人工感染猪胎儿猪细小病毒的强毒复壮及其在猪肾原代细胞上的增殖

猪细小病毒(PPV)强毒，在1～5日龄仔猪肾原代细胞上传代，传至20代左右毒力下降。为保持PPV强毒的毒力，我们用一头妊娠母猪(妊娠48d)做剖腹术。用大剂量的PPV细胞培养物注入猪胎儿的羊膜腔内，人工感染猪胎儿，病毒通过猪胎儿体内的组织进行复制，使毒力增强。术后12d迫杀母猪，取胎儿分离PPV强毒。     

Comparison of the virulence of two isolates of porcine parvovirus in 72-day-old porcine fetuses.

Two strains of porcine parvovirus (PPV), designated Kresse and NADL-8, were compared for relative virulence in porcine fetuses. Strain Kresse was injected into the amniotic fluid of all fetuses of 1 uterine horn of each of 2 pregnant gilts at 72 days of gestation. Strain NADL-8 was administered similarly to fetuses of 4 other gilts at the same stage of gestation. All gilts were killed and necropsied 35 days later. Selected tissues of all fetuses were tested for infectious virus and viral antigen. Sera from live fetuses were tested for antibody to PPV. These tests confirmed that most fetuses exposed to PPV by intra-amniotic injection became infected. All of 11 fetuses exposed to strain Kresse by intra-amniotic injection were alive at the time of necropsy, and all appeared clinically normal. In contrast, 8 of 24 fetuses exposed similarly to strain NADL-8 were dead. Many of the fetuses from the uterine horns contralateral to the uterine horns inoculated with virus were infected after 72 days of gestational age by intrauterine spread of the virus. Four such fetuses, 3 infected with the NADL-8 strain and 1 infected with the Kresse strain, were dead at the time of necropsy. These findings were inconsistent with those of a previous report, which indicated that the Kresse strain of PPV was markedly more virulent than the NADL-8 strain of PPV for porcine fetuses. A possible reason for this apparent discrepancy is discussed.     

纳米铝胶佐剂增强猪细小病毒灭活疫苗猪体免疫的效果

将20头35日龄断奶仔猪随机分为4组,将制备的纳米铝胶佐剂猪细小病毒(Porcine parvovirus,PPV)灭活疫苗肌肉注射免疫接种,并以常规铝胶佐剂PPV灭活疫苗组、市售PPV油乳剂灭活疫苗组为疫苗对照,生理盐水组做阴性对照,应用HI和ELISA检测接种猪的体液免疫水平,流式细胞仪检测免疫猪的细胞免疫水平。体液免疫检测结果显示,PPV纳米铝胶佐剂疫苗组能显著提高机体产生抗体的速度,在首免后第2周产生有效保护抗体水平显著高于油乳剂疫苗和常规铝胶佐剂疫苗组(P0.05),在第3周其抗体水平达到峰值;细胞免疫检测结果显示,3种疫苗均能诱导机体产生细胞免疫应答,但各组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。结果表明,以纳米铝胶为佐剂制备的猪细小病毒灭活疫苗,能显著提高机体的免疫水平,并较早刺激机体产生抗体,具有较好的免疫保护效果。     

Pathogenesis of in utero infection: experimental infection of eight- and ten-week-old porcine fetuses with porcine parvovirus.

Selected numbers of fetuses in each of 4 pregnant gilts were exposed to a porcine parvovirus by injecting the virus into the allantoic fluid at gestation day 56 or 70. The fetuses were examined on postexposure day 7 or 14. When pregnancy was terminated, 2 of 15 exposed fetuses were dead. Several fetuses tested at post-exposure day 14 had hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to porcine parvovirus. Virus was detected most frequently and in highest concentration in the parenchymatous organs of thorax and abdomen of fetuses exposed on gestation day 56. A small amount of antigen was in neurons and capillary endothelium of cerebral and cerebellar cortexes.     

Persistence of porcine parvovirus in swine infected in utero and followed through maturity

The potential of porcine parvovirus (PPV) to persistently infect swine exposed in utero was studied. Forty eight 80- to 95-day-old fetuses from 5 PPV seropositive sows were inoculated intramusculary with a virulent strain of PPV or with cell culture medium (controls). Blood samples were collected at birth prior to nursing and at monthly intervals thereafter and tested for antibodies to PPV. Virus-inoculated and control pigs were euthanized at either 1 week before birth (-1), at birth (0) and at weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 22, and 28 after birth. Presence of viral DNA and antigen was evaluated using slot blot DNA hybridization and indirect FA techniques, respectively. All inoculated fetuses (n = 26) and 7 control fetuses (n = 22) seroconverted in utero, and these pigs maintained antibody titers greater than log10 2 for the period of testing (0-38 weeks after birth). After passive antibody titers had reached subdetectable levels in control animals, animals remained seronegative through an additional 14 weeks of testing in spite of close contact with infected pigs. Virus antigen was not detected in any tissues examined from pigs euthanized at term. In contrast, PPV DNA was detected consistently from pigs at birth from various tissues, and from the lung of one pig at 6 weeks of age and from the lymph nodes of one pig euthanized at 28 weeks of age. The results indicate that pigs infected with PPV in utero may be persistently infected, however the likelihood of shedding to contact animals is minimal.     

Prenatal and preweaning deaths caused by pseudorabies virus and porcine parvovirus in a swine herd

Sequential outbreaks of pseudorabies virus and porcine parvovirus infections were documented at a swine farm in southern Minnesota. Data for the prevalence of mummified fetuses born and the preweaning mortality were recorded over a 3-year-period. The farm was a farrow-to-finish facility, with breeding females housed in 4 groups according to their stage of pregnancy. The herd consisted of approximately 130 breeding females in December 1981, and expanded to 220 females during the 12 months of 1982. Excluding the outbreaks, the mean preweaning mortality was 20.43% (SE 1.59) and the number of mummified fetuses per litter was 0.19 (SE 0.01). An outbreak of porcine parvovirus infection caused the preweaning mortality and number of mummified fetuses to increase to 50% and 4.10 per litter, respectively. Two outbreaks of pseudorabies 27 months apart, caused the preweaning mortality to increase to 95% and 82%, and the number of mummified fetuses to increase to 0.96 and 1.25 mummified fetuses per litter, respectively. The increase in mummification was observed 1 month after the increase in preweaning mortality caused by pseudorabies virus infections, whereas the increase in mummification and preweaning mortality was simultaneous with porcine parvovirus infections.     

Detection of antibodies against porcine parvovirus in swine sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for detection of antibody against porcine parvovirus in swine sera. The antigen used for the assay was partially-purified virus treated with fluorocarbon and shown to contain 7 proteins by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Of these proteins 83-, 64- and 60-K proteins reacted in Western immunoblotting with swine serum after infection with porcine parvovirus. Antibody responses were demonstrated by ELISA in pigs subcutaneously-infected with porcine parvovirus as by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test and Western immunoblotting reaction with the 83-, 64- and 60-K viral proteins. The results of ELISA on random swine-serum samples were well-correlated with those of the HI test. These findings indicate the usefulness of the ELISA as a serological tool for porcine parvovirus infection.     

Experimental in utero inoculation of late-term swine fetuses with porcine circovirus type 2.

All 37 fetuses of 3 laparotomized pregnant sows at 86, 92, and 93 days of gestation were inoculated intramuscularly through the uterine wall with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2). The sows were allowed to farrow, and blood and tissue samples were collected from their piglets before and after suckling colostrum. Thirteen fetuses from 2 sows at 90 and 103 days of gestation were used as controls. Of the 37 PCV-2 inoculated fetuses, 24 were grossly normal and 13 were mummified, stillborn, or weak-born at farrowing. Infection with PCV-2 was demonstrated in various tissues of grossly normal and abnormal fetuses by virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemical methods. Antibodies specific to PCV-2 were also detected from the sera or thoracic fluids of abnormal fetuses and unsuckled normal pigs. No evidence of PCV-2 infection was found in any control fetuses. The present results confirm previous findings that PCV-2 can infect late-term swine fetuses and may cause reproductive abnormalities.     

Vaccination of swine with an inactivated porcine parvovirus vaccine in the presence of passive immunity

A study was conducted to determine whether low hemagglutination inhibiting (HI) titers (1:5) for porcine parvovirus (PPV) block the development of immune response to a PPV vaccine. Pigs with low (1:5), medium (1:10 or 1:20), or high (1:40 or 1:80) titers were obtained by IV injections with various amounts of PPV immune serum. Pigs were inoculated with 1 or 2 doses of vaccine and were monitored for serum HI antibodies to PPV. Pigs with low titers responded to vaccine just as well as did the seronegative pigs. The HI titers of pigs with medium titers did not increase after first vaccination. After the second vaccination, however, their titers increased and were similar to those of pigs with low titers. High titers blocked the response to vaccination. The pigs that received 2 doses of vaccine had higher titers than did those of pigs that received 1 dose of vaccine. The results indicated that low titers, which would be expected in gilts at the time of vaccination, do not interfere with immunization by the inactivated PPV vaccine, and that 2 doses of vaccine may provide better and longer lasting immune response to inactivated PPV vaccine and probably longer lasting immunity against PPV-induced reproductive failure.     

Viral wasting syndrome of swine: experimental reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in gnotobiotic swine by coinfection with porcine circovirus 2 and porcine parvovirus

One-day-old gnotobiotic piglets were inoculated intranasally with in vitro passaged porcine circovirus 1 (PCV-1), PCV-2, and porcine parvovirus (PPV) alone or in combination (PCV-1/PCV-2, PCV-1/PPV, and PCV-2/PPV). Piglets were evaluated for 1) the development of porcine postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), 2) distribution of viral antigens by immunochemistry, and 3) viremia and the presence of viral DNA in nasal and ocular secretions and feces. All single agent-infected piglets and piglets infected with PCV-1/PCV-2 or PCV-1/PPV were clinically asymptomatic. They were transiently viremic and seroconverted to homologous virus(es). At termination of the study on postinfection day (PID) 35, microscopic lesions were restricted to focal inflammatory cell infiltrates in livers and myocardia. One piglet given PCV-1/PPV was PPV viremic for 2 weeks after infection and had lymphangiectasia of the spiral and descending colon associated with granulomatous inflammation. All four PCV-2/PPV-inoculated piglets developed PMWS, characterized by sudden onset of depression and anorexia, icterus, and submucosal edema. One piglet became moribund on PID 27, and the remaining three piglets were euthanatized between PID 27 and PID 30 because of severe disease. Lymph nodes were small and the livers were mottled. Disseminated angiocentric granulomatous inflammation was present in all tissues examined except the brain. Multiple lightly basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were identified in macrophages and histiocytes. PCV-2 antigen was widely distributed within macrophages; PPV antigen was sparse. Hepatocellular necrosis and bile retention were prominent. PCV-2 DNA was identified in ocular, fecal, and nasal secretions. Terminal sera contained antibodies to PPV (4/4) and PCV-2 (3/ 4). Production of PMWS in gnotobiotic swine appears to require PCV-2 and additional infectious agents such as PPV for full disease expression in gnotobiotic piglets.     

一例猪细小病毒病的诊断

从取自某猪场表现初产母猪流产胎儿的肾脏、脾脏、肠系膜淋巴结组织,进行研磨后接种猪原代肾细胞,成功分离到一株病毒。该病毒的豚鼠红细胞血凝活性为27,用针对猪细小病毒结构蛋白VP2的特异性引物对分离病毒进行扩增,将扩增结果进行克隆测序,结果经BLAST分析后,证实分离到一株猪细小病毒。     

Pathogenicity of concurrent infection of pigs with porcine respiratory coronavirus and swine influenza virus

Combinations of porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) and either of two swine influenza viruses (H1N1 or H3N2) were administered intranasally and by aerosol to six- to eight-week-old specific pathogen-free pigs. The clinical responses, gross respiratory lesions and growth performances of these pigs were studied and compared with those of single (PRCV, H1N1 or H3N2) and mock-infected animals. PRCV infection caused fever, growth retardation and lung lesions, but no respiratory symptoms. Infection with swine influenza viruses caused rather similar, mild symptoms of disease, with H1N1 infection being the least severe. Combined infections with influenza viruses and PRCV did not appear to enhance the pathogenicity of these viruses. Furthermore, viruses were isolated more frequently from tissues and nasal swabs taken from 'single' than 'dual' infected animals, suggesting a possible in vivo interference between replication of PRCV and swine influenza virus.     

猪瘟病毒猪细小病毒猪伪狂犬病病毒 PCR检测方法的建立

猪瘟、猪细小病毒感染和猪伪狂犬病是3种最为常见的、引起猪繁殖障碍的传染性疾病，在世界范围内广泛流行，给养猪业带来严重的经济损失。在兽医临床上这3种疾病有时呈混合感染，且临床表现相似，给临床诊断造成很大困难。目前对这3种疾病的确诊方法都存在着繁琐、耗时、特异性差等缺点，因而有必要建立一种特异、快速、灵敏的诊断方法用于这些疾病的临床诊断和检测。     

福建省4个地区规模化猪场细小病毒病血清学调查

应用酶联免疫吸附试验方法对福建省4个地区的33个规模化猪场共计667份血清样品进行了猪细小病毒病抗体检测。检测结果总阳性数为475份,平均阳性率为71.2%,其中总强阳性数308份,平均强阳性率为64.8%。结果表明福建省部分地区可能存在猪细小病毒病流行隐患。     

猪细小病毒灭活疫苗安全性试验及佐剂的筛选

本研究以猪细小病毒(PPV)现地分离株(BQ)第30代细胞培养毒株作为灭活疫苗研究用种毒,通过优化病毒增殖条件和培养方法,获得较高滴度的病毒传代细胞培养物用于PPV灭活疫苗的制备.PPV细胞培养毒株分别用甲醛和β-丙内酯进行灭活,对2种灭活剂灭活的病毒液分别用国产铝胶佐剂、进口矿物质白油佐剂以及法国赛比克公司的MONTANIDETM ISA 206、ISA15AVG、IMS251CVG 3种佐剂制备10种灭活疫苗,然后分别进行10日龄乳鼠、60日龄仔猪、不同妊娠阶段母猪的安全性试验及成年豚鼠的免疫效果对比试验.通过比较不同灭活疫苗的安全性和对成年豚鼠的免疫效果,初步确认甲醛灭活的病毒液与佐剂ISA15AVG的组合为PPV灭活疫苗的最佳灭活剂和佐剂组合.     

Studies on the multiplication of a porcine parvovirus

A porcine parvovirus has been characterized with regard to its replication in foetal porcine kidney cells and certain biophysical properties. Electron microscopy of infected cells at selected times postinfection revealed that porcine parvovirus replication took place within or near a series of granular intranuclear inclusions which may be contiguous with cellular heterochromatin. Developing virions were observed to aggregate into a nuclear-like amorphous mass which gradually disrupted as cellular integrity was lost. Purified virions were found to have a buoyant density in CsCl of 1.38 g/ml, while ‘empty’ particles has a buoyant density of 1.29 g/ml. The particle diameter was calculated to be approximately 22 nm.