Growth performance,carcass traits,physiochemical characteristics and intramuscular fatty acid composition of finishing Japanese black steers fed soybean curd residue and soy sauce cake

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary soybean curd residue (SCR) and soy sauce cake (SSC) on the growth performance, carcass traits and physiochemical and intramuscular fatty acid (FA) characteristics in Japanese Black steers. Ten steers (29.7 ± 0.3 months old, 856.6 ± 24.4 kg body weight) were assigned to either treatment C, fed a conventional concentrate or T, fed the test diet including dried SCR and SSC for 3 months. In growth performance, dry matter (DM) intake and average daily gain, and carcass traits did not differ significantly between the treatments. Color of beef was affected by the dietary treatments and meat samples from T showed higher a^* value and chroma than those in C. On FA composition, there was no significant difference between the treatments in neutral lipids, whereas in polar lipids, meat samples from T had higher C16:1 (P < 0.05) and tended to have higher C16:0 (P = 0.05) and C18:1 (P = 0.08), but lower C17:0 (P = 0.098), C18:2 (P = 0.06) and C20:4 (P = 0.07) than those from C. The study suggested that SCR and SSC could be used as a substitute for conventional concentrate and would influence meat color and intramuscular FA composition of polar lipids.     

The effects of replacement of antibiotics with by‐products of oriental medicinal plants on growth performance and meat qualities in fattening pigs

The effect of by‐products of oriental medicinal plants (OMP; T1) containing 0.03% herb extracts (T2) or 0.1% aminolevulinic acid (T3) on the production performance of swine during the finishing period and on its meat quality were investigated. No significant differences were found in the weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion rate among the tested groups (P > 0.05). But the treated group showed higher (P < 0.05) moisture and ash and lower protein than the control group. The T3 group showed a lower meat cholesterol content (38.42 mg/100 g) compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). The vitamin E content of the muscle in the treated groups was higher compared to the control group. No antibiotic content was detected in all treated and control samples. The values of the volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) of the treated groups were significantly lower (P < 0.01) than the control group. The treated groups had significantly better (P < 0.05) sensory‐test scores for color, flavor, off‐flavor and total acceptability compared to the control group.     

杜仲叶粉对绿壳蛋鸡蛋品质、血清生化指标、屠宰性能及肉质性状的影响

本试验旨在探究饲粮中添加不同水平杜仲叶(EUL)粉对绿壳蛋鸡蛋品质、血清生化指标、屠宰性能以及肉质性状的影响。选择体重、产蛋率相近,健康状态良好的产蛋初期绿壳蛋鸡80只,随机分为4组,每组20只。各组分别饲喂添加0(CTL组)、2%(EUL1组)、4%(EUL2组)、6%(EUL3组)杜仲叶粉的玉米-豆粕型饲粮。预试期5 d,正试期70 d。饲喂试验结束后对各组鸡的蛋品质、血清生化指标、屠宰性能以及肉质性状进行测定。结果表明,饲粮中添加杜仲叶粉后,血清中甘油三酯(EUL1、EUL2和EUL3组)、葡萄糖(EUL2和EUL3组)和尿素(EUL2和EUL3组)与CTL组相比极显著降低(P<0.01);各试验组蛋品质、屠宰性能与CTL组相比差异均不显著(P>0.05);肝脏重(EUL1和EUL2组)和心脏重(EUL1、EUL2和EUL3组)与CTL组相比极显著降低(P<0.01);腿肌蛋白(EUL1组)和胸肌脂肪(EUL2组)含量与CTL组相比显著提高(P<0.05);腿肌pH24 h(EUL2组)与CTL组相比显著提高(P<0.05);腿肌剪切力(EUL2组)与CTL组相比极显著降低(P<0.01)。说明杜仲叶粉可显著降低血清中甘油三酯、葡萄糖、尿素的水平;不影响蛋品质,但能改善绿壳蛋鸡肌肉品质,提高胸肌脂肪、腿肌蛋白质含量和腿肌嫩度,显著降低鸡的肝脏重和心脏重。本试验中,杜仲叶粉在蛋鸡饲粮中的适宜添加水平为4%。     

Effects of fermented garlic powder supplementation on growth performance,nutrient digestibility,blood characteristics and meat quality in growing‐finishing pigs

One hundred pigs (BW = 50.7 ± 1.89 kg) were used to investigate the effects of fermented garlic powder (FGP) in growing‐finishing pigs. Pigs were allotted to one of five treatments, included: (i) NC (basal diet); (ii) PC (NC + 44 mg/kg of Tylosin); (iii) FGP1 (NC + 1 g/kg FGP); (iv) FGP2 (NC + 2 g/kg FGP); and (v) FGP4 (NC + 4 g/kg FGP). Supplemental FGP increased average daily gain (ADG) and gain/feed ratio compared with those fed NC diet throughout the experiment (P < 0.05, linearly). Dietary PC treatment increased the ADG and average daily feed intake during the first 6 weeks (P < 0.05). The inclusion of FGP2 and FGP4 treatments had higher apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen (P < 0.05) than those in the NC treatment. Dietary NC treatment exhibited lower (P < 0.05) lymphocyte count (6 and 12 weeks) and immunoglobulin G (12 weeks) than those in the other treatments. Marbling scores were higher (P < 0.05) in FGP treatment groups than the NC treatments. Pigs fed on FGP2 and FGP4 diets evidenced lower 2‐thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value (P < 0.05) than those in the NC and PC treatments. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that the administration of FGP at a level of 2 or 4 g/kg improved growth performance, nutrient digestibility and meat quality in growing‐finishing pigs.     

Effects of concentrate supplementation on carcass and meat quality attributes of feedlot finished Small East African goats

Effects of concentrate supplementation on carcass and meat quality of feedlot finished Small East African (SEA) goats were assessed using 23 animals (14.5 months old and 20.1 kg body weight). Goats were subjected to four levels of concentrate supplementation: ad libitum concentrate allowance (T100), 66% of ad libitum concentrate allowance (T66), 33% of ad libitum allowance (T33) and no concentrate (T0). All goats were slaughtered after 90 days of experimental period. The ad libitum concentrate intake attained by the goats was about 370 g DM/d. All concentrate-supplemented goats had similar (P > 0.05) total dry matter intake. T100 goats had 31 g and 14 g higher (P < 0.05) daily body weight gain than T33 and T66 goats, respectively. T100 and T66 goats were comparable in final live weight and empty body weight but both were heavier (P < 0.05) than that of T33 and T0 goats. Hot and cold carcass weights for both T100 and T66 goats were 3 kg heavier (P < 0.05) than that of T0 goats. Concentrate-supplemented goats had similar (P > 0.05) EUROP scores for carcass fatness. T100 and T66 goats had 6.5 and 3 units higher (P < 0.05) scores for conformation than T0 and T33 goats, respectively. Dressing percentage increased with levels of concentrate supplementation in a curvilinear fashion, with highest values in T66 goats. At 6 h post-mortem, muscle pH for concentrate-supplemented animals was significantly lower compared with T0 goats. Carcass fat content was 9% higher (P < 0.05) in concentrate-supplemented goats than in their contemporaries. No differences in cooking loss or shear force were observed among treatments, while these variables were affected by the type of muscle. It is concluded that feedlot finishing of SEA had limited effects on meat quality. Finishing SEA goats at 66% of their ad libitum concentrate intake, however, significantly improved weight gains and carcass fatness. Cost–benefit analyses are recommended before embarking on a large scale feedlot finishing of SEA goats.     

The effect of fermented apple diet supplementation on the growth performance and meat quality in finishing pigs

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of fermented apple diet (FAD) supplementation on the growth performance and meat quality in finishing Berkshires. The FAD was made from dropped apple mixed with rice bran and barley bran. Until 81 ± 1 kg live weight at 133 ± 1 days, the animals were fed a growing diet, after which experimental samples were fixed at 0, 2, 4 and 6% FAD as C, T1, T2 and T3 in the finishing diets. Growth performance, ADG, ADFI and feed efficiency were improved in T1 than other groups. In carcass parameters, carcass weight was higher ( P  < 0.05) in T1 than in other groups. In meat quality, moisture and crude protein contents decreased ( P  < 0.05) by addition of FAD. pH₂₄ and WHC were higher ( P  < 0.05) in T1 than other groups. In sensory evaluation, marbling of fresh meat and tenderness, juiciness, flavor and overall acceptability of cooked meat were improved by the addition of FAD. According to the results of our experiment, FAD can be used for improvement of meat quality parameters.     

Effects of single or carbohydrases cocktail in low-nutrient-density diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, and carcass traits in growing–finishing pigs

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of single or carbohydrases cocktail in low-nutrient-density diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, and carcass traits of growing–finishing pigs. A total of 96 pigs with an average initial BW of 47.50 ± 1.25 kg were used in this 8-week growth trial. Pigs were randomly allocated to 1 of the 4 treatments according to its BW and sex (4 pigs/pen, 6 replicate pens/treatment). The diets included: 1) control (CON) corn–soybean meal diet (DE, 3400 kcal/kg; CP, 17%), 2) low-nutrient-density (LC) diet with 6% DDGS and 5% tapioca (DE, 3280 kcal/kg; CP, 15%), 3) LC + 0.05% β-mannanase (LCS), and 4) LC + 0.05% enzyme mixture (LCM). The LC treatment had a lower ADG, and G/F compared to the other treatments in 0–4 weeks and the overall period of the feeding trial (P < 0.05). The ADFI were decreased in LC, LCS, and LCM groups related to CON (P < 0.05). The LCS treatment had higher DM digestibility than pigs in both the LC and LCM groups (P < 0.05) on 4 weeks while LCM improved N and energy digestibility compared to LC treatment. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine values were not affected by the experimental treatments. After the feeding period, pigs (2 per pen) which reached marketing BW were collected meat samples from slaughter house. Backfat thickness was decreased in LC, LCS and LCM groups (P < 0.05). No numerical differences were observed in meat color, pH value and water holding capacity among four treatments. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that single or carbohydrases cocktail in low-density diets can partially improve ADG, G/F, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality in finishing pigs, which can counteract the negative effects caused by the decreased nutrient concentration.     

Supplementation of cottonseed,linseed, and noug seed cakes on feed intake,digestibility, body weight,and carcass parameters of Sidama goats

A digestibility, feed intake, and carcass evaluation experiment using 20 yearling intact male Sidama goats weighing 16.4 ± 0.63 kg (mean ± SD) was conducted in Ethiopia with the objectives to determine feed intake, digestibility, body weight (BW) gain, and carcass parameters. The treatments included feeding natural pasture hay (T1, control) and supplementation with cottonseed cake (284 g—T2), linseed cake (250 g—T3), and noug seed cake (296 g—T4) on dry matter (DM) basis to supply 85 g crude protein (CP) per head per day. Randomized complete block design for feed intake and BW parameters and complete randomized design for digestibility and carcass parameters were used. Hay DM intake was higher (P < 0.01) for T1 than for the other treatments. T3 promoted higher (P < 0.01) DM (29.3 g/kg W^0.75/day) and CP (14.1 g/kg W^0.75/day) intake than T4 (8.9 g/kg W^0.75/day DM and 4.1 g/kg W^0.75/day CP). T3 showed better (P < 0.05) organic matter and CP digestibility than T2. Goats in T3 had higher nitrogen intake (P < 0.01) and retention (P < 0.05) than those in T1. Goats in T2 and T3 showed higher (P < 0.05) daily BW gain and final BW than those in T4 and T1. Goats in T2 and T3 had higher (P < 0.05) slaughter weight, empty BW, hot carcass weight, rib-eye muscle area, and dressing percentage on slaughter weight basis than those in T1. The results showed that T2 and T3 had similar effect on CP intake, daily BW gain, and carcass parameters for growing Sidama goats fed natural pasture hay.     

杜仲叶对绵羊脂肪代谢的影响及其机理

为研究杜仲叶对绵羊脂肪代谢和肉品质的影响,本研究随机选择70~80日龄、体重25~30 kg的绵羊(湖羊)30只,平均分为3组,分别为对照组(CTL组,饲粮中不含杜仲叶)、低水平杜仲叶组(EUL1组,饲粮含10%杜仲叶)和高水平杜仲叶组(EUL2组,饲粮含20%杜仲叶),每组10只。预试期15 d,正试期90 d。采集血液,测定血浆脂质代谢分析指标;采集背最长肌,测定营养物质含量;采集肝脏组织,测定脂肪代谢相关酶和核转录因子的mRNA表达水平和蛋白水平。结果表明:1)各组干物质采食量EUL1组EUL2组CTL组,组间差异显著(P0.05)。2)与CTL组相比,EUL2组血浆极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)含量显著升高(P0.05),EUL1和EUL2组血浆低密度脂蛋白(LDL)(0.05≤P0.10)、总胆固醇(TC)(P0.05)含量降低。3)与CTL组相比,EUL1组肌肉粗蛋白质含量、EUL2组肌肉粗脂肪含量显著升高(P0.05),EUL1组肌肉剪切力显著减小(P0.05)。4)与CTL组相比,EUL1组和EUL2组肌肉饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量略有降低(P0.05),肌肉不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)含量显著升高(P0.05),其中,EUL2组肌肉MUFA、PUFA含量及UFA/SFA显著升高(P0.05)。5)与CTL组相比,杜仲叶能够显著下调肝脏脂肪合成相关酶硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶1(SCD1)和核转录因子固醇调节元件结合蛋白1c(SREBP-1c)、过氧化物酶体增生激活受体γ(PPARγ)的mRNA表达水平(P0.05);显著上调肝脏脂肪酸分解相关酶肉毒碱棕榈酰基转移酶1A(CPT1A)、脂蛋白酯酶(LPL)mRNA表达水平显著上调(P0.05);与CTL组相比,EUL2组肝脏SCD1蛋白水平显著下降(P0.05)。结果提示,杜仲叶通过调节脂肪合成和分解相关基因的表达,显著影响绵羊脂肪的代谢和肌肉脂肪酸的组成。     

Effects of corn dried distiller's grains with solubles and enzyme premix supplements on growth performance,carcass characteristics and meat quality parameters in finishing pigs

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of corn dried distiller's grains with solubles (DDGS) and enzyme premix (mannanase + phytase) supplementation on the growth performance, carcass and meat quality parameters in finishing pigs. Sixty hybrid pigs (L × LW × D) with initial weight of 63.92 ± 1.50 kg were used in a 3 × 2 factorial design with main effects of DDGS levels (0, 10 and 20%) and enzyme premix levels (0% vs. 0.14%). Average daily gain (ADG, P < 0.01) and average daily feed intake (ADFI, P < 0.05) were decreased due to an increased level of DDGS additive while the feed conversion ratio was improved (P < 0.05) by adding enzyme premix. The diet cost/gain (won/kg) was saved (P < 0.01) due to an increased level of DDGS additive. There were no significant differences in carcass characteristics and meat quality parameters of Longissimus dorsi muscle by DDGS level and enzyme premix. Palmitoleic acid, oleic acid and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) decreased (P < 0.05) according to DDGS level. The results indicate that DDGS may be used in feeds for finishing pig as a replacement of corn and soybean meal without affecting their carcass characteristics and meat quality.     

The effect of sea transport from Ireland to the Lebanon on inflammatory, adrenocortical, metabolic and behavioural responses of bulls

The objective was to investigate the effect of sea transport on the physiological, behavioural and performance responses of bulls. One-hundred and eleven bulls (mean body weight (standard error of the mean) 429 (5.7 kg)) were randomly assigned to one of three treatments; control (C; n = 54) bulls were housed in 6 pens at Teagasc, Grange Research Centre at a stocking density of (1), 1.7 m²/head (C1.7; 3 pens) and (2), 3.4 m²/head (C3.4; 3 pens) and (3), transported (T) bulls (n = 57) were penned at a space allowance of 1.7 m²/head (6 pens) and allocated to one of five decks on the shipping vessel. C and T bulls were subjected to the same live weight (d −2), blood sampling and rectal temperature (d −1) measurements pre-transport and on d 3, d 6, d 9 and d 11 of the study. T bulls had greater (P < 0.05) live weight gain (+4.4%) compared with C1.7 bulls (−2.0%) and C3.4 (+0.13%)). Time spent lying was greater (P < 0.05) among C1.7 and C3.4 bulls (9.9% and 53.3%, respectively) compared with T bulls (45.8%). Rectal body temperature was not different (P > 0.05) among treatment groups throughout the study. At d 11, neutrophil % was greater (P < 0.05) in transported bulls on decks 1, 2, 4 and 5 compared with C1.7 and C3.4 treatments. Plasma cortisol concentrations were not different (P > 0.05) between control and transported bulls. Plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity was lower (P < 0.05) among C3.4 and T bulls on decks 2, 3, 4 and 5 compared with d 3 values. In conclusion, the welfare of bulls transported by sea on the sea journey was not adversely affected. Housing control bulls at a reduced space allowance (1.7 m²) had a negative effect on live weight gain.     

湘岭猪不同世代、不同屠宰体重胴体性状和肌肉品质测定分析

试验旨在探讨不同世代、不同屠宰体重湘岭猪胴体性状和肌肉品质的差异.试验选择体重140 kg左右的湘岭猪Ⅰ世代阉公猪4头(组4),进行屠宰测定和肉质评定.另选择前期屠宰的零世代14头湘岭猪的屠宰测定数据作为对照,按宰前活重分为3组,分别为90 kg组(组1)、100 kg组(组2)、125 kg组(组3).结果表明:1)...     

百香果籽提取物对肉兔生长性能、肉品质及抗氧化指标的影响

文章旨在评估饲料添加不同水平百香果籽提取物对肉兔生长性能、肉品质及抗氧化指标的影响.试验将144只50?d平均体重为(668.38±1.55)g的肉兔随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复12只肉兔.在为期7周的饲养期间,对照组肉兔饲喂基础日粮,T1和T2组肉兔分别饲喂基础日粮+100和200?mg/kg百香果籽提取物....     

Effects of growth rate on carcass and meat quality traits and their association with metabolism-related gene expression in finishing pigs

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different growth rates on carcass characteristics and meat quality and their relationship with myogenesis and lipogenesis in finishing pigs. Pigs were slaughtered at the same age and were assigned to high (HGR) or low (LGR) growth rates with 120 kg or 110 kg final body weights at slaughter. The results indicated that pigs with HGR had heavier (P < 0.05) final body weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, backfat thickness, higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of fat in the muscle and higher (P < 0.05) total RNA concentration in muscle than pigs with LGR. The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of lipoprotein lipase, fatty acid synthase, malic enzyme, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 in fat were higher (P < 0.05) in pigs with HGR. Additionally, the mRNA expression of glycogen synthase in muscle was lower (P < 0.05) in pigs with HGR. These results indicate differences in postmortem myogenesis and lipogenesis traits of pigs with different growth rates; these differences in turn might have affected carcass characteristics and meat quality.     

Feedlot performance of Tanzanian Shorthorn Zebu finished on local feed resources

A study was conducted in Hanang District to assess potential for on-farm feedlot finishing of Tanzanian Shorthorn Zebu (TSHZ) in dry season using locally available feed resources. A total of 65 (2–3 years old, 150–250 kg LWT) steers were randomly distributed into two dietary treatments in three villages. The steers were finished either in feedlots using compounded diets or under free grazing in accordance with farmers’ practice. Following 90 days of feeding, all steers were slaughtered for detailed carcass and meat quality assessment. Growth performance, carcass and meat quality of experimental animals were assessed to determine feedlot performance of TSHZ. Results show that average daily gain of feedlot-finished animals (620 g/day) was nearly three-fold higher (P = 0.042) than that of grazed steers (223 g/day). Feedlot-finished steers produced 28 kg (P = 0.001) heavier carcasses than grazed ones. Carcasses from feedlot-finished steers cooled slowly as they had higher (P = 0.001) temperatures than that of grazed ones at 45 min (33.1 vs. 30.5 °C) and 6 h (21.0 vs. 19.5 °C) post-mortem. Feedlot-finished steers produced beef with higher (P = 0.003) marbling scores (3.4) than grazed ones (2.4). As a result, beef from the feedlot-finished steers was more tender (P = 0.016) than that from grazed ones, and it required 13 N less force to shear. It is concluded that TSHZ responds positively to improved feeding with significant enhancement on carcass gain and meat quality. Use of diets compounded using agro-processing by-products, instead of whole grain, can lower the cost of finishing TSHZ steers significantly.

     

Effects of concentrate levels on fattening performance, carcass and meat quality attributes of Small East African × Norwegian crossbred goats fed low quality grass hay

To assess the effects of finishing Small East African × Norwegian crossbred goats with concentrate diets on the fattening performance, carcass and meat quality, 32 castrated crossbred goats (9.5 months old, 17.1 kg BWT) were equally allocated into four levels of concentrate supplementation. The concentrate levels were: Zero access to concentrate (T0), 33% access to ad libitum concentrate allowance (T33), 66% access to ad libitum concentrate allowance (T66) and 100% access to ad libitum concentrate allowance (T100). Each animal had access to ad libitum grass hay. Ad libitum concentrate intake for the goats was 663 g/d, which supported ME intake of 8.7 MJ/head/d. The attained maximum daily gain was 96 g/d. T100 and T66 goats were comparable in slaughter weight but the former had 2 kg heavier (P < 0.05) carcasses than the latter. T100 and T66 goats were similar in carcass fatness scores, though both were fattier (P < 0.05) than other diet groups. Dressing percentage (DP) was expressed in three different ways. In all but commercial DP, T100 were comparable to T66 goats, but all were higher than the other diet groups. For T0 goats, pH-values remained above 6 even after 24 h post-mortem. Cooking losses increased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of concentrate supplementation. Moreover, among the muscles assessed, M. rectus abdominis had the least cooking loss. Warner–Bratzler shear force values of cooked muscles were highest (P < 0.05) in M. gluteobiceps, followed by M. vastus lateralis, while M. psoas major and longismus dorsi aged for 6 days had the least values. Finishing Small East African × Norwegian crossbred goats at 66% access to their ad libitum concentrate intake gives optimum carcass and meat quality, and that any increase above this level seems not to improve meat production.     

Effects of two dietary crude protein levels on finishing performance,meat quality,and gene expression of market lambs

Seventeen crossbred lambs were assigned randomly to low-protein (LP; 8% crude protein [CP]; n = 9) and high-protein (HP; 13% CP; n = 8) diets for 9 weeks. The final body weight, average daily feed intake (ADFI), and average daily gain (ADG) of the HP lambs were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the LP lambs; however, gain to feed ratio (G:F) for the LP lambs was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the HP lambs. Hot carcass weight (HCW), adjusted fat thickness, and drip loss of longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for the HP than LP lambs. In contrast, instrumental color values L*, a*, b*, C*, and hue angle (H) of meat from the LP lambs scored significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the HP lambs. The LD muscle from HP lambs had significantly greater CLA of cis-9 trans-11 isomer (P < 0.05) than the LP lambs. The gene expression of metabolism and meat quality-related genes of LP was significantly higher than HP (P < 0.05). These results suggest that a higher dietary CP level promotes growth performance for finishing lambs, whereas lower dietary CP level is beneficial for meat quality, especially when evaluating color characteristics in the final product.     

不同体重商品猪胴体性能肉质性状及其相关程度研究

研究测定了92～109 kg体重阶段31头杂交商品猪的胴体品质和肉质特性，以分析商品猪胴体、肌肉品质随体重的变化规律及其相关程度，为确定适宜上市屠宰体重提供依据。结果表明，商品猪在92～95 kg阶段屠宰瘦肉率最高为61.17％，分别比其它3组提高4.83％（P>0.05）、11.83％（P<0.05）和8.84％（P<0.05）；在107～109 kg阶段屠宰肉品质〖JP2〗优良，肌肉pH 6.07，肉色和大理石纹评分较高分别为3.13和 3.33，肌内脂肪含量较高为3.89％，肌肉失水率较低为18.91％。胴体和肉质性状间相关程度有强有弱，相关系数有正有负。相同性状间有较强的正相关，相反性状间有较强的负相关。综合分析试验结果认为，注重产肉量强调胴体瘦肉率时可选择在92～95 kg阶段屠宰；注重肉品质时可选择107～109 kg阶段屠宰；若二者兼顾则选择95~98 kg阶段屠宰较为合适。     

Effect of placenta feeding to sows on plasma biochemical composition and growth of their piglets

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects on the plasma biochemical composition and growth of piglets of placenta‐fed sows. The experimental animals were a total of 21 sows (L × LW) of third parity, and each sow was suckled by 11 ± 1 piglets. Sows fed without placenta were considered as the control (C), treatment 1 (T1) were placenta‐fed from days 1–7 after farrowing and treatment 2 (T2) were placenta‐fed from day 7 before farrowing to day 7 after farrowing. Glucose of piglets was lower (P < 0.05) in T2 than C and T1 on day 10. Total cholesterol of piglets was higher (P < 0.05) in T2 than C on day 4. Fe of piglets was higher (P < 0.05) in T2 than C on days 4, 20 and 30. Unsaturated iron‐binding capacity was lower (P < 0.05) in T2 than C on days 4 and 30. Immunoglobulin G of piglets was higher (P < 0.05) in T1 and T2 than C on days 4 and 10. Daily gain of piglets was higher (P < 0.05) in T1 than C and T2 on day 4 when daily gain was calculated. Total daily gain increased (P < 0.05) by prolongation of placenta feeding period. The results indicate that feeding placenta to sows may improve the plasma biochemical composition and growth of their piglets.     

杜仲叶粉对绿壳蛋鸡蛋品质、血清生化指标、屠宰性能及肉质性状的影响

本试验旨在探究饲粮中添加不同水平杜仲叶（EUL）粉对绿壳蛋鸡蛋品质、血清生化指标、屠宰性能以及肉质性状的影响。选择体重、产蛋率相近，健康状态良好的产蛋初期绿壳蛋鸡80只，随机分为4组，每组20只。各组分别饲喂添加0（CTL组）、2%（EUL1组）、4%（EUL2组）、6%（EUL3组）杜仲叶粉的玉米-豆粕型饲粮。预试期5 d，正试期70 d。饲喂试验结束后对各组鸡的蛋品质、血清生化指标、屠宰性能以及肉质性状进行测定。结果表明，饲粮中添加杜仲叶粉后，血清中甘油三酯（EUL1、EUL2和EUL3组）、葡萄糖（EUL2和EUL3组）和尿素（EUL2和EUL3组）与CTL组相比极显著降低（P<0.01）；各试验组蛋品质、屠宰性能与CTL组相比差异均不显著（P>0.05）；肝脏重（EUL1和EUL2组）和心脏重（EUL1、EUL2和EUL3组）与CTL组相比极显著降低（P<0.01）；腿肌蛋白（EUL1组）和胸肌脂肪（EUL2组）含量与CTL组相比显著提高（P<0.05）；腿肌pH_{24 h}（EUL2组）与CTL组相比显著提高（P<0.05）；腿肌剪切力（EUL2组）与CTL组相比极显著降低（P<0.01）。说明杜仲叶粉可显著降低血清中甘油三酯、葡萄糖、尿素的水平；不影响蛋品质，但能改善绿壳蛋鸡肌肉品质，提高胸肌脂肪、腿肌蛋白质含量和腿肌嫩度，显著降低鸡的肝脏重和心脏重。本试验中，杜仲叶粉在蛋鸡饲粮中的适宜添加水平为4%。