Viscosity Reduction Technology of Wheat Straw Alkaline-oxygen Pulping Black Liquor at Low Temperature

麦草经碱法蒸煮后,所得浆料不经洗涤,直接通入氧气进行处理.以黑液黏度,浆料卡伯值为考核指标,设置4因素3水平正交试验,对试验结果作极差分析发现,在用碱量0～2％、氧压0.2～0.6 MPa、温度70～100℃和时间30～90 min内得到较适宜的工艺条件为:用碱量1％,氧压0.6 MPa,温度85 ℃,时间60 min.氧碱蒸煮结果为:黑液黏度3.4 mPa·s,浆料卡伯值17.9.与第一段碱法蒸煮相比,黑液黏度降低33.3％,浆料卡伯值降低11.8％.     

麦草氧碱蒸煮浆的低温压力过氧化氢漂白

对麦草在低温(85℃)下氧碱蒸煮,所得草浆在较低温度(80℃)下进行压力过氧化氢漂白。漂白后浆料卡伯值从17.9降至9.4～11.9;黏度比漂白前浆料黏度稍有增加,从1 042 mL/g增加到1 158～1 192 mL/g;纸浆白度(ISO)从37.1%升高至45.6%～60.6%,且与卡伯值之间具有一定的线性关系:白度增加=卡伯值降低×1.57;浆料得率在86.6%～89.5%之间,同时得率降低与卡伯值减少之间具有较为标准的线性关系:浆料得率降低=卡伯值降低×0.19。     

硫酸盐竹浆氧脱木质素和全无氯漂白的研究

通过比较不同条件下氧脱木质素后浆料的卡伯值、黏度、得率、白度和脱木质素选择性等指标,研究了硫酸盐竹浆卡伯值25.6氧脱木质素工艺参数,发现用碱量和温度是决定氧脱木质素效果的主要因素.最佳工艺条件为:用碱量3.5%,温度85℃,氧气压力0.6MPa,保温时间80min.两段氧脱木质素(中间不洗涤)可以提高木质素脱除率和选择性.研究还发现,在氧碱脱木质素过程中加入醌类混合物助剂(表示为Oq),可使浆料的黏度和氧脱木质素的选择性大大提高.采用OQ(PO)、(O1O2)Q(PO)、OQ(PO)1(PO)2和OqQ(PO) 4种短漂序都可使竹浆白度达到80%(ISO) 以上,且具有很好的白度稳定性.OQ(PO)、(O1O2)Q(PO)和OQ(PO)1(PO)2 3种漂序漂后浆纸页强度性能相近,OqQ(PO)漂后浆的抗张指数、撕裂指数和耐破指数明显高于其它3种漂序.     

麦草碱性亚硫酸盐制浆生物炼制的研究(I) ——深度脱木质素及木质素磺化特性

提出了非木材木质纤维生物质碱性亚硫酸盐制浆(ASP)生物炼制的理念,研究了总用碱量、亚硫酸化度、温度和时间对麦草碱性亚硫酸盐法蒸煮深度脱木质素特性和木质素磺化的影响。结果表明:麦草ASP法具有高的深度脱木质素选择性;深度脱木质素延伸与木质素磺化度提高具有一致性;总用碱量、亚硫酸化度、最高温度和保温时间对深度脱木质素选择性和木质素磺化度都有重要的影响;在总碱用量18.0%,亚硫酸化度85.0%,液比值3.5,最高温度168℃,保温150 min的条件下,可制得卡伯值8.8,得率56.8%,黏度为33.3 mPa.s的优良纸浆,此时黑液中磺化木质素磺酸基含量达2.16 mmol/g(以固形物计)。从深度脱木质素选择性、木质素磺化和纸浆基本特性考虑,麦草ASP法具有制浆生物炼制的前景。     

Study on Wheat Straw Alkaline Sulfite Pulping Biorefinery(Ⅰ)——Characteristics of Extended Delignification and Lignin Sulfonation

提出了非木材木质纤维生物质碱性亚硫酸盐制浆(ASP)生物炼制的理念,研究了总用碱量、亚硫酸化度、温度和时间对麦草碱性亚硫酸盐法蒸煮深度脱木质素特性和木质素磺化的影响.结果表明:麦草ASP法具有高的深度脱木质素选择性;深度脱本质素延伸与木质素磺化度提高具有一致性;总用碱量、亚硫酸化度、最高温度和保温时间对深度脱木质素选择性和木质素磺化度都有重要的影响;在总碱用量18.0％,亚硫酸化度85.0％,液比值3.5,最高温度168℃,保温150 min的条件下,可制得卡伯值8.8,得率56.8％,黏度为33.3 mPa·s的优良纸浆,此时黑液中磺化本质素磺酸基含量达2.16 mmol/g(以固形物计).从深度脱木质素选择性、木质素磺化和纸浆基本特性考虑,麦草ASP法具有制浆生物炼制的前景.     

小黑杨幼龄材与成熟材制浆性能的比较

以小黑杨幼龄材和成熟材为研究对象,分析比较其化学组成、纤维形态和制浆性能. 结果表明:幼龄材的苯醇抽出物、纤维素、木质素含量高于成熟材,综纤维素含量低于成熟材;幼龄材的纤维平均长度低于成熟材.分别采用硫酸盐法制浆正交试验,分析得出:保温时间、用碱量对幼龄材的纸浆得率和卡伯值的影响非常显著;用碱量和保温时间对成熟材的纸浆卡伯值影响非常显著;在相同蒸煮条件下,幼龄材比成熟材纸浆得率高,卡伯值和聚合度低.     

硫酸盐苇浆电化学漂白的研究

用二氧化铅做阳极，不锈钢做阴极，铁氰化钾为催化剂，对硫酸盐苇浆进行电化学漂白，详细讨论了电流密度、温度、用碱量、漂白时间、催化剂用量以及纸浆浓度等因素对纸浆卡伯值和粘度的影响。通过综合分析得出硫酸盐苇浆电化学漂白的最佳条件是：用碱量0．4％、电流密度6．67mA／cm2、漂白时间30min、漂白温度80℃、催化剂浓度12．50mmol／L，浆浓1．3％。     

中山杉纸浆材制浆特性初探

以9年生中山杉木材为试验材料,通过测定其化学组成和纤维特性,结果表明其适合作为制浆材。采用正交试验方法,对中山杉进行硫酸盐法（KP 法）蒸煮制浆特性进行初步研究,得出较佳的蒸煮工艺条件为：用碱量22％、硫化度27％、保温温度170℃和保温时间2.0 h,蒸煮后浆得率47.63％,卡伯值42.1,白度27.3％（ISO）。对其 KP 浆进行 CEH、CEHP、TCF 漂等不同漂序的组合漂白,白度增幅很大,均能达60％（ISO）以上,可漂性强。     

竹材料处理工艺改良的研究

采用正交试验设计,探讨炭化、蒸煮及复合改性剂浸渍工艺对竹片工艺品质的影响,结果表明:采用二次炭化工艺可以显著提高竹片工艺品质,竹片炭化最优工艺参数为:一次炭化蒸汽压力0.3 MPa、炭化时间180 min;二次炭化蒸汽压力0.2 MPa、炭化时间100 min。蒸煮处理结合复合改性剂浸渍处理也可以提高竹片工艺品质并代替炭化工艺生产出高品质的竹片材料,竹片蒸煮最优工艺参数为:煮蒸水温80℃,蒸煮时间7 h;竹材复合防腐剂压力浸渍工艺的最优参数为:浸渍压力1.0 MPa、时间120 min、DP∶UF为4∶1。     

大豆蛋白的碱处理研究

选用碱(NaOH)对豆粉进行降解处理,研究了加碱量、十二烷基苯磺酸钠量(SDBS)、固体含量、处理温度和处理时间对大豆蛋白水解度和降解液黏度的影响。研究结果表明,利用NaOH对豆粉进行降解处理的最佳条件为:NaOH加入量7%(占豆粉的质量分数),处理时间3 h,处理温度90℃,SDBS加入量1%,固体含量30%。此条件下制备的豆胶黏度1.5 Pa.s,水解度达45%。     

Eucalyptus wood decay: effects on productivity and quality of cellulose

We evaluated the effect of wood decay, caused by fungi Hypoxylon spp., on pulp productivity and quality. Wood samples with different proportions of contamination (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) were used to produce Kraft pulp under the same pulping conditions. In the second step, cookings were performed to achieve the same Kappa number (Kn = 17 ± 1), varying only the alkali charge. Wood and pulp were also analysed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The risk of occurrence of wood decay reached its maximum between September and October, under inappropriate storage conditions and juvenile wood without bark. It was observed that the increase in the decayed content (DC) of wood chips affected the Kappa number (Kn), according to the model Kn = 1/(0.0595?0.00324*DC^0.34102). An increase of 38.7% of alkali charge was necessary to reach the same Kappa number with decayed wood. The yield for the contaminated wood was lower (48%) when compared to non‐contaminated wood (53%). Once contaminated, the wood chips demand more severe cooking conditions because of the difficulty of impregnation. This condition affected the pulp quality, reducing its viscosity by 30% and hemicelluloses content by 5%. In addition, losses of resistance were also observed in the final pulp, where the zero span and tensile indexes were reduced by 5 and 16%, respectively. The SEM observations showed that the ascostroma fungi tissue was not totally degraded during the Kraft process, resulting in the deposition of pitch on fibres. Considering the results achieved, it was possible to conclude that the eucalyptus wood decay, caused by the fungi Hypoxylon spp., significantly affects the pulp process and quality.     

OH法制浆工艺研究

研究了在氨水中添加少量钾碱作为蒸煮剂的稻草制浆新工艺，系统讨论了蒸煮液的用量和配比，液固化，蒸煮最高温度和保温时间对蒸煮效果的影响，继而确定了适宜工艺条件，结果表明，该蒸煮体系对稻草木质素的脱除率达到85．12％，纸浆得率38．12％，通过红外光谱（IR）测定了稻草蒸煮过程中木质素的结构变化，蒸煮黑液中因富含氮、磷、钾和有机质，可作为有机肥料资源用于农业生产，该工艺有望实现禾草类原料制浆工艺的清洁生产。     

Studies on the effect of prehydrolysis and amine in cooking liquor on producing dissolving pulp from jute (Corchorus capsularis)

Dissolving pulps are the raw materials for the production of many different end-products. Jute is a very good source of cellulose. In this investigation, jute fiber was subjected to pulping in soda process in order to produce dissolving pulp under different prehydrolysis conditions and compared with prehydrolysed kraft pulp from jute. An increase of the prehydrolysis temperature or H₂SO₄ in prehydrolysis liquor increased the α-cellulose content and decreased the viscosity of pulp. The effect of ethylenediamine in soda liquor was also investigated when producing dissolving pulp. Jute fiber produced pulp having 90–97% α-cellulose. Ethylenediamine in soda liquor produced pulp of higher yield, viscosity and higher α-cellulose content than that of prehydrolysis soda or kraft pulp. The α-cellulose content and viscosity were increased with the increase of amine in soda liquor. The kappa number of dissolving pulp from jute was very low (9–5), which indicated that less bleaching chemicals are required for bleaching. The bleachability of soda-ethylenediamine pulp was lower than prehydrolysed soda and kraft pulp in ECF bleaching sequences. The bleachability of soda-ethylenediamine pulp was improved at the sacrifice of pulp yield when prehydrolysis was done prior to pulping. The alkali solubility S ₁₀ and S ₁₈ were 4–9 and 2–4%, respectively.     

Influence of pulping variables on the properties of Elaeis guineensis soda pulp as evaluated by response surface methodology

Response surface methodology with central composite design was used to investigate the influence of pulping conditions, viz. cooking temperature, time-at-temperature and alkali charge for alkaline pulping of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibres, on the properties of the pulp and paper obtained (screened yield, Kappa number, tensile and tear indices). Quadratic models consisting of the three independent variables were found to accurately describe the pulping of this material with correlation between the actual and predicted values of the response variables having a relatively good degree of R². The delignification of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibre can be achieved with ease using sodium hydroxide as the sole cooking agent to about 30–45% yield with the process greatly enhanced by an increase in temperature. Although, a relatively low temperature (about 160°C) within the limits of pulping time (60–120 min) and of alkali charge between 20 and 30% is generally sufficient.     

黑荆木材硫酸盐法制浆试验研究

试验对６年生黑荆木材硫酸盐法制浆工艺进行正交试验，得出最佳制浆工艺为：用碱量１５％，硫化度２０％，最高温度１６５℃，保温时间１２０ｍｉｎ，细浆得率５１．６１％，硬度１２．０８Ｋ值，黑液残碱４．７０ｇ／Ｌ，纸浆纤维平均长度０．８４５μｍ，平均纤维宽度１５．８４μｍ，长宽比为５３．３３，接近黑荆木材的纤维形态；利用该纸浆手工抄纸，定量为５．８６ｇ／ｍ２，纸张拉力为３．３４ｋｇ，裂断长度为３８４２ｍ，表明黑荆木材适宜作为造纸的原料。     

Combination treatment of kenaf bast fiber for high viscosity pulp

The viscosity of kenaf bast fiber has been found to be highly sensitive and variable with different pulping methods; therefore, it is important to choose proper chemicals and conditions for pulping and bleaching of kenaf bast fiber. From several pulping experiments, a nonconventional pulping method with a combination of ammonium oxalate pretreatment followed by soda pulping at normal pressure and then acidic chlorite delignification was developed to obtain high-viscosity pulp (162 centipoise). The optimum level of alkali dosage of soda pulping for high-viscosity pulp was found to be 15% (on pulp as NaOH). Pulps showed linear relations between viscosity and xylose or glucose contents, but the combination pulping method gave extremely high pulp viscosity, beyond the relations. The highest viscosity pulp from kenaf bast fiber demonstrated a tear index about twofold and a folding endurance 6.2-fold higher than those of Manila hemp pulp with comparable tensile and burst indexes. The high-viscosity pulp could be used in the production of high-quality currency paper or longevity paper for special uses.Part of this paper was presented at the 43rd Lignin Symposium, Fuchu, Tokyo, October 26–27, 1998     

Influence of plum gum and sodium perborate addition on spruce kraft pulp properties during oxygen delignification

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of plum gum liquor and sodium perborate addition to oxygen delignification process on spruce kraft pulp properties. Yields and viscosity of pulp were protected against oxidative attack, when kappa number of pulp was not changed by adding plum gum to oxygen delignification process. Delignification ratio improved by 7.4% without any viscosity loss by adding only 0.25% sodium perborate as active oxygen with plum gum liquor to the oxygen delignification process. It was found that crystallinity of pulp was improved by adding plum gum and sodium perborate to oxygen delignification. It was also determined that sodium perborate had an affirmative effect on delignification ratio, when plum gum affected pulp viscosity positively.