杂交水稻亲本种子与穗萌芽时的生理特性比较

对杂交水稻亲本金23B和V20B种子进行了发芽与田间栽培试验,并对其生理特性进行了比较。结果表明,种子萌芽与稻穗萌芽受可溶性糖含量的直接影响,可溶性糖含量越高越易萌芽。可溶性蛋白含量在稻穗萌芽过程中远远高于种子萌芽时期;而α-淀粉酶的活性变化在种子萌芽期与稻穗萌芽期呈现出相反的变化规律。     

壳聚糖对烟草种子萌发及幼苗生理生化特性的影响

用不同浓度的壳聚糖柠檬酸溶液泡烟草种子,旨在探讨壳聚糖对烟草种子萌发及幼苗某些生理生化特性的影响。试验的结果表明,适宜浓度的壳聚糖溶液能提高烟草种子活动,促进幼苗生长;可提高呼吸速率,幼苗叶绿素含量及可溶性蛋白含量;过氧化物酶,硝酸还原酶及淀粉酶活性也随壳糖处理浓度的增大而明显提高。     

杂交粳稻"闵优128"F1代及亲本种子酯酶同工酶电泳鉴定分析

1材料和方法 1.1材料"闵优128"杂交种及其亲本恢复系"128"和不育系"83A",由上海市闵行区种子公司提供.     

壳聚糖对水稻种子萌发及幼苗生理生化特性的影响

用不同浓度壳聚糖溶液处理水稻种子，并对处理水稻种子的萌发及幼苗的此生理生化特性进行了研究。结果表明经壳聚糖处理的水稻种子萌发率、呼吸速率、淀粉酶活性、硝酸还原酶活性及幼苗叶绿素的含量均有明显提高。     

镉胁迫对红三叶种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

研究了不同Cd^2＋污染胁迫对红三叶种子发芽率、胚根/胚芽、抗氧化酶（SOD、POD、CAT）活性及膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量的影响.结果显示：轻度Cd^2＋污染胁迫对红三叶种子的萌发及胚根的生长、幼苗的SOD和CAT活性表现出了激活效应,但重度Cd^2＋污染胁迫和严重Cd^2＋污染胁迫却抑制了红三叶种子的萌发、胚根的生长及幼苗的SOD和CAT活性;而随着Cd^2＋污染胁迫的加剧,红三叶幼苗的POD活性、MDA含量是持续增高的.     

ABA 抑制杂交水稻亲本种子萌发的基础生理变化研究

用外源ABA对杂交水稻亲本金23B和V20B种子进行处理,其萌发过程中生理变化结果表明,ABA浓度为70~110 mg/L时,随着浓度增加,对两个水稻品种亲本种子的萌发抑制效果显著;ABA浓度为110 mg/L时,降低了两品种种子萌发过程中可溶性糖的含量、α-淀粉酶的活性,改变了可溶性蛋白的时空规律,降低了种子内源GA_3与IAA的含量,增加了内源ABA含量;种子萌发受到抑制不是由种子内源ABA含量的高低决定,用外源ABA处理种子,金23B内源ABA含量高于V20B,但对种子萌发抑制的效果前者差于后者,种子萌发抑制与GA_3/ABA比值大小密切相关。     

贮藏条件对菘蓝种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的影响

【目的】明确贮藏条件对菘蓝种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的影响,掌握贮藏期间萌发能力与生理特性的变化规律,为菘蓝种子的科学贮藏及高效利用提供参考依据。【方法】以贮藏前种子为对照(CK),设4种贮藏条件:C为自然常温干藏(20~25℃)、CG为自然常温硅胶混合贮藏(20~25℃)、D为低温贮藏(0~4℃)、DG为低温硅胶混合贮藏(0~4℃),分别在贮藏的第0、90、180和270 d时取样,测定种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数,以及幼苗中渗透调节能力、酶促抗氧化系统酶活力和丙二醛(MDA)等指标,并进行各测定指标间的相关分析。【结果】随着贮藏时间的延长,菘蓝种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均下降,至贮藏结束,C、CG、D和DG条件下的种子发芽率较CK分别显著下降26.50%、14.53%、31.63%和27.35%(P<0.05,下同),发芽势分别下降14.28%、3.06%、22.44%和23.47%,发芽指数分别显著下降32.31%、23.28%、38.90%和45.33%,且CG条件下各指标明显高于其他贮藏条件。此时,酶促抗氧化系统逐渐失去活性,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性逐渐下降,过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先升后降,而MDA含量在初期下降较明显、后期下降趋于平缓,可溶性糖含量表现出先降后升的变化趋势,可溶性蛋白含量则呈现一直下降趋势。相关分析结果表明,种子萌发特性与幼苗的抗氧化酶系统和贮藏物质呈正相关,但与MDA含量无显著相关性(P>0.05);在整个贮藏期,种子的萌发指标与SOD和CAT活性变化的相关性更高。【结论】菘蓝种子适宜贮藏的条件为20~25℃下与硅胶1∶1混合,SOD和CAT活性可反映出菘蓝种子的活力状况,适用于菘蓝种子活力水平的判断。     

锌胁迫对白萝卜种子萌发、幼苗生长和生理的影响

研究锌胁迫对白萝卜种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,以期为探索白萝卜生长发育的耐锌范围提供参考。以"八斤棒春不老"白萝卜为试验材料,以锌离子(Zn~(2+))浓度为变量,采用单因素随机设计,设7个处理(0.00、0.09、0.17、0.35、0.70、1.04、1.39 mmol/L),每个处理3个重复,通过种子萌发试验来研究锌胁迫对白萝卜种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。当锌浓度为0～0.35 mmol/L时,白萝卜种子的发芽势、发芽指数、物质消耗率、贮藏物质消耗率、平均芽长、平均根长、平均单株鲜质量均呈现递增趋势,均以Zn3处理(锌浓度0.35 mmol/L)的最大,其值分别为53.00%、26.43、18.98%、75.96%、4.56 cm、11.56 cm和93.54 mg;当锌浓度大于0.35 mmol/L时,这些指标均下降。当锌浓度为0～0.17 mmol/L时,白萝卜种子的发芽率、糖消耗率、蛋白质消耗率、蛋白酶活性、α-淀粉酶活性、β-淀粉酶活性、α+β淀粉酶活性、平均单株干质量呈递增趋势,均以Zn2处理(锌浓度0.17 mmol/L)的最大,其值分别为65.67%、86.94%、28.67%、15.51μg/min、2.58 mg/(g·min)、12.88 mg/(g·min)、15.47 mg/(g·min)、11.01 mg,相对电导率呈递减趋势,以Zn2处理(锌浓度0.17 mmol/L)的最小,其值为10.23%;当锌浓度大于0.17 mmol/L,除电导率递增外,其他指标均下降。总之,一定量的锌有利于提高白萝卜种子的萌发、幼苗的生长及酶活性,但浓度过高则起抑制作用。     

籼稻F1代杂种及亲本的花药培养研究

对五个籼稻Ｆ１代杂种及其中的三个亲本品种进行花药培养，考察了多个因子对籼稻花药培养效率的影响。结果表明，在所有的供试材料中，ＫＤＭＬ１０５／ＳＰＲ９０在相同条件下对花药培养最敏感，其最高的愈伤组织的诱导率可达２４．４５％，Ｎ６和Ｍ８培养基均可用于籼稻花药愈伤组织诱导，但Ｍ８的愈伤组织诱导率高于Ｎ６。固体的诱导培养基优于液体培养基。ＡｇＮＯ３作为一种抗乙烯组分，在Ｎ６和Ｍ８培养基中的作用效果不明显。     

水杨酸对豇豆种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

为在豇豆生产上开发利用SA类物质,以之豇28-2豇豆种子为试材,研究了水杨酸浸种对豇豆种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响。结果表明:浓度为50 mg/L的水杨酸处理效果最好,发芽率为96.67%,发芽势为94%,种子中可溶性糖含量为19.47%,叶片中叶绿素含量为2.339mg/g、脯氨酸含量为58.18mg/g、可溶性蛋白质含量为3.92mg/g,能有效促进豇豆种子的萌发及提高幼苗的抗性。     

SN5对杂交水稻生理特性和产量的影响

用１０ｍｇ·Ｌ＾－１的ＳＮ５溶液处理剂齐穗后的汕优６３,结果表明,ＳＮ５能提高水稻叶片中酶促自由基清除剂的活性,增加可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质的含量,减少游离氨基酸丙二醛的积累,减缓叶绿素的降解,通过促进同化物向穗部的转运,明显提高结实率和产量。     

两系杂交稻栽培生理生态特性——Ⅳ.灌浆特征及其生理基础

采用 Logistic 生长方程 W=A/(I+Be~(-k■)拟合若干两系杂交稻不同枝梗颖花单位库容的灌浆过程,结合抽穗后的群体物质生产分析,研究组合间的灌浆差异及其生理原因.结果表明:(1)供试组合Ⅰ次和Ⅱ次枝梗之间均存在明显的强弱势灌浆差别,两者灌浆线性期重叠时间长达8-11d,粒位间的营养竞争是普遍存在的.(2)大库容组合可以提高结实期群体叶片的净同化率,发挥叶片的光合潜能.但光合面积较小,库源比仍明显偏大,这是其总体灌浆速率较低、枝梗间差异更大的主要生理原因.(3)不同组合Ⅰ次枝梗前期都具有较强灌浆势和较快启动灌浆的能力,表现营养竞争上的绝对优势.因此组合间其最后库充实率差异之大,可能与颖花机能性障碍的比例多少有关,此外还涉及后期物质转运功能上的差异.     

Comparisons of Photosynthetic Characteristics in Relation to Lint Yield Among F1 Hybrids,Their F2 Descendants and Parental Lines of Cotton

We compared the photosynthetic characteristics in relation to yield of two F₁ cotton hybrids (Shiza 2-F₁ and Xinluzao 43-F₁), their parental lines (NT2, H2 and 4-14) and their F₂ descendants at different growth and development stages. The two F₁ exhibited heterobeltiosis in net photosynthetic rate (P_n) by 8.1-52.1%, canopy apparent photosynthetic rate (CAP) by 8.2-57.6% and canopy respiration rate (CR) by 3.0-78.7% during the growing season. They also exhibited mid-parent heterosis by 2.0-5.2% in leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD) during the late growth and development stages. Regression analysis showed that both parents contributed to increase in P_n, SPAD and CAP in the F₁. A low CR in the F₁ matched a low CR of the parental line. Photosynthetic characteristics in the F₂ were mainly dependent upon the magnitude and degeneration rate of the F₁. Mid-parent heterosis in CAP and in CR during the late growth and development stage reduced the degeneration of the F₂. Average dry matter accumulation was 10.7-34.7% higher in the parental lines of Xinluzao 43-F₁ than in the parental lines of Shiza 2-F₁. Heterobeltiosis in dry matter accumulation was 7.0-23.1% greater for Xinluzao 43-F₁ than for Shiza 2-F₁. Dry matter accumulation in the F₁ was affected by either the dry matter accumulation of parents or heterobeltiosis. Dry matter accumulation in the F₂ was mainly influenced by dry matter accumulation in the F₁. The yields of the two F₁ were 39.1-46.3% higher than their respective parents and 26.4-45.9% higher than that of the conventional cultivar Xinluzao 33. The yields of the two F₂ were 9.2-12.8% higher than the parents and 14.9-27.4% higher than that of Xinluzao 33. The photosynthetic production and yield of the F₁ and F₂ were higher than that of their parents. The increases in P_n and CAP of the F₁ and F₂ were dependent on the photosynthetic characteristics of their parents. It is thus concluded that the photosynthetic performance, light use efficiency and yield of the F₁ can be improved by using at least one parent with low CR, but high CAP, P_n and SPAD. This strategy might also improve the value of the F₂.     

超重对水稻幼苗生理生化指标的影响

以水稻(Ⅱ优2070)为材料,采用沙培法,研究不同强度和不同时间的超重处理对幼苗保护酶(SOD,POD,CAT)活性和MDA含量的影响.结果表明:超重处理后,水稻幼苗SOD、POD和CAT活性均显著高于对照,而MDA含量则随重力降低.表明,适当的超重处理可以促进植物生长,提高水稻幼苗抗氧化能力.     

Comparisons of Photosynthetic Characteristics in Relation to Lint Yield Among F_1 Hybrids,Their F_2 Descendants and Parental Lines of Cotton

We compared the photosynthetic characteristics in relation to yield of two F1 cotton hybrids（Shiza 2-F1 and Xinluzao 43-F1）, their parental lines（NT2, H2 and 4-14） and their F2 descendants at different growth and development stages. The two F1 exhibited heterobeltiosis in net photosynthetic rate（Pn） by 8.1-52.1%, canopy apparent photosynthetic rate（CAP） by 8.2-57.6% and canopy respiration rate（CR） by 3.0-78.7% during the growing season. They also exhibited mid-parent heterosis by 2.0-5.2% in leaf chlorophyll content（SPAD） during the late growth and development stages. Regression analysis showed that both parents contributed to increase in Pn, SPAD and CAP in the F1. A low CR in the F1 matched a low CR of the parental line. Photosynthetic characteristics in the F2 were mainly dependent upon the magnitude and degeneration rate of the F1. Mid-parent heterosis in CAP and in CR during the late growth and development stage reduced the degeneration of the F2. Average dry matter accumulation was 10.7-34.7% higher in the parental lines of Xinluzao 43-F1 than in the parental lines of Shiza 2-F1. Heterobeltiosis in dry matter accumulation was 7.0-23.1% greater for Xinluzao 43-F1 than for Shiza 2-F1. Dry matter accumulation in the F1 was affected by either the dry matter accumulation of parents or heterobeltiosis. Dry matter accumulation in the F2 was mainly influenced by dry matter accumulation in the F1. The yields of the two F1 were 39.1-46.3% higher than their respective parents and 26.4-45.9% higher than that of the conventional cultivar Xinluzao 33. The yields of the two F2 were 9.2-12.8% higher than the parents and 14.9-27.4% higher than that of Xinluzao 33. The photosynthetic production and yield of the F1 and F2 were higher than that of their parents. The increases in Pn and CAP of the F1 and F2 were dependent on the photosynthetic characteristics of their parents. It is thus concluded that the photosynthetic performance, light use efficiency and yield of the F1 can be improved by using at le     

籼粳亚种间杂交稻春优618亲本特征特性及制种技术

[目的]为了提高籼粳杂交稻新组合春优618的制种产量。[方法]依据春优618亲本的生物学特性,通过多年多点的田间试验研究和对比,总结出了高产稳产的杂交制种关键技术。[结果]在常规技术基础上,春优618制种地域选择面小,播种时间要求严格,栽插密度要求特殊,同时注意防范异常气温导致花期不育的风险。籼粳亚种间杂交稻组合制种存在一定的特殊性,必须严格按照技术要求生产,才能提高杂交种子的产量和质量。[结论]该研究可为春优618的大面积推广提供制种基础。     

两系杂交稻栽培生理生态特性Ⅰ.生育特性

通过分期播种,研究若干两系杂交稻生育特性的结果表明。供试组合亚优2号、光优6028、光优6063和W6154s/特青的穗前生育期平均为87.0-90.1 d,介于对照组合汕优63(95.5 d)和威优64(81.2 d)之间,均属偏感温类型,可兼做早、晚稻生产用种;不同组合分蘖性差异很大,其分蘖力强弱大致顺序为:光优6063>光优6028.W6154 s/特青>亚优2号:两系亚种间组合大穗优势突出,但结实性差,易受不良气候条件影响.     

两系杂交稻籽粒灌浆的物质积累与生理活性的研究

选用不同类型二系杂交稻,研究籽粒灌浆期间强、弱势粒胚乳中干物质、淀粉的积累动态、可溶性糖含量变化,Ｑ酶、ＡＴＰ酶活性动态。结果表明,强热粒剪期灌浆生理活性高,胚乳中Ｑ酶和ＡＴＰ酶活性强,可溶性糖含量低,淀粉积累快,弱势粒生理活性低,剪期灌浆处停滞状态,在强热粒完成灌浆后,弱势粒能否有较强的生理活性,形成较强的灌浆势,是影响组合间结实率差异的主要因素。     

杂交水稻育种骨干亲本的米质分析

全面系统地评价杂交水稻骨干育种亲本的米质性状,对于杂交水稻稻米品质性状改良具有重要的指导意义。本研究对274份来源于中国十余个水稻主产区的骨干育种亲本及部分国外来源的育种材料进行了基于类群划分的米质分析。研究结果表明,7项米质性状中,籼稻糙米率、透明度、胶稠度和直链淀粉含量的平均值达到三等以上标准,粳稻糙米率、整精米率、透明度、胶稠度和直链淀粉含量的平均值达到三等以上标准。籼稻米质性状优质达标率变化范围为27.7%~97.7%,粳稻米质性状优质达标率变化范围为16.7%~100%,籼、粳稻垩白性状的优质达标率均较低。籼稻类群中,恢复系和保持系的垩白性状和直链淀粉含量是米质性状改良的重点,常规稻直链淀粉含量较优,热带籼稻中IR43、GIZA 178等米质性状优良,是杂交育种的有利种质资源。筛选出10项米质指标均达三级以上的各类亲本材料共23份,这些育种材料可以作为优异的米质性状改良的基因供体加以利用。另一方面,应加强垩白性状优良的种质资源的引进和利用。