H9亚型禽流感病毒免疫层析快速检测试剂盒的研制及应用

利用胶体金免疫层析技术,在建立H9亚型禽流感病毒免疫层析检测方法的基础上组装成试剂盒.试剂盒由试纸卡,稀释液、样品管、塑料吸管、一次性手套及说明书组成.对试剂盒的特异性、敏感性、保存期和重复性等进行了测定.结果表明,试剂盒在室温可以保存6个月,4℃可以保存12个月;与HA试验相比特异性强、灵敏度高、重复性好,操作简单、方便、快捷,能在10 min内准确检测出样品中是否含有H9亚型禽流感病毒.先后制备了5批试剂盒,对武汉市及周边地区的鸡场共抽检498份样品,经病毒分离鉴定准确率达到100%.     

Evolution of highly pathogenic H7N3 avian influenza viruses in Mexico

Highly pathogenic H7N3 influenza A viruses have persisted in poultry in Mexico since 2012, diversifying into multiple lineages that have spread to three Mexican states, as of 2016. The H7N3 viruses segregate into three distinct clades that are geographically structured. All 2016 viruses are resistant to adamantane antiviral drugs and have an extended 24‐nucleotide insertion at the HA cleavage site that was acquired from host 28S ribosomal RNA.     

禽流感H5、H7、H9亚型多重实时荧光RT-PCR检测试剂盒灵敏性试验

为了确定深圳出入境检验检疫局和深圳太太基因工程有限公司联合研制的禽流感H5、H7、H9亚型多重实时荧光RT-PCR检测试剂盒对H5和H9亚型禽流感的灵敏度，通过测定已知鸡胚半数致死量（ELD50）的标准毒株的进行了定量。利用9～11日龄SPF鸡胚，对深圳出入境检验检疫局保存的H5和H9亚型标准禽流感毒株进行了鸡胚半数致死量（ELD50）的测定，结果为H5亚型禽流感毒株的半数致死量为10^-7.75/0．2mL，H9亚型禽流感毒株的半数致死量为10^-8.5／0．2mL。用所研制的禽流感H5、H7、H9亚型多重实时荧光RT-PCR检测试剂盒对H5和H9亚型标准禽流感毒株原液进行10倍连续稀释，进行实时荧光RT-PCR灵敏度的测定，结果发现：试剂盒检测H5亚型标准禽流感毒株的灵敏度为标准毒株10^-5倍稀释液，该稀释液含有281ELD50病毒量；检测H9亚型标准禽流感毒株的灵敏度为标准毒株10^-8倍稀释液，该稀释液含有15．8ELD50病毒量。同时检测H5和H9时，试剂盒的灵敏度要比单独检测一个亚型时的灵敏度增加一个数量级。本灵敏度已经能够检测到感染鸡的喉拭子和（或）泄殖腔拭子所采集的病毒量，能够满足检验检疫的实际需要。     

H5亚型禽流感病毒间接免疫荧光快速诊断方法的建立

本研究以当前严重威胁我国养禽业的高致病性禽流感H5亚型病毒为研究对象，病毒在犬肾细胞（MDCK）上培养增殖，经蔗糖梯度离心对病毒进行纯化，免疫清洁级的新西兰公兔，高免血清经辛酸-硫酸铵法和葡聚糖G50柱纯化，制得第一抗体。以FITC标记的山羊抗兔IgG为第二抗体，通过反应条件的优化，建立了间接免疫荧光快速诊断方法。本法的最佳检测组织为心肌和胰腺，检测时间只需3小时，本法可检出人工感染后36小时尚未表现出临床症状鸡只中的病毒，对禽流感H7亚型、H9亚型病、新城疫、传染性支气管炎和传染性喉气管炎禽出败等病料进行特异性检验结果均为阴性。运用本方法对69个禽场的临床病料进行了检测，检测结果与鸡胚分离法进行比对，9个阳性场（广东省2004年9个原疫点的病料）的9份病料中，检出8份阳性；而鸡胚分离法阴性样品，本法检测结果与之完全相符。本法用于禽流感H5亚型病毒的快速诊断具有快速、简便、敏感、特异、费用低廉和不存在交叉污染等优点，在当前流行的H5亚型高致病性禽流感快速诊断中具有良好的应用前景。     

高致病性禽流感的控制措施

日本、韩国、越南和泰国等国家相继发生了高致病性禽流感,不仅给这些国家的养禽业带来巨大经济损失,而且还出现了人感染禽流感死亡的情况,严重地威胁了人类的健康。我国广西、上海、广东等十几个     

H7N9禽流感病毒纳米荧光颗粒试纸条的研制

为建立一种快速、敏感的H7N9禽流感病毒检测方法,以荧光纳米颗粒为标记物,采用免疫层析法制备H7N9荧光纳米颗粒试纸条,通过紫外灯下观察试纸条上的荧光信号来进行结果判定。结果表明:用制备的荧光纳米颗粒试纸条检测多个亚型禽流感病毒,只有H7N9禽流感病毒结果呈阳性,证实该试纸条具有较好的特异性;用该荧光试纸条与国家标准禽流感RT-PCR方法同时对200份样品进行检测,符合率达到935%。本试验研制的纳米颗粒荧光试纸条可用于H7N9禽流感病毒现场快速检测,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Estimating the day of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H7N7) virus introduction into a poultry flock based on mortality data

Despite continuing research efforts, knowledge of the transmission of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus still has considerable gaps, which complicates epidemic control. The goal of this research was to develop a model to back-calculate the day HPAI virus is introduced into a flock, based on within-flock mortality data. The back-calculation method was based on a stochastic SEIR (susceptible (S) - latently infected (E) - infectious (I) - removed (= dead; R)) epidemic model. The latent and infectious period were assumed to be gamma distributed. Parameter values were based on experimental H7N7 within-flock transmission data. The model was used to estimate the day of virus introduction based on a defined within-flock mortality threshold (detection rule for determining AI). Our results indicate that approximately two weeks can elapse before a noticeable increase in mortality is observed after a single introduction into a flock. For example, it takes twelve (minimum 11 - maximum 15) days before AI is detected if the detection rule is fifty dead chickens on two consecutive days in a 10 000 chicken flock (current Dutch monitoring rule for notification). The results were robust for flock size and detection rule, but sensitive to the length of the latent and infectious periods. Furthermore, assuming multiple introductions on one day will result in a shorter estimated period between infection and detection. The implications of the model outcomes for detecting and tracing outbreaks of H7N7 HPAI virus are discussed.     

Origin and evolution of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in Asia

Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza caused by H5N1 viruses were reported almost simultaneously in eight neighbouring Asian countries between December 2003 and January 2004, with a ninth reporting in August 2004, suggesting that the viruses had spread recently and rapidly. However, they had been detected widely in the region in domestic waterfowl and terrestrial poultry for several years before this, and the absence of widespread disease in the region before 2003, apart from localised outbreaks in the Hong Kong Special Autonomous Region (SAR), is perplexing. Possible explanations include limited virus excretion by domestic waterfowl infected with H5N1, the confusion of avian influenza with other serious endemic diseases, the unsanctioned use of vaccines, and the under-reporting of disease as a result of limited surveillance. There is some evidence that the excretion of the viruses by domestic ducks had increased by early 2004, and there is circumstantial evidence that they can be transmitted by wild birds. The migratory birds from which viruses have been isolated were usually sick or dead, suggesting that they would have had limited potential for carrying the viruses over long distances unless subclinical infections were prevalent. However, there is strong circumstantial evidence that wild birds can become infected from domestic poultry and potentially can exchange viruses when they share the same environment. Nevertheless, there is little reason to believe that wild birds have played a more significant role in spreading disease than trade through live bird markets and movement of domestic waterfowl. Asian H5N1 viruses were first detected in domestic geese in southern China in 1996. By 2000, their host range had extended to domestic ducks, which played a key role in the genesis of the 2003/04 outbreaks. The epidemic was not due to the introduction and spread of a single virus but was caused by multiple viruses which were genotypically linked to the Goose/GD/96 lineage via the haemagglutinin gene. The H5N1 viruses isolated from China, including the Hong Kong SAR, between 1999 and 2004 had a range of genotypes and considerable variability within genotypes. The rising incidence and widespread reporting of disease in 2003/04 can probably be attributed to the increasing spread of the viruses from existing reservoirs of infection in domestic waterfowl and live bird markets leading to greater environmental contamination. When countries in the region started to report disease in December 2003, others were alerted to the risk and disease surveillance and reporting improved. The H5N1 viruses have reportedly been eliminated from three of the nine countries that reported disease in 2003/04, but they could be extremely difficult to eradicate from the remaining countries, owing to the existence of populations and, possibly, production and marketing sectors, in which apparently normal birds harbour the viruses.     

胶体金方法检测H3和H7亚型禽流感病毒

用微波法制备金溶胶,对禽流感病毒(AIV)H3和H7亚型单克隆抗体(H3-1D6和H7-1F7)用亲和层析法进行纯化,优化单抗与金溶胶的最佳结合条件后,喷涂于玻璃纤维上制成金标垫.将纯化的马抗H3和H7亚型AIV多克隆抗体和山羊抗鼠二抗分别包被于硝酸纤维素(NC)膜上作为检测线和质控线,制备胶体金检测试纸条.用制备的试纸条对H3和H7亚型AIV标准抗原、毕赤酵母真核表达蛋白和已知样品进行检测,结果与血凝试验、血凝抑制试验、AC-ELISA和RT-PCR方法相符.同时用该方法对H5和H9亚型AIV标准抗原、病料以及传染性支气管炎、新城疫等抗原进行检测,结果均为阴性.该方法操作简单,肉眼于10 min内可判定结果,且达到了血凝试验和血凝抑制试验的敏感性.     

Surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza in wild birds in the USA

As part of the USA's National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza, an Interagency Strategic Plan for the Early Detection of Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza in Wild Migratory Birds was developed and implemented. From 1 April 2006 through 31 March 2009, 261 946 samples from wild birds and 101 457 wild bird fecal samples were collected in the USA; no highly pathogenic avian influenza was detected. The United States Department of Agriculture, and state and tribal cooperators accounted for 213 115 (81%) of the wild bird samples collected; 31, 27, 21 and 21% of the samples were collected from the Atlantic, Pacific, Central and Mississippi flyways, respectively. More than 250 species of wild birds in all 50 states were sampled. The majority of wild birds (86%) were dabbling ducks, geese, swans and shorebirds. The apparent prevalence of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses during biological years 2007 and 2008 was 9.7 and 11.0%, respectively. The apparent prevalence of H5 and H7 subtypes across all species sampled were 0.5 and 0.06%, respectively. The pooled fecal samples (n= 101 539) positive for low pathogenic avian influenza were 4.0, 6.7 and 4.7% for biological years 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. The highly pathogenic early detection system for wild birds developed and implemented in the USA represents the largest coordinated wildlife disease surveillance system ever conducted. This effort provided evidence that wild birds in the USA were free of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (given the expected minimum prevalence of 0.001%) at the 99.9% confidence level during the surveillance period.     

Risk factors for highly pathogenic H7N1 avian influenza virus infection in poultry during the 1999-2000 epidemic in Italy

In 1999-2000, Italian poultry production was disrupted by an H7N1 virus subtype epidemic of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). The objectives of the present study were to identify risk factors for infection on poultry farms located in regions that had the highest number of outbreaks (Veneto and Lombardia) and the impact of pre-emptive culling as a complementary measure for eradicating infection. A Cox regression model that included spatial factors, such as the G index, was used. The results confirmed the relationship between risk of infection and poultry species, production type and size of farms. The effectiveness of pre-emptive culling was confirmed. An increased risk of infection was observed for poultry farms located near an infected farm and those at altitudes less than 150m above sea level. The measures for the control and eradication of AI virus infection need to consider species differences in susceptibility, the types of production and the density of poultry farms in the affected areas.     

鹅高致病性禽流感病理组织学观察

本文对发生H5N1高致病性禽流感禽场的鹅进行了病理学观察，证实此场鹅禽流感在剖检上以眼结膜潮红出血；心肌条纹状坏死，条带样出血；胰腺有白垩状或透明坏死点；胃肠出血等为特征。组织学观察以非化脓性脑炎，胰腺坏死，心肌坏死，坏死性脾炎为主要病变，揭示了鹅禽流感的病理学变化特征。     

Global occurrence and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of the subtype H5N1

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the subtype H5N1 (HPAIV-H5N1) have circulated continuously in Asia, Europe, and Africa since 2003. Investigations on the environmental preference and global spread processes of the virus are needed. We compiled 16 environmental variables to assess their correlation with HPAIV-H5N1 occurrences by using a niche-based model called Maxent. We found the virus had the strongest positive association with the human footprint index, as well as the presence of certain types of wetlands and mild temperature (10-30 C). Outbreaks of HPAIV-H5N1 in poultry or wild birds were also more frequent in certain major habitat types (e.g., tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, and flooded grasslands and savannas) and ecoregions. We conducted trend surface analysis to generate the travelling wave of the virus' global spread from 2003 to 2009, which indicated that high mountains or plateaus did not affect the spread speed and direction.     

H5亚型高致病性禽流感病毒抗原捕捉ELISA诊断方法的建立

本研究在已有H5亚型禽流感病毒特异性单抗基础上,建立了以多抗作为包被抗体、单抗作为检测抗体的抗原捕捉ELISA方法。通过对各个反应条件进行优化,获得的最佳工作条件为：羊血清1：1600倍稀释;单抗1：10000稀释;酶标抗体最适工作浓度为1：5000倍稀释;单抗反应时间1．5h;酶标抗体作用时间1．5h。特异性试验和敏感性试验结果表明：该方法具有良好的特异性和敏感性,可用于H5亚型高致病性禽流感病毒的检测。