铜污染胁迫条件下农田土壤酶活性及微生物多样性对大气CO2浓度升高的响应

在开放式大气CO2浓度升高平台上（Free-Air CO2 Enrichment,简称FACE）,采用盆栽实验,研究了不同浓度Cu污染胁迫条件下,稻麦轮作土壤中土壤酶活性及土壤微生物多样性对大气CO2浓度升高的响应。结果表明,大气CO2浓度升高显著诱导了清洁土壤中蛋白酶、脲酶、尿酸酶活性以及微生物多样性;正常大气和大气CO2浓度升高条件下,3种酶活性都随着土壤Cu污染胁迫的增加而逐渐降低;低浓度Cu污染胁迫条件下（50 mg.kg^-1）,FACE圈中的土壤脲酶和蛋白酶活性显著高于正常大气（Ambience）圈,尿酸酶活性无显著变化;高浓度Cu污染胁迫条件下（400 mg.kg^-1）,土壤脲酶与蛋白酶活性无显著变化,尿酸酶活性则显著降低,其原因可能与不同酶系对铜污染胁迫的敏感差异性以及大气CO2浓度升高对土壤中铜的活化作用有关。与清洁土壤相比,低浓度Cu污染（50 mg.kg^-1）对微生物生长具有一定的刺激作用,Ambience圈和FACE圈土壤微生物多样性都有所增加,FACE圈中这种现象更为明显;高浓度Cu污染胁迫（400 mg.kg^-1）对土壤微生物表现出了明显的毒害作用,微生物多样性有所降低,但在FACE圈中土壤微生物多样性的降低程度要低于Ambience圈,其影响机制有待进一步研究。     

土壤微生物对大气CO_2浓度升高的响应研究

土壤微生物对大气CO2浓度升高的响应是全面评价大气CO2浓度变化对陆地生态系统影响的关键。文章简要回顾了人工控制微域生态环境CO2浓度增高的研究技术及其发展,并着重介绍了新兴的FACE(Free-air CO2enrichm ent,开放式空气CO2浓度增高)研究手段,进而从土壤微生物区系和生物量、微生物呼吸和酶活性、菌根菌侵染和根瘤共生、土壤硝化和反硝化四个方面综述了大气CO2浓度升高影响土壤微生物的试验报道结果,最后结合新兴的土壤微生物分子生态学研究手段论述了该领域今后应关注开展的主要方向。     

铜镉污染土壤上CO2升高对水稻光合特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,在开顶式气室(Open Top Chamber,OTC)中种植水稻,研究了南北方10个水稻品种(5种籼稻、5种粳稻)在CO2浓度升高下不同污染土壤上不同生育期的光合特性影响.研究结果表明:高CO2浓度和正常CO2浓度条件下,大部分的水稻品种最大光合速率在分蘖期,在成熟期最小;CO2浓度升高使水稻在不同生育期光合速率都增加,且在不同污染土壤上的水稻品种光合速率变化一致,5种粳稻光合速率增加幅度均在抽穗期最大,其增加幅度在高污染土壤和低污染土壤上分别为:64.14％～ 143.19％、73.58％ ～132.3％,5种籼稻光合速率增加幅度均在成熟期最大,其增加幅度在高污染土壤和低污染土壤上分别为:104.33％ ～ 256.00％、100.99％～254.81％.CO2浓度的升高对光合速率、胞间CO2浓度的影响表现出趋势一致性变化,且都达到了显著水平,气孔导度与蒸腾速率在CO2浓度升高的情况下在各个生育期的变化趋势不一致,且都没有达到显著水平.     

稻田CO2排放对大气CO2浓度升高的响应

利用FACE (free-air carbon dioxide enrichment)平台,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,研究了大气CO2浓度升高对稻田土壤CO2通过土壤-大气(土气)和植被-大气(植气)界面排放的影响.在整个水稻生长季中,土气界面CO2排放通量与土壤表面水层深度指数负相关,且在中期烤田和收获前排水阶段出现较大值;而植气界面CO2排放通量与根系生物量的变化趋势基本一致.在低氮(N 125 kg/hm2)和常氮(N 250 kg/hm2)水平上,高浓度CO2(对照大气CO2浓度+200 μmol/mol)有提高水稻生物量、降低土气和植气界面CO2累积排放量的趋势.在水稻的拔节、抽穗和成熟期,较高的施氮量显著增加水稻地上部分生物量,促进植气界面CO2的排放.研究结果表明,未来大气CO2浓度升高的环境下,稻田生态系统有增加CO2的固定(增加水稻生物量),减少CO2的排放(土气和植气界面CO2的排放)的趋势,可能发挥着碳汇的作用.     

在非灭菌土壤条件下施用磷肥对VA菌根效应的影响

本文对中国科学院黄淮海平原综合治理封丘试区的四种不同类型潮土作了田间调查、微区试验以及盆裁试验.试验结果一致表明在这四种类型土壤中施用相当于每亩8斤P₂O₃的过磷酸钙最有利于VA菌根真菌的侵染,在适磷条件下接种菌根后可促进菌根菌侵染,缩短其侵染迟缓期,促进了植物对磷的吸收,从而也增加了植物地上和地下部分的生长.     

沙地植物生长对CO2增加和土壤干旱的响应

实验研究了毛乌素沙地优势植物种柠条、杨柴、油蒿的根长、主茎高、地径等生长量对大气中CO2浓度增加和土壤干旱的响应。结果表明:大气中CO2浓度增加和土壤干旱对植物生长量的影响是十分复杂的,不仅不同的植物种对CO2浓度的反应不同,而且不同的植物对土壤干旱的反应也有差异,由此而使得大气中CO2浓度增加和土壤干旱对植物的复合影响十分复杂。     

菜地土壤CO2与N2O排放特征及其规律

为了解不同集约化类型菜地土壤CO2和N2O排放特征及影响因子,选取京郊20年露地老菜地(OV20)、3年菜地种植历史的露地新菜地(OV3)、3年大棚菜地(GV3),以及相邻的当地典型粮田玉米地(Maize)4个类型地块,研究了春黄瓜生育期间土壤CO2和N2O排放特征及影响因子。结果表明:1)春黄瓜生育期间的土壤CO2排放通量主要受土壤5 cm处温度(指数关系)和土壤水分(对数关系或二次抛物线关系)影响;期间玉米地土壤CO2平均排放通量为(346.8±56.5)mg.m-2.h-1,20年露地菜地、3年露地菜地有机肥处理、3年露地菜地配施处理、3年大棚菜地的土壤CO2平均排放通量分别是玉米地的1.38、1.21、1.39和1.56倍。2)土壤N2O排放通量与施肥活动密切相关,排放高峰都出现在氮肥施用后,并受土壤温度和水分的影响。基肥后土壤温度低(15～20℃),排放峰出现在第5 d,排放峰持续时间(长达20 d)与施肥量相关;追肥后土壤温度高(>20℃),排放高峰发生早(追肥后第3 d),但因追肥用量低,因此持续时间短(仅一周)。3)黄瓜生长期内玉米地N2O累积排放量为N(1.95±0.10)kg.hm-2,20年老菜地、3年大棚菜地和3年新菜地N2O累积排放量分别是同期大田玉米地的1.67、1.95和1.99倍。4)本实验中春黄瓜生长季菜地土壤化肥氮N2O排放系数在1.86%～4.71%之间,显著高于IPCC旱地排放缺省值1%。其中,新菜地排放系数高于老菜地,设施菜地排放系数高于露地菜地;但有机肥氮的N2O排放系数则远远低于化肥氮的排放系数,仅为0.11%。     

土壤酶活性对温度和CO2浓度升高的响应研究

作为土壤生态系统中的重要组成部分及生物元素循环的积极参与者,土壤酶在陆地生态系统地下生态过程中扮演着十分重要的角色。升高温度和(或)大气CO2浓度可能直接或者间接影响其活性。但目前对温度和(或)大气CO2浓度升高对土壤酶的影响机理、过程及土壤酶对其的响应机制研究相对薄弱。本文初步总结了国内外关于温度和(或)大气CO2浓度升高对土壤酶活性影响研究的现状,并指出了目前研究中存在的不足。     

自由大气CO2浓度升高对稻田CH_4排放的影响研究

采用FACE田间试验,对高CO2浓度影响稻田CH4排放规律进行了观测分析,并利用δ13C技术初步分析了土壤CH4的排放来源。结果显示,植株和土壤的CH4排放速率在高CO2浓度处理大于对照18%以上,其增加幅度为土壤大于植物,CH4排放速率可能受田间水分条件影响较大。与对照比较,高CO2浓度条件下植物和土壤部分CH4累积排放总量增加,且变化幅度随生长期而降低,前期（54d）常规氮处理（NN）高于低氮处理（LN）,后期LN高于NN;但是行间裸土CH4累积排放总量在前期（54d）增加和之后降低的幅度均为NN高于LN。土壤排放CH4δ13C值从移栽到第102d,高CO2浓度处理LN和NN水平下土壤对照（CK）仅分别升高9.0%和8.3%,种水稻则降低8.8%和8.1%;但是在对照CO2浓度条件下土壤对照降低17.2%和112.5%（P=0.047）,种水稻降低40.3%和105.9%（P=0.023）,表明高CO2浓度下有更多C4来源的碳释放,对照CO2浓度条件下有更多C3来源的碳释放。水稻不同生长期与土壤对照比较,种水稻土壤排放CH4δ13C值降低的幅度总和在高CO2浓度条件LN和NN水平下分别为114.8%和72.7%,对照CO2浓度条件下分别为41.9%和72.8%,表明在种有植物的情况下更多当季的碳分解释放,LN水平下高CO2浓度促进来源于当季碳的CH4排放,NN水平下没有发现CO2浓度的影响,可能与作物生物量和它的间接产物（根系分泌物）的影响有关。     

喀斯特地区土壤-洞穴CO_2时空迁移变化特征

为研究土壤-洞穴CO_2含量动态变化特征,选择织金洞及其岩溶表层3个样地进行监测。研究表明:土壤CO_2与洞穴CO_2变化规律具有一致性,均表现为春升、夏高、秋降,冬稳定的特征。夏季至秋季土壤-洞穴CO_2均呈上升趋势,土壤CO_2为0.13 mmol mol~(-1),洞穴CO_2为0.44 mmol mol~(-1),存在累积效应。织金洞为多进口洞穴,随着距洞口不断的深入,在灵霄殿至飞鸟觅食CO_2达到高值区为1.51 mmol mol~(-1),两端分别为:1.34 mmol mol~(-1)、1.05 mmol mol~(-1),呈现两端低中间高的分布趋势。织金洞上覆土壤CO_2含量是大气CO_2含量的22~27倍,是洞内CO_2含量的7~9倍。随着大气CO_2进入到土壤,土壤CO_2含量呈直线上升,直到60 cm处开始下降,经过基岩溶管、溶隙等进入洞穴内部。另一部分洞穴空气CO_2由大气降水-土壤水-洞穴水PCO_2转化而来,研究区为重碳酸盐钙型水和硫酸盐钙型水。研究发现:洞穴CO_2高值区自1月随时间变化分布特征为:中部→中部、前半段过渡带→前半段→前半段、中部过渡带→中部的迁移过程。这种新发现对喀斯特地区洞穴气候环境研究与洞穴开发保护具有重要的理论意义和实践指导价值。     

半开放式CO_2和温度递增系统(CTGC)的改进:CO_2浓度控制效果

环境控制模拟系统,是开展农田生态系统对全球气候变化响应研究的有效手段,但目前应用于试验中的模拟系统均存在一定局限,如CO_2气体过量消耗、试验成本较高、模拟的试验环境与真实的自然环境差异较大、试验空间有限、不易重复等。针对这些问题,本研究对半开放式CO_2浓度和温度递增模拟系统(CTGC)进行了硬件升级和设计改进,针对其CO_2浓度的控制效果包括CO_2浓度监测、CO_2气体释放两大系统进行改进,使其能达到精准控制CO_2气体释放,降低试验成本,精确模拟未来高CO_2浓度的生产环境,其空间面积较大,适合多种作物同时试验。改进后的系统利用电磁阀组和CO_2浓度检测传感器组成的多通道监测系统,实时检测各处理区域内的CO_2浓度,实现精准监测。在CO_2气体释放源端,采用比例调节式减压器,有效减少了CO_2从储气罐中被减压后在气体管路中的压力积蓄,控制CO_2气体精量释放;系统将CO_2释放方式由纵向改为横向,释放管道由主管加支管组成,由控制流量调节阀将主管与支管相连接,使气室内形成均匀的CO_2释放区域,从而达到CO_2浓度梯度升高的模拟效果。试运行结果表明,改进后的CTGC系统可以实现CO_2浓度387±4.5、441±13.4、490±20.9、534±24.3和567±28.9μmol·mol-1的梯度递增,系统对环境变化的响应速度加快,能够精确实时监测气室内各处理区域CO_2浓度的变化,并实现CO_2气体的精量释放;系统内的CO_2浓度梯度递增趋于稳定,从而更好地模拟大气CO_2浓度逐渐升高的过程,满足作物对气候变化响应研究的需要。     

Soil hydrology and CO2 release of peat soils

A simple model to predict soil water components and the CO₂ release for peat soils is presented. It can be used to determine plant water uptake and the CO₂ release as a result of peat mineralization for different types of peat soils, various climate conditions, and groundwater levels. The model considers the thickness of the root zone, its hydraulic characteristics (pF, Ku), the groundwater depth and a soil‐specific function to predict the CO₂ release as a result of peat mineralization. The latter is a mathematical function considering soil temperature and soil matric potential. It is based on measurements from soil cores at varying temperatures and soil water contents using a respiricond equipment. Data was analyzed using nonlinear multiple regression analysis. As a result, CO₂ release equations were gained and incorporated into a soil water simulation model. Groundwater lysimeter measurements were used for model calibration of soil water components, CO₂ release was adapted according long‐term lysimeter data of Mundel (1976). Peat soils have a negative water balance for groundwater depth conditions up to 80—100 cm below surface. Results demonstrate the necessity of a high soil water content i.e. shallow groundwater to avoid peat mineralization and soil degradation. CO₂ losses increase with the thickness of the rooted soil zone and decreases with the degree of soil degradation. Especially the combination of deep groundwater level and high water balance deficits during the vegetation period leads to tremendous CO₂ losses.     

大气CO2浓度缓增对稻田土壤甲烷氧化过程的影响

微生物介导的甲烷好氧氧化,对控制稻田甲烷排放起着重要作用。本文从基因、群落、活性等多个层次上解析CO₂浓度缓增对稻田土壤甲烷好氧氧化过程的影响及其作用机理。依托于田间CO₂浓度自动调控平台,在背景CO₂浓度(AC)基础上,设置了CO₂浓度缓增处理(每年增加40μL·L^-1,持续4年)(EC)。采用室内泥浆培养以及高通量测序和定量PCR技术,对不同CO₂处理下水稻关键生育期(分蘖期、拔节期、扬花期和乳熟期)土壤中的甲烷氧化潜势及其功能微生物的丰度和群落结构进行了系统研究。结果表明：大气CO₂浓度升高促进了稻田甲烷氧化潜势和甲烷氧化菌丰度的增加;CO₂浓度升高还使得土壤中甲烷氧化菌的群落结构发生了显著变化,其优势菌从Ⅱ型菌转变为Ⅰ型菌。CO₂浓度升高所致的土壤中甲烷、氧气浓度以及氮素水平等的改变很可能对稻田甲烷氧化过程产生了重要影响。综合本研究发现,稻田甲烷氧化过程对大气CO₂     

作物夜间呼吸作用与温度、二氧化碳浓度的关系

利用美国CID公司生产的CI-310PS便携式光合作用测定仪，在夜间对黄淮海地区秋季作玉米、棉花、大豆呼吸作用进行了测定研究。结果表明：叶片呼吸作用随渐度的升高而加强，其中大豆最为敏感，棉花次之，玉米相对来讲最不明显；CO2浓度升高会对作物夜间呼吸作用产生抑制作用。文中给出了相应的数学模型，为监测夜间作用呼吸作用提供了初步理论基础。     

Effect of Oxalic and Citric Acids on Zinc Release Kinetic in Two Calcareous Soils

Rate of zinc (Zn) release from solid to solution phase by organic acids can influence Zn availability in calcareous soils. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations (1.1, 2.2, and 3.3 mM) of oxalic acid and citric acid on the kinetic release of Zn from two calcareous soils from Eastern Iran. The two organic acids showed significant difference in Zn release from studied soils. Cumulative Zn release during 72 h ranged from 5.85 to 10.4 mg kg^?1 in soil 1 and ranged from 8.7 to 16.9 mg kg^?1 in soil 2 using different concentrations of oxalic acid. The amount of cumulative Zn release after 72 h in soil 1 ranged from 13.65 to 28.77 mg kg^?1 and from 17.63 to 23.13 mg kg^?1 when different concentrations of citric acid was used. In general, Citric acid released 38% more Zn from soils than oxalic acid. The release of Zn from soils increased with citric acid concentration but decreased with increasing of oxalic acid concentrations in the solution. The simplified Elovich equation best described Zn release as a function of time (r² = 0.93 and SE = 0.78). From the present study, Zn release from soils can be limited by the higher concentration of oxalic acid, while citric acid is suitable for enhancing soil lability of Zn.     

Plastic mulching increased soil CO2 concentration and emissions from an oasis cotton field in Central Asia

Although previous researchers suggest that carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions are influenced by plastic mulching, the effects of this method on soil CO₂ concentration and emissions remain uncertain. Soil CO₂ concentration and emissions from ridge and furrow soils under mulched and nonmulched treatments in 2014 and 2015 were measured. The soil CO₂ concentration was observed using modified diffusion equilibrium samplers, and the soil CO₂ emissions were measured using a closed‐chamber method. In the ridge soil, although the plastic mulching increased the CO₂ concentration by 49% (0–40 cm), no significant difference in CO₂ emissions was found between the mulched and nonmulched treatments. Accordingly, the relationship between soil CO₂ concentration and CO₂ emissions was affected by plastic mulching, with a lower slope of the linear equation found in the mulched treatment compared to the nonmulched treatment. In the furrow soil, the plastic mulching increased the CO₂ concentration and emissions by 15% and 21%, respectively. In conclusion, plastic mulching significantly increased the CO₂ concentration in both the ridge and furrow soils and increased the cumulative CO₂ emissions by 8%. The temperature sensitivity of the soil CO₂ concentration increased with soil depth, whereas the plastic mulching only influenced the temperature sensitivity of the soil CO₂ concentration in both the ridge and furrow soils at a depth of 40 cm. Our results suggest that the temperature sensitivity of the soil CO₂ concentration not only reflects the effects of temperature on CO₂ production but also indicates poor diffusion in the deep profile.     

Soil microbiome biomass,activity, composition and CO2 emissions in a long-term organic and conventional farming systems

The implementation of environmentally friendly agricultural policies has increased the need to compare agricultural aspects of conventional (CON) and organic farming (ORG) systems. The objective of the present work was to compare the effects of an organic and conventional long-term experiment on bacterial and fungal biomass and activity, as well as soil CO₂ emission and readily available nitrogen forms in a soil cultivated with Helianthus annuus L. The microbial biomass was more active and abundant in ORG as well as soil CO₂ emission. Despite being less abundant, fungi were more active than bacteria in both ORG and CON experiments. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that the ORG treatment had a significantly greater bacterial richness than CON. Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were the most abundant phyla contributing more than others to the differences between the two systems. Moreover, the soil ${\mathit{NH}}_4^{+}$ and ${\mathit{NO}}_2^{-}$ content was not significantly different between ORG and CON, while ${\mathit{NO}}_3^{-}$ was less in ORG. ORG sunflower yield was significantly less compared with CON. While much remains to be discovered about the effects of these agricultural practices on soil chemical properties and microbial diversity, our findings may contribute to this type of investigation.     

Comparing chamber and eddy covariance based net ecosystem CO2 exchange of fen soils

Due to their high emission potential, the reporting of CO₂ emissions from peatlands requires exact emission factors for different land use categories. Recently used emission factors are mainly based on CO₂ flux measurements by chamber techniques or the micrometeorological eddy covariance (EC) method. However, evidence about the reliability and comparability of annual CO₂ balances based on these methods is scarce. Therefore, manual chamber measurements of ecosystem respiration (R_ECO) and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) were conducted for two years (March 2012–April 2014) to model annual balances of two sites on fen soils with different land use intensity in northern Germany: an unutilized and rewetted grassland (UG) and an intensively utilized wet grassland (GW). Simultaneously, EC measurements of NEE were conducted on the sites. Two reasons for occasionally great deviations in NEE between the methods could be observed: (1) the accordance of both methods was most hampered during transition periods such as the beginning of the growing season and the onset of regrowth after a grassland defoliation due to different spatial scales of EC and chamber measurements and (2) R_ECO and gross primary production (GPP) partitioned from EC NEE measurements were systematically lower than those from the chamber‐based model, which could be a result of the EC energy balance gap. Differences were more pronounced for the managed site GW as a result of more frequent regrowth periods. It is concluded that the EC and chamber method can show comparable results for the CO₂ exchange of grasslands on fen soils when the limitations of both methods are known and considered for the reporting of emission factors. These limitations are due to energy balance closure and potentially biased footprints for EC and a restricted representativeness especially during early stages of plant development for the chamber method.     

CO_2浓度升高对万寿菊生长发育与光合生理的影响

为探究经济花卉万寿菊响应CO_2浓度升高的生理机制,以万寿菊金币品种为试材,利用OTC(open top chamber)系统进行CO_2浓度控制试验,测定了万寿菊形态特征、叶片组织结构、光合色素含量、光合作用及糖类代谢物的变化。结果表明,本试验种植的万寿菊维管束中无"花环状"结构,是菊科中的C_3植物。CO_2浓度升高后,万寿菊叶片栅栏组织增多,栅栏组织内的叶绿体数量增加,光合色素含量增加,净光合速率增强,气孔导度和蒸腾速率在现蕾期和初花期下降,而在盛花期增加,水分利用率在各生育时期均增加。此外,CO_2浓度升高后,万寿菊叶片中还原糖含量、可溶性总糖含量、淀粉含量、纤维素含量均增加。植株的株高、茎粗、单株茎秆重、单株总生物量均有增加,花朵总产量增加27.46%。综上可知,CO_2浓度升高促进了万寿菊叶片光合作用和碳代谢,有利于万寿菊的生长发育。本研究结果有助于揭示万寿菊响应CO_2浓度升高的生理机制,为未来的万寿菊生产开发提供了依据。