外源氮对NaCl胁迫下库拉索芦荟生理特性的影响

温室盆栽条件下,研究了外施不同浓度硝酸铵对200 mmol/L NaCl 胁迫下库拉索芦荟叶片离子含量、质膜透性、丙二醛含量及脯氨酸和可溶性糖积累的影响。结果表明,外施不同浓度NH4NO3（3.75 ~18.75 mmol/L）能够显著增加200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下植株干重,明显促进芦荟叶片脯氨酸和可溶性糖积累,提高叶片K+、Ca2+含量,抑制叶片对Na+、Cl-的吸收;同时促进K+ 和Ca2+ 向相对幼嫩叶片、Na+ 和Cl-向相对成熟叶片中的积累。外施氮显著降低盐胁迫下叶片细胞质膜透性和丙二醛含量。各项指标变化表明,外施11.25和15 mmol/L NH4NO3对盐胁迫下芦荟生理特性的调控作用较好;外源氮缓解芦荟盐害与氮促进盐胁迫下叶片离子选择吸收、增加有机渗透物质积累及维持植株体内养分平衡有关。     

燕麦幼苗对盐胁迫和碱胁迫的生理响应差异

为探讨‘定莜6号’燕麦对盐胁迫和碱胁迫的生理响应差异,采用砂培法研究了不同浓度(0mmol/L,50mmol/L,100mmol/L,150mmol/L和200mmol/L)NaCl和NaHCO3胁迫对幼苗生长、活性氧代谢和渗透调节物质积累的影响。结果表明:(1)随着NaCl和NaHCO3浓度增大,燕麦植株干重及叶片K+含量和K+/Na+明显下降,叶片Na+含量及O2·产生速率、H2O2和MDA含量显著提高。NaHCO3胁迫的上述指标变幅大于NaCl胁迫。(2)不同浓度NaCl和NaHCO3胁迫均引起燕麦叶片SOD、CAT、POD和APX活性提高或降低;NaHCO3胁迫与NaCl胁迫相比抗氧化酶激活或受抑的程度在不同Na+浓度下表现不同。NaHCO3胁迫的燕麦叶片ASA和GSH含量低于相同Na+浓度下的NaCl胁迫,100 mmol/L Na+浓度下GSH含量则相反。(3)50~150 mmol/L Na+浓度下,NaHCO3胁迫的燕麦叶片具有比NaCl胁迫更高的可溶性糖含量,200mmol/L Na+浓度下可溶性糖含量则相反。NaHCO3胁迫的燕麦叶片游离氨基酸含量明显高于NaCl胁迫,脯氨酸含量则相反。上述结果表明,燕麦的耐碱性低于耐盐性,这可能与碱胁迫引起Na+、K+更严重的失衡及活性氧清除系统变化和渗透调节物质积累存在差异有关。     

外源 GSH 对 NaCl 胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片及根系离子微域分布的影响

【目的】盐胁迫是限制新疆番茄生长的重要障碍因子之一,而外源喷施谷胱甘肽 (GSH) 是解决这一问题的有效措施。探讨外源 GSH 缓解番茄盐胁迫的效应和作用机制,可为该措施的有效应用提供理论依据。 【方法】采用营养液栽培法,选用番茄品种‘中蔬四号’为试材。在营养液中加入 NaCl 100 mg/L,使其产生盐胁迫,以不加 NaCl 作为对照 (CK),试验处理包括不喷施 GSH (NaCl)、喷施 GSH (+ GSH)、喷施 GSH 合成酶抑制剂 (+ BSO) 以及喷施 GSH 和 BSO (+ BSO + GSH)。测定番茄幼苗叶片和根系中与耐盐性相关的 K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+ 和 Cl– 的离子微域分布状态和平衡。 【结果】NaCl 胁迫下番茄叶片和根系所有组织细胞中 Na+ 和 Cl– 相对含量显著提高,K+ 相对含量和 K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+、K+/Cl– 比值降低,说明 NaCl 胁迫使细胞中 Na+ 和 Cl– 有害离子积累及胞内离子稳态严重破坏;外源 BSO 施用进一步加剧了 NaCl 胁迫下番茄叶片和根系细胞的 K+/Na+ 失衡。而外源 GSH 施用抑制了 NaCl 胁迫下番茄叶片和根系对 Na+ 的吸收,降低了 Cl– 的相对含量,提高了 K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+、K+/Cl– 比值。外源 GSH 亦使 NaCl+BSO 胁迫下番茄叶片各组织及根系中皮层、内皮层和中柱的 Na+ 未检出,根系和叶片各组织中 Cl– 相对含量显著降低,K+ 和 Ca2+ 相对含量及 K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+、K+/Cl–、Ca2+/Cl– 比值显著提高。 【结论】外源 GSH 通过抑制盐胁迫下番茄叶片和根系对 Na+ 的吸收,降低 Cl– 吸收,改善细胞中离子的微域分布和维持离子平衡, 从而缓解了盐胁迫对番茄的毒害作用,提高了番茄的耐盐性。     

外源K~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)对3个玉米自交系萌发期和幼苗期耐盐性的影响

为了研究盐胁迫条件下营养元素K+、Ca2+和Mg2+对不同自交系玉米耐盐性影响的差异,探讨玉米耐盐胁迫的生理机制,以玉米耐盐自交系81162和8723及盐敏感自交系P138为材料,在盐胁迫条件下(180mmol/L NaCl),提高溶液中Ca2+和Mg2+的含量,比较营养元素K+、Ca2+和Mg2+浓度的变化对不同基因型玉米萌发期和幼苗期耐盐性的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫条件下提高溶液中Ca2+和Mg2+的含量,可显著降低萌发期和幼苗期植株体内Na+含量和Na+/K+、Na+/Ca2+、Na+/Mg2+比,各项萌发指标、生长和生理生化指标都得到明显改善,明显减轻盐胁迫的危害,增强玉米耐盐胁迫能力,且Ca2+处理的效果优于Mg2+处理;提高溶液中K+含量的效果远远小于Ca2+和Mg2+处理,K+对玉米耐盐性的影响相对不明显,不能显著降低植株体内Na+含量和Na+/K+、Na+/Ca2+、Na+/Mg2+比,这也是K+处理对玉米耐盐性影响相对不明显的内在原因。盐胁迫条件下,耐盐自交系(81162和8723)与盐敏感自交系(P138)相比,植株体内有较低的Na+含量和Na+/K+、Na+/Ca2+、Na+/Mg2+比,有较高的K+含量,这些都是耐盐自交系耐盐胁迫能力高于盐敏感自交系的内在原因。因此,K+、Ca2+和Mg2+在植株体内的含量及其与Na+的比值变化都会影响玉米萌发期和幼苗期耐盐性;适当提高玉米生长环境的Ca2+和Mg2+浓度可以明显增强植株耐盐胁迫能力,营养元素Ca2+的效果比Mg2+明显;而K+对玉米耐盐性的影响相对不明显。     

小盐芥 TsPIP1;1 与 TsTIP1;1 基因增强转基因水稻耐盐性

【目的】为更好地了解植物水通道蛋白盐胁迫下的调节作用,对小盐芥质膜内在蛋白TsPIP1;1及液泡膜内在蛋白TsTIP1;1在转基因水稻中的盐胁迫生理响应机制进行探究,旨在为水通道蛋白在耐盐作物分子改良育种中的应用提供理论支撑。【方法】以野生型 (WT) 与 T3 代转 TsPIP1;1 及 TsTIP1;1 基因水稻为材料,进行了水培试验,并设置了 0、100、200 mmol/L NaCl 处理。处理一周后,分别测定水稻的光合参数、株高、生物量、相对含水量、失水率及钾、钠含量。【结果】在盐胁迫处理下,与野生型相比,转基因水稻的生物量和含水量明显增加,渗透势和失水率显著降低。转 TsPIP1;1 及 TsTIP1;1 基因水稻根部及地上部的 Na+ 含量都显著降低,K+ 在转基因株系中的累积显著高于野生型,降低了体内 Na+/K+ 比,并且能够保持更强的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率及水分利用效率。在 200 mmol/L NaCl 处理下,与野生型相比,TsTIP-5、TsTIP-7 及 TsPIP-19 的株高分别高出 8.2%、11.6%、4.9%;单株干重分别高出 17.9%、23.9%、16.9%;地上部 Na+/K+ 比分别降低 24.3%、24.4%、24.8%;根部 Na+/K+ 比分别降低 29.6%、27.5%、32.4%;渗透势分别显著降低了 18.3%、19.4%、30.3%;相对含水量分别增加了 5.8%、5.5%、5.4%;净光合速率分别增加了50.4%、 78.5%、56.2%。【结论】TsPIP1;1 及 TsTIP1;1 增强了转基因水稻的光合呼吸作用,通过降低植物体内 Na+/K+ 比,参与植物细胞的渗透调节,提高了细胞持水能力,促进转基因水稻的生长发育,增强了水稻的耐盐性。     

旱盐交叉胁迫对燕麦幼苗生长和渗透调节物质的影响

采用盆栽土培试验研究不同干旱条件下盐胁迫对燕麦幼苗生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果表明,0.3%或0.6%的土壤含盐量可提高轻度(土壤相对含水量65%)和中度(土壤相对含水量50%)干旱胁迫下燕麦幼苗的生物量和植株含水量,同时叶片可溶性糖、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量增加,游离氨基酸含量下降,根系和地上部Na+含量增加、K+含量降低;而0.9%的土壤含盐量处理或在重度干旱(土壤相对含水量35%)胁迫下随土壤含盐量的增加,燕麦幼苗生物量和植株含水量降低,叶片可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量下降,脯氨酸和游离氨基酸含量增加,根系和地上部Na+含量进一步提高,K+含量迅速降低。表明适量的土壤含盐量可通过提高渗透调节缓解轻、中度干旱胁迫对燕麦幼苗生长的抑制,而过量的盐分加重干旱胁迫对燕麦幼苗的伤害作用。     

NaCl胁迫下外源腐胺和钙对草莓幼苗离子吸收的影响

在150 mmol/L NaCl 胁迫条件下,以达塞莱克特草莓为试材,利用基质盆栽方法研究了外源腐胺和钙对草莓生长、叶片含水量、脯氨酸含量及Ca2+、Na+ 和 Cl- 吸收的影响。结果表明,在营养液中添加14 mmol/L 硝酸钙和叶面喷施 1×10-5 mol/L 腐胺均可提高盐胁迫草莓植株的地上部和地下部干鲜重,提高叶片含水量、脯氨酸含量,抑制 Na+ 和Cl- 的吸收及运输,提高根系和叶片的 K+/Na+ 值和 Ca2+/ Na+ 值,硝酸钙和腐胺同时处理的效果优于单独处理。缺钙条件下,喷施外源腐胺的 K+/Na+ 值和 Ca2+/ Na+ 值显著或极显著低于腐胺加钙处理,Cl- 含量显著高于腐胺加钙处理。外源腐胺对 Na+ 和 Cl- 吸收的调控作用受到 Ca2+ 的调节。     

NaCl胁迫下中国南瓜杂交种和黑籽南瓜植株离子吸收与积累特性研究

营养液栽培条件下,在成株期以 80 mmol/L NaCl 胁迫中国南瓜 360-3×112-2 F1和黑籽南瓜植株,10d 后,测定了植株的生长量和不同器官中Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+的含量。结果表明,NaCl 胁迫下两种材料的生长受到明显抑制,360-3×112-2杂交种的生长抑制比黑籽南瓜植株较轻。NaCl 胁迫后两种南瓜植株体内Na+含量升高,360-3×112-2杂交种的Na+主要累积在根部,黑籽南瓜主要积累在茎中;K+、Ca2+、Mg2+的含量在植株体内呈下降的趋势,但360-3×112-2杂交种的上位叶中的含量却上升。NaCl胁迫下,因Na+的积累抑制了K+的吸收,植株各器官的K+/Na+普遍降低,但黑籽南瓜比360-3×112-2杂交种的K+/Na+下降明显。这些结果说明,两种南瓜受到盐胁迫后Na+的主要积累器官不同,致使地上部各器官有不同的K+、Ca2+、Mg2+吸收和积累特性,K+/Na+降低幅度也不同,从而影响了植株的生长,产生了耐盐性的差异。360-3×112-2杂交种耐盐性比黑籽南瓜强,可望作为耐盐砧木在瓜类生产上使用。     

燕麦幼苗对氯化钠和氯化钾胁迫的生理响应差异

为探讨燕麦对NaCl和KCl胁迫的生理响应差异,采用水培法,研究了不同浓度NaCl和KCl胁迫对幼苗生长,活性氧代谢和渗透调节的影响。结果表明:(1)在75和150mmol/L浓度下,NaCl胁迫对燕麦幼苗的膜脂过氧化伤害和生长抑制大于KCl胁迫。NaCl胁迫下叶片中的超氧化物岐化酶(SOD),过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量低于KCl胁迫;当浓度增大到225mmol/L时,KCl胁迫叶片中O-2.,H2O2,丙二醛(MDA),可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量显著大于NaCl胁迫,而SOD,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性及谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量则相反。(2)225mmol/L KCl和NaCl处理的植株叶片水势分别为-0.867和-1.034 MPa,渗透势分别为-1.409和-1.252 MPa,说明KCl对燕麦的更强伤害不是渗透胁迫所致;经225mmol/L KCl胁迫后,燕麦叶片中Na+含量下降至对照的36.5%,而K+含量上升为对照的1.49倍,而补充20mmol/L NaCl显著提高了225mmol/L KCl胁迫下叶片Na+的含量及SOD,APX活性,降低了K+,H2O2,O-2.和MDA含量,说明离子毒害引起的活性氧积累可能是高浓度KCl胁迫对燕麦幼苗伤害大于NaCl胁迫的重要原因。     

拟南芥nos1突变体对盐胁迫阳离子和阴离子的响应

植物对阴离子和阴离子的吸引是植物括盐性调控的重要内容。为了阐明拟南芥对中性盐中阳离子和阴离子抗性机制,本试验以拟南芥nos1(nitric oxide synthase1)突变体为材料,用Na2SO4、Na Cl、K2SO4、KCl作为盐胁迫因子,研究了突变体的根弯曲百分率、根长、株高、鲜重、存活率以及渗透调节物质脯氨酸和丙二醛含量的变化。拟南芥nos1突变体在4种不同盐胁迫下,呈现出不同的抗性,Na2SO4和Na Cl中突变体的根长显著高于K2SO4和KCl处理的材料,KCl中突变体的株高和鲜重显著高于Na2SO4和Na Cl中。随着盐浓度升高,突变体存活率显著低于对照,KCl中突变体的存活率显著高于Na2SO4和Na Cl中。另外突变体在Na2SO4和Na Cl中脯氨酸含量和丙二醛含量显著高于K2SO4和KCl处理的样品。这些结果表明突变体对盐胁迫下的阳离子和阴离子抗性机制存在显著差异,阳离子相同时,突变体对SO42-盐胁迫更敏感,阴离子相同时,突变体对Na+盐胁迫更敏感。本试验为提高作物抗盐性和生物技术改良提供理论依据。     

Proline accumulation as a response to salt stress in 30 wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) cultivars differing in salt tolerance

The effects of NaCl salt (EC = 16 dS m⁻¹) on water potential, and accumulation of proline, Na⁺ and K⁺ in leaves on the main stem of 30 wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) at awn appearance and 20 days after anthesis (20 DAA) were evaluated in a greenhouse experiment. Plants were arranged in a according to a randomized complete block design with factorial treatments in three replications. Proline accumulation at 20 DAA increased with increasing salt stress. This increase was 27.4-fold with the salt-sensitive cultivar “Ghods,” while the mean was 5.2-fold for 19 salt-resistant cultivars. Positive correlations between proline, and K⁺ + Na⁺ concentrations associated with higher sensitivity to salt stress indicated that proline may not have a protecting role against salt stress. No correlation was observed between leaf proline and water potential. Almost no contribution to the osmotic adjustment seems to be made by proline. The contribution made by proline to the osmotic adjustment of plants at 20 DAA was 0.69 bar, whereas that made by K⁺ and Na⁺ was 2.11 and 4.48 bar, respectively. The 30 wheat CV_s used in this experiment showed different performances regarding the traits observed. Eleven of them showing the higher stress sensitivity indices had the highest level of proline and Na⁺ concentrations. They were considered to be salt-sensitive cultivars. Among the others, nine cultivars showed salt tolerance with almost the same Na⁺ and proline concentrations, but a higher K⁺/Na⁺ selectivity of ions from leaf to grains. In 10 of the cultivars, Na⁺ and proline concentrations were low, indicating the presence of a salt avoiding mechanism.     

Effects of Soil Alkalization on Osmotic Adjustment and Ion Balance in Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor L.)

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) was grown on an alkalinized plot for 90 days. Inorganic ions and compatible solutes were measured to investigate the physiological adaptations by which sorghum tolerates natural alkaline stress. Plant growth was clearly inhibited. The stress led to increased Na⁺ content in roots but had only a small effect on Na⁺ accumulation in leaves; K⁺ content in roots was lower than that in leaves and stems; and Na⁺ content and Na⁺/K⁺ ratio were much higher in roots than in leaves and stems. These suggest that maintaining a substantially higher osmotic potential in roots for greater uptake of water and restricting the spread of Na⁺ to shoots are physiological adaptations to alkalinity. Soluble sugar was the main osmolyte in roots, stems, and leaves; proline, amino acids, and oxalates contributed to osmotic regulation slightly, and it was noteworthy that K⁺ played a major role in osmotic regulation in leaves.     

Under drought conditions NaCl improves the nutritional status of the xerophyte Zygophyllum xanthoxylum but not of the glycophyte Arabidopsis thaliana

Zygophyllum xanthoxylum is a salt‐accumulating xerophytic species with excellent adaptability to adverse environments. Previous studies demonstrated that Z. xanthoxylum absorbs a great quantity of Na⁺ as an osmoregulatory substance under arid conditions. To investigate the nutritional status of Z. xanthoxylum in comparison with a typical glycophyte, Arabidopsis thaliana, seedlings were exposed to NaCl (50 mM for Z. xanthoxylum and 5 mM for A. thaliana), osmotic stress (–0.5 MPa), and osmotic stress combined with the NaCl treatment. Compared to the control, NaCl treatment or osmotic stress significantly increased Na⁺ concentration in leaves and roots of Z. xanthoxylum, but not of A. thaliana. Under osmotic stress, the addition of NaCl significantly increased Na⁺ concentration in leaves and roots of Z. xanthoxylum, resulting in improved biomass and tissue water content. However, such changes were not observed in A. thaliana. Compared to the control, K⁺ concentrations in leaves and roots remained unchanged in Z. xanthoxylum when exposed to osmotic stress, with or without additional 50 mM NaCl. In contrast, significant reductions in shoot K⁺ concentrations of A. thaliana were observed under osmotic stress alone or when combined with 5 mM NaCl. Moreover, NaCl alone or when combined with osmotic stress enhanced the accumulation of N, P, Fe, Si, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ in Z. xanthoxylum, but did not cause such nutritional changes in A. thaliana. Compared to the glycophyte A. thaliana, Z. xanthoxylum could accumulate Na⁺ and maintain the stability of nutritional status at a relatively constant level to cope with drought stress.     

INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF SALINITY AND PHOSPHORUS NUTRITION ON PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF TWO BARLEY SPECIES

Salinity is one of the most important agricultural problems in Iran. The effect of different levels of salinity and phosphorus on shoot length, root and shoot fresh and dry weight, nutrient elements (sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), phosphorus (P) and chloride (Cl^?), proline and soluble sugar contents of barley were investigated. Two cultivars of barley, Hordeum murinum (wild resistant germplasm) and Hordeum vulgar, variety Afzal were treated in vegetative stage under hydroponics condition in a factorial arrangement based on completely randomized block (CRB) design with four levels of salinity [0, 100, 200 and 300 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)] and three levels of phosphorus (15, 30 and 55 μm L^?1) with three replications. By increasing salinity, all the measured parameters, except sodium (Na⁺) content were reduced. Furthermore, with increased in phosphorus levels from 15 to 55 μm, Na⁺ content of the plant shoots decreased, but length, fresh and dry weights of roots and shoots and K⁺, P, Cl^?, proline, and soluble sugars content of the shoots increased. The results indicated that accumulation of mineral ions for osmotic adjustment and restriction of Na⁺ accumulation in shoots were involved in phosphorus enhancement of the salt tolerance of barley. Thus, it seems that in saline soils, where there is no possibility for soil leaching and amending, application of phosphorus fertilizers can lead to a satisfactory growth and production in barely yield.     

转碱蓬SsNHX1基因烟草的耐盐抗旱性研究

烟草是重要的模式植物和经济作物,盐害和干旱两种环境因子对其生长发育、产量和品质都危害很大。为了提高烟草的耐盐抗旱性,本研究利用农杆菌介导的遗传转化法在烟草中过量表达了碱蓬液泡膜Na~+/H~+逆向转运基因SsNHX1,对转基因烟草的耐盐及抗旱性进行表型鉴定和各项生化指标的检测,以期得到耐盐抗旱表性良好的SsNHX1转基因烟草。表型分析发现,SsNHX1基因过表达株系L1和L5的抗盐能力比野生型显著提高,表现为盐胁迫条件下仍能保持旺盛的生长且根系的伸长未受抑制。SsNHX1过表达株系在叶片和根系中积累了更多的Na~+和K~+,同时Na~+含量增长速率较快,而K~+含量降低速率较缓,并可维持较高的叶片相对含水量和叶绿素含量,及较低的丙二醛含量和相对电导率。干旱胁迫发现,过表达株系受干旱胁迫程度更小,并在复水后迅速恢复正常生长。同时,过表达株系的丙二醛含量和相对电导率显著低于野生型,且维持了较高的叶片相对含水量及叶绿素含量。这些结果说明SsNHX1基因在烟草中过量表达后,降低了盐胁迫和干旱胁迫对烟草根系及细胞膜的损伤,并通过调节离子含量、降低细胞的渗透势,维持了叶片较高的相对含水量和叶绿素含量,最终提高了烟草的抗盐和抗旱性。     

逐渐干旱胁迫下两种生物土壤结皮藓类的渗透调节作用响应

Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) widely occur in semiarid and arid regions throughout the world and play important roles in many desert ecosystems: protecting soil from wind erosion and detaining nutrient-rich dust and organic carbon. An experiment was conducted in the Shapotou revegetated area of the Tengger Desert, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China to investigate the physiological responses of the dominant biocrust mosses, Bryum argenteum and Didymodon vinealis, to desiccant stress using different osmotic adjustments. B. argenteum and D. vinealis accumulated K⁺, total soluble sugar, sucrose, trehalose, proline, and glycine betaine during desiccation. The proline content of B. argenteum was about two times higher than that of D. vinealis. The K⁺ and glycine betaine contents in B. argenteum were slightly higher than those in D. vinealis. In contrast, the total soluble sugar, sucrose, and trehalose contents in D. vinealis were about 3 to 5 times higher than those in B. argenteum. With gradual desiccation stress, the Na⁺ content of B. argenteum was low and did not significantly change. On the contrary, the Na⁺ content of D. vinealis sharply increased and reached a very high level of about 10 to 18 times higher than that of B. argenteum, indicating that B. argenteum and D. vinealis gradually adapted to desiccation stress by osmotic substances accumulation to different degrees.     

COMPARISON OF OSMOTIC REGULATION IN DEHYDRATION- AND SALINITY-STRESSED SUNFLOWER SEEDLINGS

Plant dry matter accumulation rate (DMAR), relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage percentage (ELP), chlorophyll content, osmotic adjustment ability (OAA), and osmotica accumulation in leaves of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seedlings under different levels of dehydration and salinity stress induced by iso-osmotic PEG (polyethylene glycol) or sodium chloride (NaCl) were evaluated. Plants were subjected to four stress treatments for 10 days: ?0.44 MPa PEG6000, ?0.44 MPa NaCl, ?0.88 MPa PEG6000, ?0.88 MPa NaCl. Results showed that PEG and NaCl treatments decreased the plant's DMAR and RWC, and NaCl treatments had more severe inhibitory effect on the plants than PEG treatments. Leaf ELP in sunflower seedlings increased after NaCl and PEG treatments. However, leaf ELP under salt stress was higher than that under dehydration stress (PEG treatment). All stress treatments increased OAA in plant leaves. Leaf OAA was enhanced significantly as PEG concentration increases, while leaf OAA was less enhanced at higher concentration of NaCl. OAA of sunflower leaves under dehydration stress was due to an increase in potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), amino acid, organic acid, magnesium (Mg²⁺), and proline content. OAA of sunflower leaves under moderate salt stress was owing to an increase in K⁺, chlorine (Cl^?), amino acid, organic acid, sodium (Na⁺), and proline content, and was mainly due to an accumulation of K⁺, Cl^?, Na⁺, and proline under severe salt stress.     

Differences in Physiological Traits Among Salt‐Stressed Barley Genotypes

Abstract

The effect of salinity on some physiological parameters in 16 barley genotypes with different salt tolerance was investigated. The results showed 50 mM NaCl treatment increased Na⁺/K⁺ ratio, malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline contents, and decreased cell membrane stability index (CMSI) and fresh shoot biomass (FSB) of all tested genotypes. Salt stress also resulted in a decreased chlorophyll (Chl) content and net photosynthesis (Pn) for most genotypes. Under higher salt stress (300 mM NaCl), the marked increase for Na⁺/K⁺, MDA, and proline content, and decrease for other parameters were found for all genotypes. The affected extent of these parameters by salt stress varied with genotypes. Proline accumulation in barley was associated with injured extent under salt stress, indicating it is not a defensive reaction to the stress. K⁺ uptake was less affected, whereas Na⁺ accumulation in plants was enhanced under high salt stress. The correlation analysis showed that MDA and proline content, Na⁺ concentration and Na⁺/K⁺ were negatively correlated with FSB, whereas other parameters examined in the study were positively correlated with FSB.     

EFFECTS OF SALINITY STRESS ON PHYSIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF VARIOUS WHEAT AND BARLEY CULTIVARS

An experiment with factorial arrangement of treatments on a randomized complete block (RCB) design basis with three replications was conducted in a greenhouse during Spring 2010 to investigate changes in sodium ion (Na⁺), potassium ion (K⁺), Na⁺/K⁺ and to determine proline, protein content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of four wheat and four barley cultivars. Three salt levels {1, control (no salt), 7, and 13 dS m^?1 [2.5 and 5 g salt [sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) in 1:1 ratio] per kg of soil, respectively]} were used in this investigation. Salt stress treatments were applied 4 weeks after planting (at 2 leaf stage). Leaf samples were taken four weeks after imposition of salt treatment. The results showed that salinity caused an increased in proline and protein content, and SOD in all wheat and barley cultivars. The highest proline and protein content of barley and wheat cultivars at all salinity levels were observed in ‘Nimrooz’ and ‘Bam’ cultivars, respectively. At all salinity levels, wheat and barley cultivars ‘Kavir’ and ‘Nimrooz’, respectively, had the lowest Na⁺ content. Barley cultivar ‘Kavir’ and wheat cultivar ‘Bam’ had higher K⁺ and K⁺:Na⁺ ratios. This might be related to salt tolerance in these two cultivars. Wheat and barley cultivars showed differences with regard to proline, protein, and SOD content, Na⁺, K⁺, and K⁺:Na⁺ ratio, indicating existence of genetic diversity among the cultivars. These findings indicated that higher K⁺, K⁺:Na⁺ ratio, proline, protein, and SOD content could be the key factors, which offer advantage to barley over wheat for superior performance under saline conditions.