不同水平甘氨酸锌对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

锌是动物必需的微量元素之一，作为体内200多种酶的必需组分或激活因子，锌广泛参与体内的一系列代谢活动，锌还是许多转录因子的必需组分。动物缺锌会出现生长受阻，厌食，皮肤损坏，骨骼畸形，免疫力及繁殖力下降等症状。仔猪对锌的需求量很高，但饲粮中锌含量较低，且存在许多限制锌吸收的因素，因此仔猪饲粮需额外添加锌。     

Effects of varying dietary folic acid during weaning stress of piglets

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary folic acid on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, and intestinal epithelial cells renewal in post-weaning piglets. Twenty-eight piglets (weaned at day 21, initial body weight of 6.73 ± 0.62 kg) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments with 7 pens per diet and 1 piglet per pen. The piglets were fed the same antibiotic-free and zinc oxide-free basal diets supplemented with folic acid at 0, 3, 9, and 18 mg/kg for 14 days. The results showed that dietary supplementation with folic acid increased villus height (VH) (P = 0.003; linear, P = 0.001), VH-to-crypt depth (VH:CD) ratio (P = 0.002; linear, P = 0.001), villus surface area (VSA) (P = 0.026; linear, P = 0.010). The analyzed parameters ADG, serum urea nitrogen (BUN) content, VH, VSA, and serum folate (SF) concentration responded linearly to the dietary folic acid concentration when the dietary folic acid concentration was below 4.42, 5.26, 4.79, 3.47, and 3.53 mg/kg respectively (R² = 0.995, 0.995, 0.999, 0.999, 0.872, P = 0.09, 0.07, 0.09, 0.09, 0.36, respectively), as assessed by a two-linear broken-line regression. Above these breakpoints, the response of ADG, VH, VSA, and SF plateaued in response to changes in dietary folic acid concentration. Moreover, dietary supplementation with folic acid significantly increased the lactase (P = 0.001; linear, P = 0.001) and sucrase activities (P = 0.021; linear, P = 0.010) in the jejunal mucosa of weaned piglets. The mRNA expression of solute carrier family 6 member 19 (SLC6a19), solute carrier family 1 member 1 (SLC7a1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), the number of Ki67 positive cells, and cell shedding rate had a significant linear contrast (P = 0.023, 0.021, 0.038, 0.049, and 0.008, respectively) in dietary folic acid groups. In conclusion, our results indicate that folic acid supplementation can improve the growth performance and intestinal morphology of weaned piglets by maintaining the balance of epithelial cell renewal.     

Intestinal growth and morphology is associated with the increase in heat shock protein 70 expression in weaning piglets through supplementation with glutamine

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of oral Gln supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and expression of heat shock protein (Hsp) 70 in weaning piglets. A total of 65 piglets after weaning at 21 d of age (d 0) were used in this experiment. Five piglets were randomly selected and euthanized initially at d 0 to determine baseline values for the expression of Hsp70 in the small intestine. The remaining piglets were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments and received 0 or 1 g of oral Gln/kg of BW every 12 h. After piglets were humanely killed at d 3, 7, and 14 postweaning, the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of piglets were sampled to evaluate intestinal morphology and the expression and localization of Hsp70. The results indicated that oral Gln supplementation increased plasma concentrations of Gln compared with those in control piglets (P < 0.05). Average daily gain and ADFI were greater in piglets orally supplemented with Gln than in control piglets during the whole period (P < 0.05). The incidence of diarrhea in piglets orally supplemented with Gln was 24% less than (P = 0.064) that in control piglets at 8 to 14 d after weaning. The weights of the jejunum and ileum were greater in piglets orally supplemented with Gln compared with those of control piglets relative to BW on d 14 postweaning (P < 0.05). The villus height and the villus height:crypt depth ratio in the jejunum and the ileum were greater in piglets receiving oral Gln on d 14 postweaning (P < 0.05) than in control piglets. These results indicate that Gln supplementation can influence the intestinal morphology of weaned piglets. The expression of hsp70 mRNA and Hsp70 proteins in the duodenum and jejunum was greater in piglets supplemented with Gln than in control piglets (P < 0.05). However, Gln supplementation had no effect on the expression of hsp70 mRNA and Hsp70 proteins in the ileum. Moreover, the localization of Hsp70 in the cytoplasm indicated that Hsp70 has a cytoprotective role in epithelial cell function and structure. These results indicate that Gln supplementation may be beneficial for intestinal health and development and may thus mitigate diarrhea and improve growth performance. The protective mechanisms of Gln in the intestine may be associated with the increase in Hsp70 expression.     

Toleration of high concentrations of dietary zinc by mink

Adult and kit male and female natural dark ranch mink (Mustela vison) were fed a conventional diet supplemented with 0, 500, 1,000, or 1,500 ppm zinc, as ZnSO4.7H2O, for 144 days. No marked adverse effects were observed in feed consumption, body weight gains, hematologic parameters, fur quality, or survival. Zinc concentrations in liver, kidney, and pancreas of the mink increased in direct proportion to the zinc content of the diet. Histopathologic examination of the livers, kidneys, and pancreata revealed no lesions indicative of zinc toxicosis. The results indicate that mink can tolerate at least 1,500 ppm dietary zinc, as ZnSO4.7H2O, for several months without apparent adverse effects.     

中药饲料添加剂对断奶仔猪血清酶活性的影响

选取胎次相近（3-5胎）、日龄相同的杜-长-大吮乳仔猪16窝（每窝8-10头）,随机分为4组,分别为中药Ⅰ组、中药Ⅱ组、抗生素组、对照组,前3个处理组在相同的基础日粮中分别添加中药饲料添加剂Ⅰ（4 kg/t）、中药饲料添加剂Ⅱ（4 kg/t）、金霉素（70 g/t）和杆菌肽锌（30 g/t）,每组4窝.各处理组所有仔猪从7日龄开始诱食试验饲粮,直至断奶后28日龄.25日龄断奶时从每窝中选取体重相近的仔猪4-5头,组内合并,每组各18头,于仔猪断奶前3 d,断奶后1、4、7、14、28 d采血,对血清酶指标进行分析,研究中药饲料添加剂对断奶仔猪血清酶活性的影响.结果表明,中药饲料添加剂能通过提高断奶仔猪血清AKP活性,降低CK活性,缓解断奶应激,促进仔猪生长.     

Assessment of dietary zinc requirement of weaned piglets fed diets with or without microbial phytase

Fifty-four pigs, weaned at 26 days of age at an average body weight of 7.74 kg were used in a 26-day experiment to assess the zinc requirement of piglets, using diets based on maize and soybean meal, with or without microbial phytase. The nine experimental diets were the basal diet containing 33 mg of zinc/kg supplemented with 10, 25, 40, 60 or 80 mg of zinc as sulphate (ZnSO(4), 7H(2)O)/kg and the basal diet supplemented with 0, 10, 25 or 40 mg of zinc as sulphate/kg and 700 units (U) of microbial phytase (Natuphos)/kg. Pigs were fed the basal diet for a 7-day adjustment period prior to the 19-day experimental period. Microbial phytase enhanced plasma alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, plasma zinc and bone zinc concentrations. These parameters increased linearly with zinc intake, with a similar slope with and without phytase. The response of bone zinc-to-zinc added did not plateau. Without microbial phytase, plasma AP activity and zinc concentration were maximized when dietary zinc reached 86 and 92 mg/kg respectively. With microbial phytase they were maximized when dietary zinc concentration reached 54 and 49 mg/kg respectively. Accounting for a safety margin, the recommended supply of zinc for weaned piglets up to 16 kg fed maize-soybean meal diets supplemented with zinc as sulphate is thus of 100-110 mg/kg diet. This supply may be reduced by around 35 mg if the diet is supplemented with 700 U of microbial phytase.     

短期饲喂二甲酸钾对断奶仔猪生长及其相关功能基因表达的影响

旨在探讨二甲酸钾(KDF)对断奶仔猪生长轴和肝脏糖异生相关基因mRNA表达的影响。试验选用28日龄的断奶仔猪180头,随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复15头,其中对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂基础日粮+1%的二甲酸钾,试验期2周。结果表明:与对照组相比,二甲酸钾显著提高断奶仔猪的平均日增重(P0.05),对血清中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)和血糖(BG)等生化指标没有显著影响,对下丘脑中生长抑素(SS)、生长激素受体(GHR)、促生长激素释放激素(GHRH)和垂体中胰岛素样生长因子-1受体(IGF-1R)和生长激素(GH)mRNA表达量无显著影响。但试验组显著下调垂体中GHR的表达(P0.05),显著上调下丘脑中IGF-1R、肝脏中胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-1)、IGF-1R、磷酸稀醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(PCK1)和果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶(FBP1)mRNA的表达(P0.05)。     

饲粮含硫氨基酸水平对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道形态及酶活性的影响

文章旨在研究饲粮含硫氨基酸水平对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道形态及酶活性的影响。试验选择体重接近的28日龄断奶仔猪80头,称重后随机分为试验1、2、3、4组,各组饲粮中含硫氨基酸含量分别0.49%、0.64%、0.79%、0.94%,共进行21d。试验结果,仔猪平均日采食量(ADFI)随着饲粮中含硫氨基酸水平增加出现先增加后下降的趋势,料肉比(F/C)与之趋势相反,当含硫氨基酸含量为0.79%时(试验3组)生长性能最好。其中,试验2、3组仔猪平均日增重(ADG)较试验1组分别增加12.5%、15.9%(P<0.05),F/C较试验1组分别降低10.8%、12.4%(P<0.05)。饲粮中含硫氨基酸水平显著影响仔猪空肠形态,而对十二指肠、回肠形态无显著影响(P>0.05)。相比于试验1组,试验2、3、4组空肠绒毛高度(VH)分别增加8.6%、11.7%、9.1%(P<0.05),空肠隐窝深度(CD)分别下降22.6%、16.4%、12.7%(P<0.05),试验2、3组绒毛高度和隐窝深度比(V/C)较试验1组分别增加24.3%、17.4%(P<0.05)。除此之外,饲粮中含硫氨基酸显著影响仔猪空肠中碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性(二次P<0.05)及麦芽糖酶活性(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中含硫氨基酸水平显著影响断奶仔猪小肠发育及空肠内酶活性,改善生长。     

仔猪早期断乳料的蛋白质来源

１仔猪对蛋白质的需求和消化仔猪早期(４．５ｋｇ～１１ｋｇ)对粗蛋白的需求一般为２０%,如果以构成理想蛋白质模式来补充合成必需氨基酸,可适当降低饲粮粗蛋白质水平。这主要取决于饲料中能量水平及饲料原料的营养消化率。近年来有研究表明,断奶料中随着粗蛋白水平的提高,仔猪肠后段的腐败性物质增多,董国忠等(１９９７)报道,随着断乳料蛋白水平增高,对仔猪组织损伤程度加剧。由于早期断乳仔猪消化道尚未发育健全,各种消化酶合成分泌水平很低,且对饲粮蛋白质来源极为敏感。研究表明,不同蛋白质来源影响仔猪消化酶合成,尤其是蛋白酶(胃蛋白…     

4周龄离乳仔猪饲粮配方研究

选择 2 8日龄早期离乳仔猪 12窝 ,每窝中挑选 8头 ,共 96头分成 3组 ,每组 32头。供试猪品种为 (杜×长大 )三元杂交仔猪。A组为对照组 ;B组在饲粮中添加 10 %乳清粉 ;C组在饲粮中添加 10 %利乐代乳粉 ,试验期 42d。结果以C组添加 10 %代乳粉效果较佳 ,比对照组日增重提高 14 6 % ,饲料转化率提高 7 5 % ,下痢发生头次减少 54 % ,经济效益比A组、B组分别提高 2 1 8%、 2 1 4 %     

Prednisolone is associated with an increase in serum insulin but not serum fructosamine concentrations in dogs with atopic dermatitis

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a standard therapeutic protocol of prednisolone (Pred) on glucose homeostasis in atopic dogs and compare it with previously published data for ciclosporin A (CsA). The central aim of the study was to assess and compare the effects of standard therapeutic protocols of prednisolone (Pred) and ciclosporin A (CsA) on glucose homeostasis in dogs with atopic dermatitis (CAD). Both treatments significantly reduced the physical signs of CAD, as determined by the canine atopic dermatitis extent and severity index version 3 (CADESI-03) and the Edinburgh Pruritus Scale (EPS). Post-treatment plasma glucose concentrations were not significantly different in the two groups, but serum insulin concentrations were significantly higher following Pred therapy (P<0.05). Serum fructosamine concentrations were not significantly different pre- and post-treatment with Pred, although previous studies had shown that CsA treatment increased fructosamine concentrations (P<0.005). The two treatment groups were recruited in a similar timeframe, were numerically matched and there were no differences in CADESI-03 and EPS scores between the CsA and Pred groups either before or after treatment. Thus, both CsA and Pred treatment were associated with mild disturbances in glucose metabolism, but only CsA therapy resulted in a significant increase in fructosamine concentrations. This information may be relevant to clinicians when considering therapeutic options for dogs with atopic dermatitis which already have impaired glucose homeostasis.     

半胱胺盐酸盐在断奶仔猪日粮中的效果

为确定半胱胺盐酸盐在断奶仔猪生长性能上的功效,试验在21日龄断奶仔猪日粮中添加3个水平(0.03%、0.05%和0.07%)的半胱胺盐酸盐(强化保生灵)进行35d试验(21~56日龄)。总计192头杜×长×大三元杂交仔猪,平均体质量6.3kg,按性别和遗传平衡随机分为4个处理,每个处理3个重复,每重复12头猪。试验结果为正效果,与对照组相比,试验组的生产性能指标,如总增质量、日增质量、均匀度、饲料报酬、每千克增质量饲料成本及经济效益回报等都有改善。含强化保生灵的日粮处理对日增质量、饲料报酬和均匀度有极显著的线性效果。在断奶仔猪日粮中添加0.07%强化保生灵可获得最好的生产性能及最高的经济效益。     

大蒜素对断奶仔猪血清生化指标及生长相关激素的影响

为了研究大蒜素(allicin)对断奶仔猪血清生化指标和生长相关激素的影响,试验选择21日龄体重5.6kg左右的断奶仔猪(杜×长×大)24头,随机分为3个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复2头,处理1饲喂基础日粮(对照组),处理2饲喂基础日粮+0.01%大蒜素(试验组),处理3饲喂基础日粮+0.07%抗生素(抗生素组),试验期21d,测定了仔猪血清生化指标、生长相关激素的变化。结果表明:大蒜素能改善断奶仔猪血清生化指标和生长相关激素水平。大蒜素组血清LDL(低密度脂蛋白)、CHO(总胆固醇)和GLU(葡萄糖)含量在断奶后第7d比对照组高23.9%、38.1%(P<0.05)、11.4%;第14d高14.7%(P<0.05)、15.6%、12.0%。断奶后SUN(血清尿素氮)含量升高,大蒜素组和抗生素组低于对照组;各处理血清ALP(碱性磷酸酶)活性有升高的趋势。大蒜素组FT3、IGF-1含量及FT3/FT4显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。整个试验期大蒜素组与抗生素组各项指标差异不显著。     

日粮中添加蜂胶制剂对断奶仔猪生产性能和皮肤颜色的影响

试验旨在研究蜂胶在仔猪上的应用效果。试验采用90头杜×长×大三元杂交仔猪,随机分成对照组、试验1组、试验2组,每组设3个重复,每个重复10头,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1组饲喂基础日粮+0.03%蜂胶制剂,试验2组饲喂基础+0.05%蜂胶制剂,试验期为30 d。结果表明,在日粮中添加蜂胶制剂能够明显提高仔猪的生产性能和皮肤颜色,降低仔猪腹泻率。     

Assessment of zinc and copper status in weaned piglets in relation to dietary zinc and copper supply

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of weaning and the effect of increasing dietary zinc concentrations on the zinc and copper status of weaned piglets (study 1) and to study the effect of high concentrations of dietary zinc and/or copper on zinc and copper status of weaned piglets (study 2). Study 1 included 54 piglets (six litters of nine piglets). One piglet from every litter was killed 1 day before weaning. The remaining 48 piglets were allocated at weaning (28 days) to four dietary zinc treatments (100, 250, 1000 or 2500 ppm) and subsequently killed 1-2, 5-6 or 14-15 days after weaning. Study 2 included 48 piglets (six litters of eight piglets) allocated to four dietary treatments, consisting of low or high dietary zinc (100 or 2500 ppm) in combination with low or high dietary copper (20 or 175 ppm). All piglets in study 2 were killed 5-7 days after weaning. In both studies, the trace mineral status was assessed by zinc and copper concentrations and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in plasma and mucosal tissue. In study 2, lymphocyte metallothionein (MT) mRNA and intestinal mucosa MT mRNA concentrations were included as zinc status markers. The results showed that the zinc status, measured as zinc in plasma and mucosa, was not affected by weaning of the piglets. Plasma copper concentrations decreased during the first 2 weeks after weaning. High dietary copper concentrations did not affect the concentration of copper in plasma, but increased the concentration of copper in mucosa and the concentration of zinc in plasma. The dietary zinc treatments increased the zinc concentration in plasma as well as the zinc and MT mRNA concentration in mucosa. Lymphocyte MT mRNA concentrations did not reflect the differences in dietary zinc supplementation.     

断奶仔猪料中金霉素与酶制剂的配伍研究

在日粮中添加亚治疗量的抗生素能改善畜禽的生产性能（Jukes，１９９０；张伟，１９９７）。由于诸如药物残留、长期使用引发耐药性等问题的日益严重，许多国家和组织，包括中国在内，相继实施了限制抗生素使用的规定（李美同等，１９９１；薛恒平，１９９６）。在为数不多的可用抗生素中，金霉素是配合饲料中常见的一种。饲用酶制剂的优越性已逐步被接受，研究表明酶制剂可有效地改善动物的生产性能，但由于饲用酶应用理论研究的滞后，迄今尚难找出成熟的复合酶的使用途径与作用方式（莫棣华，１９９７），却经常能见到饲用酶与抗生素同时…     

二甲酸钾对仔猪直肠内乳酸杆菌和肠杆菌的影响

为了研究二甲酸钾(potassium diformate,KDF)对仔猪生长性能、腹泻率和粪样菌群的影响,本试验选用28日龄断奶、体重在5~7 kg的(长×大)仔猪270头,随机分为3组:基础日粮组、抗生素组(基础日粮+16.6 mg/kg硫酸粘杆菌素,45 mg/kg吉他霉素,83 mg/kg喹乙醇)、KDF组(基础日粮+10 g/kg KDF),进行为期5周的试验。结果表明:KDF组体重分别比基础日粮组和抗生素组提高了9.9%和8.0%(P0.05),腹泻率显著低于基础日粮组和抗生素组(P0.05)。断奶后第1周,抗生素组直肠内容物中乳酸杆菌的含量显著低于基础日粮组(P0.05),KDF组和基础日粮组间无显著差异(P0.05);断奶后第1、2和5周抗生素组和KDF组直肠内容物中肠杆菌含量显著低于基础日粮组(P0.05)。以上结果提示:KDF比抗生素更有助于仔猪建立较健康的肠道细菌区系,从而减少仔猪腹泻,减少仔猪因腹泻而导致的生长性能下降。     

"富锌宝"对断奶仔猪生长性能及血液生化指标的影响

锌是动物的必需微量元素之一，通过作为体内200多种酶的必需组分或激活因子而广泛参与体内的一系列代谢活动，而且锌还是许多转录因子的必需组分。动物缺锌会出现生长受阻、厌食、皮肤损坏、骨骼畸形及免疫力和繁殖力下降等症状。仔猪对锌的需要量很高，但实用饲粮中锌含量较低，且存在许多限制锌吸收的因素，因此在仔猪饲粮中需要额外添加锌。目前，仔猪等畜禽饲粮中最常用的锌添加形式为无机锌（如硫酸锌和氧化锌等），但无机锌易吸潮，破坏维生素，吸收率较低，适口性差，     

Effects of supplemental dietary phytase and pharmacological concentrations of zinc on growth performance and tissue zinc concentrations of weanling pigs

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of phytase, excess Zn, or their combination in diets for nursery pigs. In all experiments, treatments were replicated with five to seven pens of six to seven pigs per pen, dietary Ca and available P (aP) levels were decreased by 0.1% when phytase was added to the diets, excess Zn was added as ZnO, a basal level of 127 mg/kg of Zn (Zn sulfate) was present in all diets, and the experimental periods were 19 to 21 d. In Exp. 1, pigs (5.7 kg and 18 d of age) were fed two levels of phytase (0 or 500 phytase units/kg) and three levels of excess Zn (0, 1,000, or 2,000 ppm) in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement. Added Zn linearly increased ADG and ADFI during Phase 1 (P = 0.01 to 0.06), Phase 2 (P = 0.02 to 0.09), and overall (P = 0.01 to 0.02). Gain:feed was linearly increased by Zn during Phase 1 (P = 0.01) but not at other times. Dietary phytase decreased ADG in pigs fed 1,000 or 2,000 ppm Zn during Phase 2 (Zn linear x phytase interaction; P = 0.10), did not affect (P = 0.27 to 0.62) ADFI during any period, and decreased G:F during Phase 2 (P = 0.01) and for the overall (P = 0.07) period. Plasma Zn was increased by supplemental Zn (Zn quadratic, P = 0.01) but not affected (P = 0.70) by phytase addition. In Exp. 2, pigs (5.2 kg and 18 d of age) were fed two levels of phytase (0 or 500 phytase units/kg) and two levels of Zn (0 or 2,000 ppm) in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Supplemental Zn increased ADG and G:F during Phase 2 (P = 0.02 to 0.09) and overall (P = 0.07 to 0.08), but it had no effect (P = 0.11 to 0.89) on ADG during Phase 1 or ADFI during any period. Phytase supplementation increased ADG (P = 0.06) and G:F (P = 0.01) during Phase 2. Gain:feed was greatest for pigs fed 2,000 ppm Zn and phytase (Zn x phytase interaction; P = 0.01). Bone (d 20) and plasma Zn (d 7 and 20) were increased (P = 0.01) by added Zn but not affected (P = 0.51 to 0.90) by phytase. In Exp. 3, pigs (5.7 kg and 19 d of age) were fed a basal diet or the basal diet with Ca and aP levels decreased by 0.10% and these two diets with or without 500 phytase units/kg. Supplemental phytase had no effect (P = 0.21 to 0.81) on growth performance. Reduction of dietary Ca and aP decreased (P = 0.02 to 0.08) ADG, ADFI, and G:F for the overall data. These results indicate that excess dietary supplemental Zn increases ADG and plasma and bone Zn concentrations. Dietary phytase did not affect plasma or bone Zn concentrations.     

Ontogeny and characterization of blood leukocyte subsets and serum proteins in piglets before and after weaning

Existing knowledge about the development of the porcine immune system was extended by phenotypic characterization of leukocyte subsets and with assessment of Mannan-Binding Lectin (MBL) and immunoglobulin concentrations in peripheral blood of healthy piglets. Single-color and/or double-color flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies against CD1, CD3, CD4, CD8a CD14, CD21, CD172 (SWC3a), CD284 (TLR4), SLA I, and SLA II were performed to identify T-lymphocyte subsets, B-lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes. ELISA was used to measure the concentration of serum proteins. Several of the analyzed parameters seem to be affected at the time of weaning which took place at 4–5 weeks of age. Using principal component analysis, all analyzed variables – except one – were grouped into 8 factors with distinct developmental profiles. Several of these factors revealed an apparent suppression, a steady state or an acceleration of the developmental age profiles around weaning.In conclusion, results indicate that weaning suppresses a broad spectrum of adaptive immune variables and that this was evident immediately after weaning as well as after a lag period of about one week. On the contrary, variables of the innate immune system seem to be stimulated immediately after weaning. At the time considered to have the highest infection pressure T-cells and TLR4+ cells were markedly enhanced, whereas the expression of SLA I did not seem to be affected by weaning.