调节作用、镉污染土壤的植物修复技术的类型、特点及植物修复情况,并对今后植物修复发展前景作了进一步展望,为实现对镉污染土壤进行有效的生态整治与安全高效益的利用提供了新的技术途径。     

长江口潮滩植物根际沉积物磷的累积及其生物有效性

通过对长江口潮滩植物生物量及根际沉积物中磷的赋存形态和含量的研究,结果表明各个采样点的海三棱草从春季开始生长并一直延续到初夏,到7月其生物量基本上都达到一个峰值。海三棱草根际沉积物中磷的赋存形态包括弱吸附态磷(Ad-P)、铁结合态磷(Fe-P)、自生磷灰石及钙结合态磷[(Ap+Ca)-P]、碎屑态磷(De-P)和有机磷(OP),它们都具有较好的季节性变化,在一定程度上都受到氧化还原状态的控制。文中还研究了根际沉积物孔隙水中的磷酸盐含量,发现其有效性受到了氧化还原状态及沉积物中铁的影响。     

滨海土壤I-69杨根际无机磷形态分布及有效性研究

对滨海脱盐土壤或轻度盐渍土壤上不同林龄I -69杨根际、非根际无机磷存在形态、数量和有效性进行了研究 ,结果表明 :I -69杨根系活动能明显提高根际土壤供磷能力 ,3、5、11年生I -69杨根际有效磷明显富集 ,富集量分别为3 .87、4.3 2、4.3 5mg/kg ;Ca2 -P在不同林龄I -69杨根际含量明显高于非根际土 ,差异都达到极显著水平 ,R/S随林龄增大分别是 2 .15、2 .5 9、5 .5 4;Ca8-P在 5、11年生I -69杨根际明显富集 ,而Ca10 -P明显亏缺 ;不同林龄I -69杨根际、非根际土Al-P、Fe -P和O -P含量无明显差异 ,盐渍土壤中它们的生物有效性较低。     

不同作物根际环境对土壤重金属形态的影响

采用根垫法研究了玉米、大豆和小麦根际环境对污灌土壤中铜、镉、铅、锌形态的影响。研究结果表明：根际土壤中交换态铜含量呈现增加趋势，碳酸盐态和铁锰氧化物态金属则表现为减少趋势，有机态几无变化。形态变化的幅度与植物种类有关，其中大豆根际土壤中金属形态的变化比小麦和玉米显著。     

水稻根际中铁的形态转化

本文以熟化红壤性水稻土、淀浆白土、红壤和赤红壤为样品,研究了植稻后根际中铁的形态转化.结果表明,两种水稻土根际中无定形氧化铁、游离氧化铁、络合态铁、土壤中氧化铁的活化度及两种红壤上根际中的络合态铁均低于非根际土;而两种红壤上其余各项在根际内外分布趋势均与水稻土相反.用穆斯堡尔谱仪分析表明,所有根际土与非根际土相比,四极矩分裂增大,内磁场下降,说明根际中氧化铁被活化.同时,水稻土上根际中Fe²⁺增多,赤红壤中根际出现新矿物磁赤铁矿.根际中铁被活化,可能会影响根际中重金属等污染物的吸附和解吸特性、植物的铁素营养及对其它养分的吸收.     

玉米根际土壤中不同重金属的形态变化

采用根垫法研究了不同生长时期的玉米根际土壤中铜、镉、铅、锌和铬的形态变化。结果表明 ,玉米生长 1 0 0d内不同重金属的形态变化有显著差别。交换态铜 ,碳酸盐态铜和锌 ,铁锰态铜、铅和铬 ,有机态铜、铅和铬都有明显变化。在 1 0 0d生长期间 ,不同重金属在根际土壤中的相对变化有较大幅度的波动。植物吸收主要影响根际土壤交换态铜和碳酸盐态铜和锌的变化 ,对镉和铅形态变化影响不大。     

镉在水稻根际的生物有效性

综合介绍了水稻根际土壤中的ｐＨ值、Ｅｈ值、有机质和微生物、其它金属元素及根分泌物等因素同隔的生物有效性之间的关系。提出水稻根系具有泌能力,使其根际微环境呈氧化状态。因而,溶液中一些还原性物质被氧化,如Ｆｅ＾２＋、Ｍｎ＾２＋形成的氧化物在根表沉积成胶膜。胶膜及其根际环境对水稻吸收镉都有一定的影响。     

Rhizosphere Cadmium Speciation and Mechanisms of Cadmium Tolerance in Different Oilseed Rape Species

ABSTRACT

The role of rhizosphere processes in cadmium (Cd) uptake by plants and mechanisms of Cd tolerance is unexplored and a matter of debate. Pot experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions to investigate rhizosphere Cd speciation and mechanisms of Cd tolerance in different oilseed rape (Brassica juncea L. and Brassica napus L.) species using a sequential extraction technique. A Cd-tolerant oilseed rape, Xikou Huazi, a non-tolerant oilseed rape, Zhongyou 821, and an Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) were used in the study. The results showed that three predominant forms of Cd in the plants were NaCl-extractable Cd, acetic acid-extractable Cd, and water-extractable Cd. The concentration of water-extractable Cd in Xikou Huazi was significantly lower than in Zhongyou 821. A significant depletion of exchangeable Cd was observed in the rhizosphere soil of oilseed rapes Xikou Huazi and Zhongyou 821, as well as Indian mustard. At 60 mg kg^?1 of soil Cd concentration, the concentrations of carbonate-bound and organically bound Cd in the rhizosphere soil of Xikou Huazi were significantly higher than in the non-rhizosphere soil. The concentrations of these two Cd speciations were higher in the rhizosphere soil of Xikou Huazi than in the rhizosphere soil of Zhongyou 821. However, for Zhongyou 821, there were no significant differences in the concentrations of these two Cd speciations between the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere at 30 and 60 mg kg^?1 of soil Cd concentrations. A significant difference existed in rhizosphere Cd speciations and Cd forms in the plants between Cd-tolerant oilseed rape and non-tolerant oilseed rape. This difference was the main reason that Cd-tolerant oilseed rapes take up and accumulate Cd.     

Chemical Speciation of Heavy Metals in the Fractionated Rhizosphere Soils of Sunflower Cultivated in a Humic Andosol

Chemical speciation and bioaccumulation factor of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were investigated in the fractionated rhizosphere soils and tissues of sunflower plants grown in a humic Andosol. The experiment was conducted for a period of 35 days in the greenhouse, and at harvest the soil system was differentiated into bulk, rhizosphere, and rhizoplane soils based on the collection of root-attaching soil aggregates. The chemical speciations of heavy metals in the soil samples were determined after extraction sequentially into fractions classified as exchangeable, carbonate bound, metal–organic complex bound, easily reducible metal oxide bound, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)–extractable organically bound, amorphous mineral colloid bound, and crystalline Fe oxide bound. Iron and Zn were predominantly crystalline Fe oxide bound in the initial bulk soils whereas Mn was mainly organically bound. Heavy metals in the exchangeable form accumulated in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane soils, comprising <4% of the total content, suggesting their relatively low availability in humic Andosol. Concentrations of organically bound Fe and Mn in soils decreased with the proximity to roots, suggesting that organic fraction is the main source for plant uptake. Concentrations of Mn and Zn in the metal–organic complex also decreased, indicating a greater ability of sunflower to access Mn from more soil pools. Sunflower showed bioaccumulation factors for Zn, Fe, and Mn as large as 0.39, 0.05, and 0.04 respectively, defining the plant as a metal excluder species. This result suggests that access to multiple metal pools in soil is not necessarily a major factor that governs metal accumulation in the plant.     

Selenium Speciation and Distribution Characteristics in the Rhizosphere Soil of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seedlings

A five-step sequential extraction procedure was used for the fractionation of selenium (Se) in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils with rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. Results showed that in rhizosphere soils without the addition of Se, the soluble Se (Sol-Se), exchangeable Se and Se bound to carbonates (Exc-Se), Se bound to organic-sulfide matter and elemental Se (OM-Se), and total Se contents were significantly greater than those in nonrhizosphere soils, whereas the residual Se (Res-Se) was less than that in the nonrhizosphere soils. After the addition of Se, the Sol-Se and OM-Se contents in the rhizosphere soils were still evidently greater than those in nonrhizosphere soils, but the Exc-Se was significantly less in rhizosphere soils than in nonrhizosphere soils. Our overall results suggest that the Se bioavailability in rice rhizosphere soils is greater than that in nonrhizosphere soils. Selenium bioavailability in the rhizosphere soil is not correlated with Se accumulation in rice seedlings.     

Effect of Sodium Chloride-induced Salinity on Phyto-availability and Speciation of Cd in Soil Solution

A greenhouse experiment with two levels of Cd (0.5 and 10 mg Cd kg^?1, in the form of CdCl₂), and five salinity levels of irrigation water (0, 8.6, 17.1, 34.2 and 68.4 mM NaCl) in triplicate was conducted to determine the effect of NaCl-induced salinity on the solubility and availability of Cd in clay loam and sandy calcareous soils. Corn seeds (Zea mays L.) were sown in pots. Forty-five days after planting, the shoots were harvested, and their Cd concentration was determined. The post-harvest electrical conductivity (EC_e), pH, and concentrations of cations and anions were determined in soil saturation paste extracts. Increasing irrigation water salinity resulted in significant increases in the total soluble Cd concentration in both studied soils. A positive correlation was found between the total soluble Cd and the chloride concentration in the soil solution.Solution speciation, calculated with MINEQL+ (a chemical equilibrium modeling system), predicted that Cd was present mainly as free Cd²⁺ ions followed by CdCl⁺ and $ {\text{CdSO}}^{0}_{4} $ in the soils irrigated with deionized water. However, Cd species in the soil solution were significantly altered by increasing chloride concentration, with Cd–chloro complexes becoming the dominant Cd species in the soil solution. Increasing the salinity level resulted in significant decreases in the shoot dry matter and increases in the shoot Cd concentration. Shoot Cd concentration was positively correlated with both the total Cd and Cd–chloro complexes in the soil solution.     

返青前后草地早熟禾草坪根际微生物区系动态

根际是土壤-植物生态系统物质及能量交换的活跃界面,根际微生物不仅直接影响植物对水分、养分的吸收,而且也同时影响植物对不良环境的抵抗能力。利用选择性培养基对草地早熟禾（PoapratensisL.）返青前后根际与非根际的细菌、真菌以及放线菌类群进行分离测数,拟从根际及非根际土壤微生物区系动态变化方面来阐述草地早熟禾返青前后其根际微生态的变化规律。结果表明：（1）草地早熟禾草坪的返青后,根际及非根际细菌、真菌数量明显增加,但放线菌数量呈减少趋势;（2）无论返青前后或者根际以及非根际,细菌的数量都占整个土壤微生物量的绝大部分,细菌数量的变化代表了整个微生物类群数量的变化趋势,使得草地早熟禾返青后根际土壤由“真菌型”向“细菌型”转化;（3）返青前后,各微生物类群都表现出明显的根际效应。     

海藻中铬形态和含量的检测分析方法研究

为研究海藻中铬的形态和含量,本试验采用IonPac CG5A(4 mm×50 mm)阳离子色谱柱,考察并优化络合剂的种类和浓度、流动相的种类和浓度、pH值、温度及游离态铬的提取方式等条件对Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)分离效果的影响。采用高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱(HPLC-ICP-MS)对Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)进行分析,并利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定海藻中总铬、结合态铬、游离态铬的含量。结果表明,海藻样品在40℃超声条件下,以5 mmol·L^-1吡啶-2,6-二羧酸(PDCA)的硝酸铵溶液(pH值7.0)为络合剂提取10 min,以50 mmol·L^-1硝酸铵溶液作为流动相,可同时测定海藻中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ),该方法操作简单,灵敏度和准确度高。此外,海藻中的铬主要以结合态形式存在,游离态铬的含量较低,且游离态铬以Cr(Ⅲ)形态存在为主。Cr(Ⅵ)形态较少,且含量均低于检出限。本试验通过建立海藻中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)分析方法并对海藻中各种形态铬的含量进行分析检测,为相关标准的制定提供了分析方法和数据支撑。     

南方稀土矿区植物根际与非根际土壤碳氮含量与pH值变化

[目的]揭示南方稀土矿区根际与非根际养分含量变化,为南方稀土矿区的生态恢复和侵蚀退化区的水土保持提供科学依据。[方法]以福建省长汀县稀土矿治理区为研究对象,采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,选取3个稀土矿开采区进行植物样方调查及土壤取样,对研究区的主要水土保持植物(芒萁、枫香)根际与非根际土壤碳氮含量、pH值变化以及根际与非根际间土壤碳氮含量、pH值的差异性进行研究分析。[结果](1)随着治理年限的增加,芒萁根际土壤的有机碳、全氮含量逐渐升高,硝态氮含量逐渐减少,pH值先增加后减少,铵态氮含量无显著性差异;枫香根际土壤的硝态氮随着治理年限的增加而减少,而有机碳、全氮、铵态氮含量和pH值均无显著性差异。(2)随着治理年限的增加,芒萁非根际土壤的有机碳、全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮均无显著性差异,pH值先增加后减少;枫香非根际土壤的有机碳、全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、pH值均无显著性差异。(3)芒萁根际土壤的有机碳含量显著高于非根际土壤的有机碳含量,全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮和pH值均无显著性差异;而枫香根际与非根际土壤养分含量均无显著性差异。[结论]植被能够改善土壤,但土壤肥力恢复却是一个长期的过程。     

尾矿库尾砂及周边农田土壤重金属形态分布及其生物有效性

采用BCR（community bureau of reference）连续提取法对大宝山矿山槽对坑尾矿库尾砂和周边农田土壤重金属Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的形态分布及其生物有效性进行了分析。结果表明,尾砂中Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn残渣态占绝对优势,占其总量的百分数均在85%以上。农田土壤中Cd、Cu和Zn都以残渣态为主,分别占其总量的60%、60%和90%以上,Pb以残渣态和可还原态为主,占其总量的93.44%。农田土壤重金属有效性较尾砂大,尾砂和农田土壤重金属生物有效性均以Pb为最高。     

豆科禾本科作物间作的根际生物过程研究进展

间作作为一种可持续发展的种植模式不仅具有产量和养分获取的优势,而且能够保证粮食安全、降低作物减产风险。在众多间作组合中,豆科禾本科作物间作由于种间促进及生态位互补作用,而在世界范围内被广泛应用。根际是作物-土壤-微生物相互作用的界面,是养分、水分及有害物质从土壤进入作物系统参与食物链物质循环的必经门户,在根际中所发生的生物过程不仅决定着养分的供应量和有效性,而且也影响着作物的生产力和养分利用效率。因此,本文从豆科禾本科间作的根际生物过程角度出发,综述了豆科禾本科间作对根系形态、根际微生物、根系分泌物及其生态效应的研究进展,为豆科禾本科间作体系在修复重金属污染土壤、提高土壤中养分有效性以及植物遗传改良等方面的应用提供理论依据。     

振动喷淋式蔬菜清洗机的研究

为实现蔬菜净菜机械化,对振动喷淋式蔬菜清洗机的工作原理和基本结构进行了研究,并分析了蔬菜在清洗过程中的运动和受力情况,以及叶类蔬菜的损伤机理。实验中清洗池容积为3.8×1.2×0.45 m³,清洗液2000 L。振动时间3～7 min,振幅60 cm,转速：叶类蔬菜为5～7 r/min,块茎类蔬菜为80～90 r/min;喷淋的水流速度为24 m/s时的运动参数较为合理。