有机肥与控释复合肥配施对茶叶产量、品质和土壤化学性质的影响

合理施肥对于提高茶叶产量和品质具有重要作用。通过3年田间试验,对比研究了6种施肥模式（常规化肥、控释复合肥、常规化肥 + 有机肥、控释复合肥 + 有机肥、70%常规化肥 + 有机肥、70%控释复合肥 + 有机肥）对茶叶产量、品质和土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明,一次性施用茶树专用控释复合肥能够达到常规化肥1年4次施用的增产效果,并显著提高了夏茶茶叶品质。与单施常规化肥相比,增施有机肥处理的茶叶产量提高10.6% ~ 14.0%,达显著水平（P < 0 .05),净收益增加8.0% ~ 18.3%,并显著提高了茶叶水浸出物和游离氨基酸总量,降低茶多酚含量和酚氨比。与常规化肥增施有机肥相比,控释复合肥增施有机肥茶叶产量提高了3.0%（P < 0.05),净收益增加7.6% ~ 8.5%,夏茶水浸出物含量提高1.34% ~ 1.39%,茶多酚含量降低了2.7% ~ 4.7%,达显著水平（P < 0.05)。70%常规化肥 + 有机肥或70%控释复合肥 + 有机肥处理的茶叶产量及品质与全量施肥增施有机肥处理相比均无显著性差异。在培肥土壤方面,增施有机肥处理显著提高了茶园0 ~ 20?cm土层土壤pH、有机质、全氮和速效氮含量。因此,从施肥方便性、茶叶产量、经济效益、茶叶品质和培肥土壤方面综合考虑,与施用常规化肥相比,控释复合肥减少用量30%并增施有机肥是最优推荐施肥措施。     

BIOLOG法测定土壤微生物群的一些局限性

Reduction of Cr(VI)to Cr(Ⅲ）were studied in a fresh wheat rhizosphere soil(Kuroboku,high humicandosol) pretreated with a basal fertilizer consisting of (NH4)2SO4,P2O5 and KH2PO4 and with K2Cr2O7 by using a rhizobox system.It was found that rhizosphere exerted a positive effect on Cr(VI) reduction.Part of the reason was the decrwease of pH in the rhizosphere due to application of (NH4)2SO4,implying that application of physiologically acid fertilizers would reduce Cr(VI) toxicity to plants.     

Soil Microbial Community Diversity and Its Relationships with Geochemical Elements under different Farmlands in Shouguang,China

The aims of this study were to investigate soil microbial community characteristics and their interrelationships with soil geochemistry under different farmlands in Shouguang, China. The traditional dilution plate counts, BIOLOG system, and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analyses were used to assess microbial populations, substrate utilization, and fatty acid profiles. The number of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria varied significantly among untilled land, maize, and mungbean fields. The amounts of actinomycetes, fungal fatty acids, and Gram-positive/Gram-negative bacteria ratios varied greatly among celery, tomato, and aubergine fields. In the tomato field, the soil microbial community characteristics were significantly different from other fields. Principal component analysis of BIOLOG and FAME data revealed differences in the catabolic capability and fatty acid profiles of soil microbial communities among different farmlands. Spearman correlation analyses showed that in these sand clay soils of Shouguang, microbial communities in different farmlands were closely correlated with soil geochemical elements, moisture, and organic matter.     

Microbial ecology in tea soils

The soil chemical properties and microbial numbers in three volcanic ash soils and two non-volcanic ash soils, which had been continuously subjected to the same tea cultivation practices (21 y), were investigated. The results obtained were as follows. 1) pH values of all the soils gradually decreased from the original pH value (near neutral or mildly acid pH) to strongly acid values of about 4 or lower. In contrast, long-term tea cultivation practices resulted in the increase of the total C and N contents in the surface layers (0–20 cm) while the contents remained stable in the subsurface layers (20–40 cm). The increase in the organic matter content in non-volcanic ash soils was presumably due to the accumulation of microbial residues. The availability of P increased markedly. 2) Numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, and denitrifiers were higher in volcanic ash soils than in non-volcanic ash soils, and also higher in surface layers than in subsurface layers. The results suggest that in spite of the same cultivation practices, the soil depth and soil type affected the microbial numbers in the tea soils. Numbers of autotrophic NH₄ ⁺ oxidizers were low in comparison with the numbers of autotrophic NO₂ ^- oxidizers. Influence of soil type and soil depth on autotrophic nitrifiers was not clear. 3) Total C and N contents in the tea soils were parameters closely related to the numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi. For actinomycetes and fungi, the prediction could be more accurate, especially for total N content, if the estimations could be made within the same soil layers. The numbers per unit of C or N were higher in the surface layers than in the subsurface layers. 4) High concentration of NO₃ ^--N in the tea soils used suggests that nitrification could occur despite the low pH value (3.2-3.8). The negative relationship between the number of total bacteria or actinomycetes and soil NH⁴ ₊-N concentration suggests that some NH₄ ⁺-N was converted to organic microbial biomass-No.     

不同肥力水平和利用历史的红壤磷脂脂肪酸图谱

Analysis of phospholipid fatty acids(PLFAs) was used to estimate the microbial community structures of eight Chinese red soils with different fertility levels and land use histories.The total amounts of PLFAs in the soils were significantly correltaed with soil organic carbon, total nitrogen,microbial biomass C and basal respiration,indicating that total PLFA was closely related to fertility and sustainbility in these highly weathered soils.Soils of the eroded wastelan were rich in Gram-positive species .When the eroded soils were planted with citrus trees,the soil microbial population had changed little in 4 years but took up to 8-12 yearss before it reached a significantly different population,Multivariate analysis of PLFAs demonstrated that land use history and plant cover type had a significant impact on microbial community structure.Howver,the difference of soil microbial community structure in the paddy field compared to other land uses was not larger than expected in this experiment.     

不同培肥模式对茶园土壤微生物活性和群落结构的影响

以闽东地区红黄壤茶园定位实验地为对象,通过测定6种不同施肥处理土壤微生物学特性,研究不同培肥对土壤微生物特性和生物化学过程的影响,阐明各指标间的相互关系.结果表明,除了单施无机肥处理外,半量化肥+半量有机肥、全量有机肥、全量化肥+豆科绿肥以及半量化肥+半量有机肥+豆科绿肥等的培肥方式均不同程度提高了土壤有机质,可培养微生物数量,微生物量碳、氮含量及土壤酶活性,尤以半量无机肥+半量有机肥+豆科牧草的培肥模式增幅更为明显,而单施无机肥不利于微生物的生长、酶活性的提高和维持生态系统的稳定性.微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)标记主成分分析显示,各种不同施肥方式使微生物群落结构发生改变.相关分析表明,微生物量与可培养微生物数量、微生物磷脂脂肪酸含量之间的相关性明显高于微生物量与各种酶活性之间的相关性,说明微生物数量大小对微生物群落结构的影响大于对酶活性功能的影响.研究也表明土壤各微生物指标能从不同方面反映土壤肥力水平,所以采用各种不同的方法能更客观地评价闽东地区茶园红黄壤质量的优劣.     

腐殖酸对矿物结合汞活性的影响研究: Ⅲ.对酸性淋溶条件下矿物结合汞的淋洗与迁移的影响

Made teas and typical tea-grown soils in sichuan and chongqing were collected to investigate soil nutrients,related soil properties and tea quality.The tea-grown soils in Sichuan and Chongqing are distributed mainly in mountainous areas.The high annual precipitation(over 1100mm),precipitous soil plopes,low cohesion among soil particles and high soil porosity suggested that intensive erosion and leaching might occur in these soils,Morever,they were very acidic and poor in mineral nutrients such as N,P,K,Ca and Mg except S.The average content of total S was 20.40g kg^-1,much higher than that of organic matter in these soils,revealing that S in the tea-grown soils existed mainly in inorganic forms and very little in organic forms.Water-extractable S accounted for only a small amount of total S, which showed that ost parts of sulfur in these soils were insoluble in water,K and S varied greatly in made teas,The concentrations of N and P,however,varied little in these teas even though they differentiated significantly in the tea-grown soils.The high concentration of nitrogen in made teas could result in the high free amino acids and low polyphenol of teas,Significantly positive correlation was established between potassium and polyphenol in made teas.Teas with high ratio of phenol to free amino acids were usually good taste and appearance.     

植物源有机物料对果园土壤微生物群落多样性的影响

【目的】苹果园土壤肥力持续下降,禽畜废弃物肥源严重不足,施用植物源有机肥成为生产中改善果园土壤状况的重要措施之一。本试验利用BIOLOG微平板技术研究了盆栽条件下添加植物源有机物料及其腐殖化过程驱动因子对果园土壤微生物群落多样性的影响,探讨葡萄糖、 尿素和蚯蚓在植物源有机物料向土壤碳库转化中的作用,为揭示果园土壤质量的演变机制提供参考。【方法】取苹果园020 cm土层土壤,与苹果枝条、 玉米秸秆和果园杂草粉碎物混合,栽植2a生苹果砧木山定子幼苗,分别添加尿素、 葡萄糖和蚯蚓,利用BIOLOG微平板技术进行土壤微生物群落多样性分析。不同处理的土壤浸提液在 BIOLOG生态测试板中培养,取培养96 h时微平板光密度值进行多样性指数计算,分别用丰富度指数S 表示被微生物群落利用的基质数量,多样性指数表示反应孔与对照孔光密度值之差和整块板总差的比值,均匀度指数 E表示可培养微生物的种类均匀度,优势度指数Ds用于评估某些最常见种的优势度。对土壤微生物群落利用BIOLOG微平板中六类碳源（碳水化合物类、 氨基酸类、 羧酸类、 多聚物类、 芳香族类和胺类）的情况进行主成分分析,明确不同处理微生物对碳源利用能力的差异。【结果】有机物料种类、 小分子有机物和蚯蚓数量均对平均吸光值（AWCD值）有显著影响,在培养0~24 h,玉米秸秆+葡萄糖+12条蚯蚓（T4）和果园杂草+葡萄糖（T9）处理的AWCD值明显高于其他处理,微生物群落的活性较强,碳源开始利用较早。2496 h时,AWCD呈指数增长,120 h后趋于平缓,以玉米秸秆+葡萄糖+12条蚯蚓（T4）、 苹果枝条+葡萄糖+6条蚯蚓（T2）、 果园杂草+葡萄糖（T9）处理斜率最大,其次为玉米秸秆+尿素+6条蚯蚓（T6）和苹果枝条+尿素（T1）处理; 小分子有机物种类对微生物群落丰富度指数（S）和优势度指数（Ds）的影响显著,丰富度指数（S）以苹果枝条+葡萄糖+6条蚯蚓（T2）最大,优势度指数（Ds）以玉米秸秆+葡萄糖+12条蚯蚓（T4）最大,各处理的多样性指数（H）和均一度指数（E）差异不显著; 对碳源利用主成分起分异作用的主要是碳水化合物类和多聚物类。【结论】与秸秆和杂草处理相比,苹果枝条处理土壤微生物群落多样性较丰富,加入葡萄糖为土壤微生物提供可迅速利用的碳源,微生物功能多样性也显著增加; 蚯蚓活动对微生物群落多样性的影响比葡萄糖小,尿素对微生物群落多样性的影响也较小,但同时添加尿素和葡萄糖有助于微生物多样性的增加。     

四川茶区土壤营养元素背景值研究

采用单道扫描等离子发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)对四川茶区72个产茶县422个取样点035.cm土层中P、S、K等17种营养元素含量进行测定,分析了该地区茶园土壤的无机营养元素背景值特征。结果表明,四川茶区土壤中P、K、Ca、Mg、S等5种大、中量元素均相对贫乏;微量元素Mn、B、Zn在大部分地区土壤中相对富集,而Fe、Mo在大部分地区土壤相对贫乏;其他元素中Se和Sb相对富集,其浓集系数K值分别为5.45和22.3。方差分析表明,17种营养元素的含量在不同产茶地区土壤中的差异均显著。土壤中营养元素的背景值因土壤类型的不同而表现出一定的差异,其中棕壤中的营养元素含量相对丰富,而红壤中营养元素的含量相对缺乏。因此应有针对性地增施有机肥及微量元素肥料,以补充相对贫乏的营养元素。     

Soil microbial biomass and fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activity in Japanese acidic tea field soils

The soil microbial biomass (SME) content and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolytic activity in 21 acidic tea field soils in Japan were determined. SM 3 content in the tea field soils was quantitatively similar to that in 13 arable soils with neutral soil pH previously reported. However, the ratio of the SMB content to organic matter content in the tea field soils classified as red-yellow soil, brown forest soil, and lithosol was clearly lower than that in the neutral arable soils classified as non-volcanic ash soil. FDA hydrolytic activity in the tea field soils was higher than the activity in various soils with neutral soil pH and showed a negative relationship with the soil pH.     

PH对红壤微生物生物量碳和生物量磷的影响

The impact of pH changes on microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) and microbial biomass phosphorus (Pmic) were examined for 3 red soils under citrus production with different lengths of cultivation. Soil pH significantly affected Cmic and Pmic. The Cmie and Pmic changes, as a function of soil pH, appeared to follow a normal distribution with the original soil pH value at the apex and as pH increased or decreased compared to the original soil pH, Cmic and Pmic declined. Moreover, there were critical pH values at both extremes (3.0 on the acidic side and 8.0 to 8.5 on the alkaline side), beyond which most of microorganisms could never survive. The effect of pH on Cmic and Pmic was also related to the original soil pH. The higher the original soil pH was, the less Cmic or Pmic were affected by pH change. It is suggested that soil microorganisms that grow in a soil environment with a more neutral soil pH range (i.e. pH 5.5-7.5) may have a greater tolerance to pH changes than those growing in more acidic or more alkaline soil pH conditions.