盐胁迫对冬小麦花后抗氧化酶、渗透调节物质的影响

探究小麦花后遭遇盐胁迫下,小麦抗氧化酶、渗透调节物质的变化。本试验以‘青麦6号’、‘济麦22’为材料,以普通土壤为对照,设置2‰、4‰2个NaCl浓度盐胁迫梯度。利用土壤水分用时域水分测定仪(TDR)严格控制0~40 cm土层灌水量,获取冬小麦花后0、7、14、21、28天的小麦旗叶,测定旗叶中超氧化物酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性蛋白含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性糖含量、游离脯氨酸含量的变化。结果表明,随盐浓度及胁迫时间的增加,叶片SOD活性、POD活性、可溶性蛋白含量不同程度的减小;MDA含量、可溶性糖含量、游离脯氨酸含量不同程度地升高。‘青麦6号’具有较好的抗盐性,游离脯氨酸含量与小麦耐盐性呈正相关关系,SOD、POD、MDA能够作为作物抗逆性的衡量标准。     

D-精氨酸对渗透胁迫下水稻幼苗多胺含量和抗旱性的影响

摘要：以 ‘湘早籼32号’和 ‘旱116’为材料,研究渗透胁迫下外源D-Arg对水稻幼苗多胺含量和抗旱性的影响。结果表明,渗透胁迫下,外源D-Arg明显抑制水稻幼苗相对干重增长率和根系中Put、Spd和Spm含量的升高,而对株高相对增长率影响不明显。外源D-Arg+Put明显促进幼苗相对干重增长率和根系中Put、Spd和Spm含量的升高,且促进株高相对增长率的增加。表明,外源D-Arg不利于水稻幼苗抗旱性的提高,且Put能逆转D-Arg的抑制效应。     

外源供体硝普钠对干旱胁迫下大豆幼苗游离脯氨酸及抗氧化酶的影响

使用20％ PEG-6000进行干旱模拟,通过测量大豆幼苗中的游离脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶活力及过氧化氢酶活性的变化来分析硝普钠对大豆抗旱的影响.结果表明:当硝普钠浓度在0～90μmol/L之间时,游离脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶活力、过氧化氢酶活性等3项生理指标均随之升高,当硝普钠浓度为90 μmol/L时,3项生理指标达到最大值,当硝普钠浓度在90～150μ mol/L之间时,3项生理指标又随着硝普钠浓度的升高而降低.所以,当硝普钠浓度为90 μmol/L时,对大豆幼苗中游离脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶影响最大,为促进作用.本实验以大豆为研究对象,探讨外源供体硝普钠对干旱胁迫下大豆幼苗生长的影响,旨在了解硝普钠缓解干旱胁迫的最佳浓度.     

水杨酸对渗透胁迫下玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

分别采用不同浓度的甘露醇和水杨酸处理玉米种子。结果表明:水杨酸处理对玉米种子的发芽率以及苗高、根长、根数、苗鲜重、根鲜重及根冠比都得到提高,说明水杨酸对玉米种子发芽和幼苗生长的有促进作用,可以在一定程度上解除渗透胁迫。     

低温胁迫对菜豆种子吸胀期间生理特性和发芽能力的影响

为探讨菜豆种子在低温胁迫下吸胀期间的生理及发芽能力。以12个菜豆品种的种子为试验材料,设置常温对照(CK)和4℃低温(LT),测定低温胁迫对菜豆种子吸胀期间的生理特性和发芽能力的影响。结果表明:与常温对照相比,低温处理的12种菜豆的发芽率均有所降低,根系活力在不同的品种中表现不同,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性大部分降低,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性降低,过氧化物酶(POD)活性在4个品种中显著升高;丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性蛋白含量在不同的品种变化不同,但两者之间呈正相关关系;电解质渗漏率在4个品种中增高。不同菜豆品种的种子对吸涨冷害的响应模式存在很多大的差异,解析高抗型和敏感型菜豆种子响应吸胀冷害的生理生化变化,可为进一步筛选抗吸胀冷害的菜豆品种提供理论基础。     

Copper‐Induced Oxidative Stress and Responses of the Antioxidant System in Roots of Medicago sativa

The effects of various copper (Cu) concentrations on the antioxidative system in the roots of Medicago sativa were explored. The results indicated that the Cu content of the roots reached a value of 854 μg g^?1 DW at 10 μm Cu and a value of 4415 μg g^?1 DW at 100 μm Cu, suggesting that M. sativa has better ability to tolerate and accumulate Cu than other Cu‐bioaccumulators, and is a potential plant for phytoremediation. Treatment with Cu resulted in a significant increment in the levels of H₂O₂, O₂˙^? and OH˙. The reduced form of ascorbate and glutathione reached a peak at 30 μm Cu, and was followed by a sharp depletion to a lower level than that of the control. In contrast, the levels of the oxidised forms of ascorbate and glutathione showed a progressive increment with increasing Cu concentrations, suggesting that the antioxidant system was unable to cope with Cu stress at higher Cu levels. Under the Cu concentrations tested, the activity of catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) increased at lower Cu concentrations, and then decreased, reaching a maximum at 30 μm of Cu for APX and GR, at 10 μm for CAT, whereas the activities of guaiacol peroxidase (POD, EC 1.11.1.7) were gradually increased with increasing Cu concentrations. PAGE analysis of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.1.5.1.1) revealed that one band is a Mn‐SOD and five bands are identified as Cu, Zn‐SOD, whereas Fe‐SOD isoforms were not found in the roots of alfalfa. Cu at 10–100 μm increased the intensity of constitutive isozymes of CAT, APX and POD, whereas it decreased the intensity of isozymes of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH, EC 1.1.1.49) significantly. The activities of lipoxygenases (LOX, EC 1.13.11.12) were gradually augmented with increasing Cu concentrations, demonstrating that LOXs are probably involved in production of lipid hydroperoxides and superoxide anion. There was a continuous and pronounced enhancement in the activity of esterase (EST, EC 3.1.1.1) in roots treated with 10–30 Cu μm , whereas EST activity in roots exposed to above 30 μm Cu declined, suggesting that EST plays a protective role under lower Cu concentrations stress.     

水分胁迫对陕产重楼保护酶活性和渗透调节物质的影响

为了考察水分胁迫对陕产重楼保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的影响,以基质栽培的重楼种苗作为试验材料,采用质量浓度分别为5%、10%、15%的PEG-6000溶液模拟不同程度的水分胁迫,在不同处理时间取样,测定重楼叶片中保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量。结果显示：不同浓度PEG处理重楼植株,SOD、POD活性总体呈现降低—升高—降低趋势;脯氨酸含量在胁迫2 h显著提高,15% PEG处理5天时其含量为对照组的2.61倍。可溶性糖含量在胁迫12 h增加明显,处理后期仍保持在较高水平。不同水分胁迫处理2 h,MDA迅速积累,10% PEG处理5天的含量相比对照组提高229.9%。陕产重楼具有一定的抗旱性,通过提高体内保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量,以适应轻度水分胁迫。     

秋季低温对芦笋渗透调节物质和抗氧化酶活性的影响

在秋季低温胁迫下,对不同生长年限芦笋的叶绿体色素含量、渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性检测分析结果表明,芦笋是一种抗寒性极强的多年生蔬菜,在秋季低温胁迫下,芦笋的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量随着温度的降低先上升后降低,但降低缓慢,下降速率一年生慢于二年生,二年生慢于多年生;可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量随着温度的降低而增加,且增加明显;SOD和POD酶活性随着温度降低则呈先升高后降低变化趋势。说明可溶性糖和脯氨酸是芦笋抵抗低温的主要渗透调节物质,POD和SOD是芦笋提高抗寒能力的重要抗氧化酶。     

外源硅对盐胁迫下黄果厚壳桂幼苗的光合荧光及抗氧化特性的影响

为探讨外源硅对盐胁迫下黄果厚壳硅的缓解作用。以一年生黄果厚壳桂(Cryptocarya concinna)幼苗为材料,在100 mg/L NaCl胁迫下,添加不同浓度(0、0.5、1、2 mmol/L)外源硅对幼苗进行处理,测定和分析不同处理下幼苗叶片的叶绿素含量、光合、叶绿素荧光特性参数和抗氧化酶含量。结果表明,外源硅能不同程度提高Pn、Tr、Gs、Fv/Fm,降低Ci;提高叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量;提高SOD、PPO和APX活性,降低MDA含量。其中PPO在1.0 mmol/L硅处理下效果最佳,其他指标均在 2.0 mmol/L硅处理效果最佳。可见,添加适度浓度硅可以缓解盐胁迫对黄果厚壳桂幼苗的伤害,提高其耐盐能力,该研究为黄果厚壳桂引种栽培提供参考。     

热激处理对棉花耐逆性的影响

 从不同生育期热激处理对棉花抗氧化酶活性和细胞膜伤害的影响及萌动期热激处理对棉花自然高温期的抗氧化酶活性和细胞膜伤害的影响这两个方面研究热激处理与棉花耐逆性的关系。结果表明：热激处理后棉花体内的SOD、POD、CAT的酶活性都增高,在自然高温期MDA的含量下降,蕾铃脱落率下降,热激处理能在一定程度上诱导棉花耐逆性的获得。     

外源锌对氮胁迫下薏苡幼苗生长及抗氧化系统的影响

为缓解薏苡氮胁迫伤害,为缺氮地区薏苡栽培提供参考依据。以贵州省黔西南薏苡种子为试验材料,采用盆栽试验方法,测定分析外源锌与氮胁迫对薏苡幼苗形态生长、叶绿素含量、生物量积累与分配、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)积累的影响。结果表明,（1）缺氮时薏苡幼苗株高、根长、主根数、总叶片数及各部分生物量显著下降（P<0.05,下同）,致使总生物量较对照显著降低80.65%,CAT、POD活性受到显著抑制,MDA含量显著增加26.29%。（2）施锌显著增加了薏苡株高、叶面积及茎生物量,叶绿素含量整体呈上升趋势,CAT、POD活性显著提高;同时,根系对外源锌表现较为敏感,其根长显著降低28.09%,而主根数显著增加16.86%;（3）缺氮施锌显著提高缺氮薏苡幼苗株高和根长,增幅分别为20.30%、17.72%,抗氧化酶CAT活性显著提高171.01%,而对POD活性及MDA积累影响不大。研究认为,氮胁迫下施锌能促进薏苡幼苗生长和抗氧化系统的平衡,提高薏苡幼苗的适应能力,在一定程度上缓解了氮胁迫所导致的不良影响。     

Characterization of Drought‐Tolerance Traits in Nodulated Soya Beans: The Importance of Maintaining Photosynthesis and Shoot Biomass Under Drought‐Induced Limitations on Nitrogen Metabolism

Drought is the single most important factor limiting soya bean (Glycine max L. Merr.) yields in the field. The following study was therefore undertaken to identify phenotypic markers for enhanced drought tolerance in nodulated soya beans. Leaf and nodule parameters were compared in three genotypes: Prima 2000, glyphosate‐resistant A5409RG and Jackson, which had similar shoot biomass and photosynthesis rates at the third trifoliate leaf stage under water‐replete conditions. When water was withheld at the third trifoliate leaf stage, photosynthesis, nodule numbers, nodule biomass and symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) were greatly decreased. Significant cultivar–drought interactions were observed with respect to photosynthesis, which also showed a strong positive correlation with nodule SNF, particularly under drought conditions. Prima leaves had high water‐use efficiencies, and they also maintained high photosynthetic electron transport efficiencies under long‐term drought. Moreover, Prima had the highest shoot biomass under both water‐replete and drought conditions. A‐5409RG was the most drought‐sensitive genotype showing early closure of stomata and rapid inhibition of photosynthesis in response to drought. In addition to classifying the genotypes in relation to drought tolerance, the results demonstrate that the ability to sustain shoot biomass under nitrogen limitation is an important parameter, which can be easily applied in germplasm screening for drought tolerance in soya bean.     

高温胁迫对耐受性不同的家蚕品种幼虫抗氧化酶活与基因表达的影响

探讨高温环境对家蚕血淋巴中抗氧化酶活性及其基因表达的影响,为家蚕对高温环境胁迫的应答生理与分子适应机制的揭示提供参考。本实验以高温耐受性家蚕品种932G与敏感性品种HY为研究对象,采用实时荧光定量PCR等方法测定高温胁迫下5龄幼虫血淋巴中的抗氧化酶活性及酶基因表达水平的变化。实验结果表明,受35℃高温胁迫后,耐受性品种与敏感性品种血淋巴中SOD、CAT和GST的相对酶活力变化趋势相似,均为胁迫前期变化幅度较小,中后期显著升高,胁迫后期显著降低,整体变化趋势为先升高后降低。酶基因相对表达水平与酶活变化趋势基本一致,在胁迫中后期出现不同程度的升高,胁迫后期有所降低,但品种间变化幅度有差异,BmSOD与绝大多数BmGSTs基因的相对表达量以耐受性品种的升高幅度较大,而BmCAT则以敏感性品种的升高幅度较大。由此可见,抗氧化酶SOD、CAT和GST在蚕体血淋巴组织中的高温响应趋势较为一致,仅在品种间存在变化幅度的差异。     

Effects of Exogenous Abscisic Acid on Antioxidant System in Weedy and Cultivated Rice with Different Chilling Sensitivity under Chilling Stress

Two chilling‐tolerant genotypes, that is, weedy rice WR03‐45 and cultivated rice Lijiangxintuanheigu and two chilling‐sensitive genotypes, that is, weedy rice WR03‐26 and cultivated rice Xiuzinuo were used in this study to investigate the effects of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) on protection against chilling damage as well as on changes in physiological features. The results showed that under chilling stress the increased levels of superoxide radical (), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in WR03‐45 and Lijiangxintuanheigu were lower than those in WR03‐26 and Xiuzinuo. Activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR)) and non‐enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbate acid (AsA) and reduced glutathione (GSH)) were enhanced in WR03‐45 and Lijiangxintuanheigu, whereas they were decreased significantly in WR03‐26 and Xiuzinuo. Application of exogenous ABA reduced the chilling damage in the four genotypes. The pre‐treatment with ABA decreased the levels of , H₂O₂ and MDA caused by chilling stress in the four genotypes through increasing the activities of SOD, CAT, APX, GR and the contents of AsA and GSH in the four genotypes under chilling stress. Moreover, pre‐treatment with Fluridone, the ABA biosynthesis inhibitor, prohibited the effects of ABA through enhancing the oxidative damages and suppressing the antioxidant defence systems under chilling stress. The results indicate the mechanism for rice with chilling tolerance is to enhance the capacity of antioxidant defence systems under chilling stress. Furthermore, ABA plays important roles in the tolerance of rice against chilling stress for it could induce the capacity of whole antioxidant defence systems including enzymatic and non‐enzymatic constitutions under chilling stress.     

引发对高温胁迫下莴苣种子萌发及生理生化特性的影响

选取“大速生”和“射手101”2个莴苣品种,研究高温对种子萌发的影响及引发处理对种子耐高温能力的影响.研究结果表明,莴苣种子有明显的高温休眠的现象,温度超过26℃时发芽率显著下降,达到35℃时种子发芽率为0,完全休眠;H2O2、PEG和GA3引发处理打破高温休眠、促进萌发的效果显著,32℃时莴苣种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、下胚轴长、胚根长、幼苗鲜重、抗氧化酶活性以及对种子萌发有促进作用的激素水平都显著高于对照.综合比较3种引发处理,GA3处理效果最佳,PEG次之,H2O2效果最弱.     

干旱胁迫对金光杏梅叶片渗透调节物质和光合作用的影响

以金光杏梅盆栽幼苗为试材,研究了干旱胁迫对金光杏梅叶片渗透调节物质含量和光合作用日变化的影响.结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,金光杏梅叶片相对含水量和叶绿素含量都明显降低;细胞质膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖、脯氨酸(Pro)的含量显著增加;叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度等都随着干旱胁迫的加重而降低,细胞间隙CO2浓度随着干旱胁迫的加重而升高;轻度干旱胁迫下,气孔限制是净光合速率降低的主要原因;严重干旱胁迫下,非气孔限制是净光合速率降低的主要原因.     

盐胁迫对植物生长的影响及耐盐生理机制研究进展

盐胁迫是影响植物生长发育及产量的主要非生物胁迫,目前,中国盐渍土面积不断增大,培育耐盐作物、开发利用耐盐植物资源,是抵御盐胁迫的一种可行途径。盐胁迫对植物具有多方面的影响,盐胁迫下植物自身也会产生一系列生理生化的改变以调节离子及水分平衡,维持植物正常的光合作用。本综述从植物生长发育、光合作用、离子平衡等方面概括总结了盐胁迫对植物的影响,系统地介绍了植物自身通过离子区室化、清除活性氧、增强保护酶活性等来抵御盐害的生理机制。旨在培育耐盐作物、研究植物耐盐机理、开发利用耐盐植物资源、有效利用盐碱地等方面提供帮助,为农业发展、粮食安全以及生态环境安全提供参考依据。     

腐植酸钾浸种对干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗保护酶活性及MDA含量的影响

探索腐植酸钾浸种对玉米抗旱性的影响及其在作物生长化学调控中的作用。采用不同浓度（0、300、400、500 μg/mL）的腐植酸钾浸种玉米,研究了在16%的PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫环境下,三叶期玉米幼苗叶保护酶活性及丙二醛含量的变化。与对照相比,浸种玉米的超氧化物歧化酶活性增高,但无显著差异;浸种玉米的过氧化物酶活性增高,在500 μg/mL时达极显著水平;浸种玉米的过氧化氢酶活性增高,在400、500 μg/mL时分别达极显著水平和显著水平;浸种玉米的丙二醛含量降低,在300~400 μg/mL时达显著水平,在500 μg/mL时达极显著水平。腐植酸钾浸种玉米,可减轻玉米在干旱胁迫下的膜脂过氧化程度,提高玉米抗旱性。     

生石灰对镉胁迫下土壤酸碱度和烟叶镉含量的影响

为探究烟草不同生育期施加不同量生石灰对土壤pH值和烟草各部位镉含量的影响,采用盆栽实验,分别在烟草团棵期、旺长期、成熟期添加0、1125、2250、3375 kg/hm2生石灰(CK、T1、T2、T3),烟叶成熟后采集植株样品进行相关指标测定。结果表明:(1)在酸性土壤中施加不同用量生石灰均可显著提高土壤pH值,土壤pH值依次为T3T2T1CK。(2)团棵期施加处理T2可显著降低烟株不同部位的镉含量;旺长期施加生石灰后烟草各部位的镉含量均有不同程度地降低,其中处理T2对烟叶镉含量的降幅最大,较对照降低60.2%,显著低于其他处理;成熟期施加生石灰能降低根、茎、叶镉含量,对烟草种子中镉含量降低不明显。(3)相关分析显示,土壤pH值与烟草根部镉含量及烟草种子镉含量显著负相关。由此可见,每公顷施加2250 kg的生石灰(T2处理)不仅能提高土壤pH值,减少根系对土壤中镉的吸收,还可以在烟草不同生育期有效降低烟叶镉含量,适合施用在镉污染的烟田。     

生根剂GGR-6对紫羊茅和草地早熟禾响应干旱胁迫的影响

为了明确生根剂GGR-6对植物生长与抗旱性的生理作用,以2种优质草坪草-紫羊茅'梦神'(Festuca rubra 'Rubra')、草地早熟禾'优异'(Poa pratensis' Merit')为供试材料,通过控水的处理方法,分别在播种后不同时期,用不同浓度的GGR-6对2种草坪草进行浇灌.结果 表明:随着干旱胁迫...