菜籽饼粕在断奶仔猪饲粮中适宜且量的研究

为提高断奶仔猪饲粮中的蛋白质水平，在未脱毒菜籽饼粕已达巴５％的商品混合饲料中，加入占总量１０％的豆粕和脱毒菜籽饼粕。供试的４种饲粮中，豆粕和脱毒菜籽饼粕的比例分别是：１０％，０（１组）；５％，５％（２组）；２．５％，７．５％（３组）；０，１０％（４组）。结果，日增重和饲料报酬，前３０天以１组为最好，后３０天以３组为最好。试验全期（６０天）日增重，１组分别比２、３组高２．６０％和１．７２％，差异不显著；１、２、３组分别比４组高２７．８６％、２４．６２％、２５．７０％，差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）。经济效益以３组最高。     

报刊文粹

未脱毒棉籽饼对蛋鸡生产性能及其生殖器官的影响为研究棉籽饼对蛋鸡生产性能及其生殖器官的影响，将８０只４５周龄蛋鸡随机分成对照组、实验１组、实验２组及实验３组，每组２０只，分别饲喂含棉籽饼０－３％、１３％、２３％的日粮８周（分别含游离棉酚０－１８ｍｇ／ｋｇ、７８ｍｇ／ｋｇ、１３８ｍｇ／ｋｇ），测定每组鸡的产蛋率和平均蛋重；试验后期每组随机取鸡蛋６０枚，分别测定蛋壳厚度、哈氏单位；试验结束，取各组鸡卵巢、输卵管分别称重，计算其重量系数。结果表明：实验１组的平均蛋重、哈氏单位分别比对照组降低２－３％（０…     

菜籽饼粕在断奶仔猪饲粮中适宜用量的研究

为提高断奶仔猪饲粮中的蛋白质水平，在未脱毒菜籽饼粕已达８．５％的商品混合饲料中，加入占总量１０％的豆粕和脱毒菜籽饼粕。供试的４种饲粮中，豆粕和脱毒菜籽饼粕的比例分别是：１０％，０（１组）；５％，５％（２组）；２．５％，７．５％（３组）；０，１０％（４组）。结果，日增重和饲料报酬，前３０天以１组为最好，后３０天以３组为最好。试验全期（６０天）日增重，１组分别比２、３组高２．６０％和１．７２％，差异不     

小麦代替玉米并添加酶制剂对育肥蛋公雏饲养效果的影响

用小麦替代玉米—豆粕型饲粮（Ｉ组）中１／３（Ⅱ组）和２／３（Ⅲ组）比例的玉米并添加酶制剂，探讨其对育肥蛋公雏饲养效果的影响。结果表明：３个组试验鸡的成活率相同、日采食量相近，说明应用小麦替代１／３或２／３玉米对其健康和采食无影响；虽然前后期３个组试验鸡的日增重均无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５），但Ⅱ组前后期分别比Ｉ组同期提高０７５％和１５７％，Ⅲ组前后期分别比Ｉ组降低０００％和７８７％，即小麦替代１／３比例玉米对日增重有正的影响，但代替２／３时对日增重明显不利；饲料报酬Ｉ组、Ⅱ组基本一致，Ⅲ组较差；腿部色泽以Ｉ组最好，Ⅱ组次之，Ⅲ组黄色明显减退，严重影响商品性；Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组的毛盈利分别比Ｉ组低２２３％和９２９％，从经济效益方面考虑，目前在育肥蛋公雏饲粮中不宜用小麦代替玉米。     

玉米源异麦芽寡糖菌质粉对黄羽肉鸡生长性能和激素分泌的影响

本研究在饲粮中分别添加 ３个不同剂量的玉米源异麦芽寡糖菌质粉（ＩＢＳ）,旨在研究其对黄羽肉鸡生长性能和内源性激素分泌的影响。选择 １日龄黄羽肉鸡 ２７０只,公母各占 １／２,随机分成 ５组。对照 １组饲喂基础饲粮,对照 ２组在基础饲粮中添加 ４．２７ｇ／ｋｇ市售食品级低聚异麦芽寡糖粉,试验 １、２、３组分别在基础饲粮中添加 ６、１２、２４ｇ／ｋｇＩＢＳ。结果表明：１）与对照 １组相比,试验 １、２、３组死亡率分别降低 ３３．３０％、４９．９５％、４９．９５％;１～５２日龄,试验 １、２、３组平均日增重分别提高 ８．８０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）、１１．０２％（Ｐ＜０．０１）、７．８０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）;试验 １、２、３组料重比分别降低 ８．７３％（Ｐ＜０．０５）、９．０９％（Ｐ＜０．０１）、６．９１％（Ｐ＜０．０５）;试验 ２组血清中甲状腺素含量提高 ８．６８％（Ｐ＜０．０５）;试验 ３组血清中胰高血糖素含量降低 ２４．７５％（Ｐ＜０．０５）;在血清胰岛素动态变化过程中,采食后 １ｈ,试验 １组提高 ４０．３１％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,采食后２ｈ,试验 ２组提高 ４０．０９％（Ｐ＜０．０５）;在血清生长激素动态变化过程中,采食后 １ｈ,试验 ３组提高 ３５．１８％（Ｐ＜０．０５）,采食后 ２ｈ,试验 ２、３组分别提高 ４８．２６％（Ｐ＜０．０５）、４２．７２％（Ｐ＜０．０５）;试验 ２、３组血清中生长激素含量总体平均值分别提高 ２３．６５％（Ｐ＜０．０５）、２６．２９％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。２）与对照２组相比,试验２、３组死亡率均降低２４．９７％;１～５２日龄,试验１、２、３组平均日增重分别提高 ６．５７％（Ｐ＜０．０５）、８．７５％（Ｐ＜０．０１）、５．５９％（Ｐ＜０．０５）;在血清胰岛素动态变化过程中,采食后 ２ｈ,试验 ２组提高 ４４．５５％（Ｐ＜０．０５）;在血清生长激素动态变化过程中,采食后 ２ｈ,试验 ２、３组分别提高 ５０．２４％（Ｐ＜０．０５）、４４．６３％（Ｐ＜０．０５）;试验 ３组血清中生长激素含量总体平均值提高 ２３．８０％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结果提示,黄羽肉鸡饲粮中添加一定剂量的 ＩＢＳ,对其生长性能、激素分泌有促进作用,且在本试验的 ３个剂量中,以添加 １２ｇ／ｋｇＩＢＳ综合效果最佳。     

蜂花粉对蛋种鸡生产性能及蛋品质影响的研究

选择海兰蛋种鸡２４０羽，随机分为四组，对照组饲喂基础日粮，试Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加 ０． ５％、 １． ０％、 １． ５％蜂花粉的日粮。试验期２８天。试验结果表明：种鸡产蛋率分别提高了 ３. １６％、 ４．９６％（ｐ ＜０. ０５）、３． ９９％，（ｐ ＜０． ０５），料蛋比分别下降了 ２.７２％、 ６．３６％（ｐ＜０．０５）和３．１８％，死淘率各下降了１．６７％，种蛋合格率分别提高了 １． ３７％， ３． ０３％（ｐ＜０． ０５）和 １． ６４％，种蛋受精率试验组均高于对照组，但差异不显著，孵化率分别提高了２.２４％，３.７１％和６．４１％（p＜０．０５）。蛋品质测定结果表明，试验Ⅱ组较对照组的蛋形指数与蛋黄指数分别提高了３.９７％（ｐ＜０．０５）和７．１０％（ｐ＜ ０．０５），蛋比重、蛋黄相对重、蛋壳相对重、蛋壳厚度和哈夫单位，试验组与对照组无显著差异。     

高浓度铁剂对哺乳仔猪生长发育的影响

采用随机单位组设计，将１６窝的９６头哺乳仔猪分为３组，每组３２头。试验１组、２组于３日龄分别注射１ｍｌ自制的高浓度铁剂“铁血素１号”（含铁１５０ｍｇ／ｍｌ）、“铁血素２号”（含铁１００ｍｇ／ｍｌ），３组为空白对照。试验结果：３５日龄断奶时，１组和２组的日增重分别比对照组高３６．７６％和３２．３５％（Ｐ＜０．０１）；３日龄时，每１００ｍｌ血液中血红蛋白含量，各组均在９～１０ｇ（Ｐ＞０．０５），到１２、２５、３５日龄时，１组和２组均在１２～１４ｇ，与对照组的６～９ｇ相比差异极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；１组、２组的经济效益分别比对照组高３６．１２％和３１．９０％。     

雏鸭钙磷缺乏症的病理学研究

１日龄天府肉鸭健雏８０只，分四给，分别喂给钙－磷缺乏（Ｃａ ０．１３％，Ｐ０．３７％），缺钙（Ｃａ０．１２９％，Ｐ０．６５％），缺磷（Ｃａ０．８０％，Ｐ０．３６６％），和正常对照（Ｃａ０．８０％，Ｐ０．６５％）日粮３周（缺磷组）或周（缺钙组和钙－磷缺乏组）。缺钙组和钙－磷缺乏组病变表现为肋骨质软易弯，骨干内表面出现佝偻病串珠；长骨骺生长板之增生带轻度增宽，类骨组织和结缔组织增生，成骨细胞和破骨细胞     

日粮中克伦特罗不同添加量对肉用仔鸡生产性能的影响

将１６０羽２８日龄ＡＡ商品代肉鸡随机分成四组，在其２８－４９日龄日粮中分别添加０、１、２、３ｐｐｍ的克伦特罗进行饲养试验。结果表明：①１ｐｐｍ组４９日龄体重显著高于０ｐｐｍ、２ｐｐｍ组（ｐ＜０．０５）；②各浓度组间饲料报酬差异不明显；③１ｐｐｍ组胫长极显著长于另三组（ｐ＜０．０１），另三组间差异不显著。添加组的胸角均极显著大于０组（Ｐ＜０．０１），但三添加组间无显著差异（ｐ＞０．０５）；④四组间屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率差异不显著（ｐ＞０．０５）；⑤１、２、３ｐｐｍ组间胸肌率、腿肌率差异不显著（ｐ＞０．０５），但胸肌率和腿肌率分别比０ｐｐＰｍ组提高４．３％、３．２％、５、９％和１２．３％、１３．０％、１２．７％，差异均达极显著水平（ｐ＜０．０１）。同时发现３ｐｐｍ组的腹脂率显著高于０ｐｐｍ组；③添加量以１ｐｐｍ为好。     

稀土饲料添加剂饲养绵羊的剂量选择试验

选用半舍饲的周岁龄青海细毛羊５６只，分为三组，试验１、２组各２０只，对照组１６只。在同等饲养管理条件下，试验１、２组每只羊每日分别添加０．２ｇ和０．１ｇＲＣＦ－３稀土添加剂，进行６０ｄ饲养试验。结果：试验１、２组绵羊平均日增重分别比对照组提高３０．６％（Ｐ＜０．０１）和１２．６％（Ｐ＞０．０５）；平均羊毛长度分别比对照组提高２２．１％（Ｐ＜０．０１）和５．５％（Ｐ＞０．０５）；经济效益分别比对照组提高２５．２％（Ｐ＜０．０１）和８．７％（Ｐ＞０．０５％）。试验１组平均日增重，羊毛长度和经济效益分别比２组提高１５．９％（Ｐ＜０．０５）、１５．７％（Ｐ＜０．０５）和１５．２％（Ｐ＜０．０５）以试验１组的效果为佳。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -