根际促生菌Bacillus subtilisY-IVI在香草兰上的应用效果研究

【目的】香草兰为多年生热带经济作物,随着种植年限的增加,植株长势弱,土壤有益微生物减少,土壤微生物区系失衡,严重制约了香草兰产业的可持续发展。枯草芽孢杆菌作为一种根际促生菌,被广泛应用于促进作物生长,改善土壤微生物环境。本文将枯草芽孢杆菌Y-IVI接种在有机肥上,生产了生物有机肥,并就该生物有机肥对香草兰生长的影响进行了研究。【方法】采用温室盆栽试验,调查施用根际促生菌枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)Y-IVI及其经固体发酵制得的微生物有机肥料(Y-IVI:3×108cfu/g)后,香草兰植株地上部及根系的生长状况,采用选择性培养基方法研究了Y-IVI在香草兰根际土壤中的定殖能力及对香草兰根茎腐病致病菌-尖孢镰刀菌数量的影响。【结果】施用Y-IVI及BIO 4个月后,香草兰根际土壤Y-IVI数量仍可达到106cfu/g土,二者无显著差异,在处理OF和对照中未检测到菌株Y-IVI。施用生物有机肥香草兰地上部干重和根系干重均显著高于对照,分别增加了63.1%和59.4%,与不接种Y-IVI的有机肥处理(OF)相比,地上部干重显著提高了43.2%,根系干重提高了18%,差异不显著;施用Y-IVI菌液的处理植株地上部干重和根系干重均高于对照,但无显著性差异;处理BIO根系直径、根系表面积和总体积与对照相比分别增加了41.9%、88.9%和80.4%,均显著高于对照,总根长与对照差异不显著;处理BIO根系表面积和总体积与有机肥处理OF相比分别显著增加了41.9%和30.8%,根系直径与OF相比增加了10.1%,差异不显著;处理Y-IVI根系直径与对照相比显著增加了25.5%,但根系表面积和总体积与对照差异不显著;与对照相比,施用BIO及Y-IVI的处理根际土壤尖孢镰刀菌数量分别明显降低了52.2%和41.8%,施用有机肥OF的处理降低了10%,差异不显著。【结论】Y-IVI可稳定定殖于香草兰根际土壤对其生长起有益作用,含促生菌Y-IVI的生物有机肥料比单独使用促生菌菌液可以更有效地减少根际土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量,降低连作生物障碍。施用生物有机肥料比施用化肥和有机肥更有效地促进香草兰地上部及根系生长,因此,施用由根际促生菌枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)Y-IVI制得的生物有机肥是解决香草兰连作生物障碍和提高收益的有效手段。     

不同基质生物有机肥防控番茄土传青枯病及促生效果研究

本文旨在研究功能菌株解淀粉芽孢杆菌配合不同原料的有机肥，制备不同生物有机肥对番茄防控土传青枯病以及促生的效果研究，并考察不同生物有机肥对土壤养分及根际细菌群落的影响，获得能够有效防控番茄青枯病的生物有机肥。本研究以解淀粉芽孢杆菌T-5为功能菌株，分别配合秸秆有机肥及鸡粪有机肥，经二次发酵分别制得秸秆生物有机肥（BIO1）和鸡粪生物有机肥（BIO2）。于江苏省南京市一处青枯病多发的番茄大棚进行试验。考察不同施肥处理下番茄的发病情况、生长情况以及土壤理化性质，并利用高通量测序探究根际细菌群落的变化。两种生物有机肥均能显著降低番茄土传青枯病的发病率，且BIO1处理的防控效果最佳，使发病率降低了94.45%。两种生物有机肥均能显著促进番茄生长，增加了番茄地上部的生物量并提高了产量，但对于番茄果实品质并无显著提升。此外，施用BIO1可显著增加土壤有机质含量，BIO2则显著提高了土壤pH。土壤有机质与番茄的发病率呈负相关，与番茄地上部生物量和产量呈显著正相关关系。基于高通量测序结果，发现生物有机肥可显著提高根际细菌多样性，同时改变了细菌群落结构。防控效果最好的BIO1处理中，变形菌门相对丰度最高，放线菌门相对丰度最低，土壤硝态氮和pH与这两个门水平的细菌类群具有显著相关性。以解淀粉芽孢杆菌为功能菌株、秸秆为原料制备的秸秆生物有机肥可有效防控番茄土传青枯病，效果优于鸡粪生物有机肥。该生物有机肥还可显著促进番茄生长及产量提升，并通过调控根际细菌群落中变形菌门和放线菌门的相对丰度，提高土壤抑病能力，减少土传青枯病的发生。     

拮抗菌强化的生物有机肥对西瓜枯萎病的防治作用

由西瓜专化型尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum)引起的西瓜枯萎病是导致西瓜生产毁灭性损失的土传病害,当前对该病尚无有效的防治措施.为了探索该病的生物防治效果,本研究从土壤中分离筛选西瓜枯萎病的拮抗菌,制成生物有机肥,通过温室盆栽试验检验防病效果,并对与拮抗相关的拮抗菌葡聚糖酶进行分子生物学检测.从不同土壤中分离纯化到对西瓜枯萎病菌有潜在拮抗作用的细菌172株,通过平板对峙法筛选出抑菌率在60％以上的拮抗细菌13株,从中挑选出2株抑菌率最高的菌株Cy5和CR38,分别用其与已腐熟的有机肥制成生物有机肥BIO5和BIO38.盆栽试验结果表明,BIO5在防病和促进西瓜生长方面表现优于BIO38.与对照相比,BIO5和BIO38对西瓜枯萎病的相对防治率分别为75％和25％.BIO5处理植株的株高、地上部鲜重、地上部干重分别比对照增加64.8％、63.0％和50％.施用生物有机肥还能显著改变根际土壤的微生物组成.BIO5处理根际土壤的细菌和枯草芽孢杆菌数量分别比对照增加48.5％和61.1％,真菌和尖孢镰刀菌的数量比对照分别下降52.1％和70.2％.分子生物学分析表明,菌株Cy5属于Paenibacillus jamilae菌株,并含有类似于P.polymyxa的β-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶.本研究结果说明,拮抗菌强化的生物有机肥对西瓜枯萎病有防治潜力.     

病死动物源氨基酸研制的生物有机肥促生效果研究

废弃动物尸体酸解为氨基酸能够有效解决农业生产中动物尸体带来的环境污染问题,本研究利用此类病死动物资源水解的的氨基酸研制生物有机肥,以期在研制出低成本高品质生物有机肥的同时推进新型氨基酸的利用。本文首先比较了根际功能菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9在添加不同浓度酸解氨基酸液有机肥中的固体发酵效果及不同浓度酸解氨基酸水解液发酵的生物有机肥盆栽促生效果,进而确立了生物有机肥的氨基酸添加浓度。再进一步通过黄瓜、辣椒和玉米盆栽试验,评估了所研制新型生物有机肥的促生效果。研究结果表明:酸解氨基酸水解液添加量为20%时,所研制生物有机肥中功能菌数量最高,达到2.25×10~8CFU/g,是未添加氨基酸对照的3倍。黄瓜盆栽促生试验表明,氨基酸添加量为20%所发酵的生物有机肥促生效果优于其他处理和对照,株高、茎粗、叶绿素、鲜重和干重值均为最高,根围土壤中功能菌的数量达2.51×10~5CFU/g。不同作物盆栽试验结果表明,添加氨基酸研制的含菌株SQR9生物有机肥处理的促生效果优于添加化肥研制的含菌株SQR9生物有机肥、有机肥直接接种菌株SQR9研制的生物有机肥、普通有机肥和添加氨基酸的普通有机肥处理,同时施用含SQR9菌株的肥料促生效果优于施用不含功能菌的相同配方制造的有机肥处理,表明,利用菌株SQR9研制的生物有机肥具有良好的促生效果,相比于化肥,添加氨基酸固体发酵功能菌后更加有益于功能菌促生功能的发挥。在各种作物根围土壤中的微生物涂布试验中,添加氨基酸研制的含菌株SQR9生物有机肥处理的功能微生物数量显著高于其他处理。综上,添加20%的氨基酸水解液能够有效促进功能微生物在有机肥中的繁殖,固体发酵形成的生物有机肥具有优异的促生效果。     

生物有机肥对香蕉植株生长和香蕉枯萎病防治的研究

通过盆栽试验,研究了生物有机肥(BIO)对香蕉植株生长和香蕉枯萎病防治效果的影响。结果表明,1)香蕉植株移栽45 d后,施用BIO的处理香蕉植株地上部鲜重、干重、株高和假茎围分别比对照增加了31.9%~93.8%、5.9%~43.1%、43.9%~62.9%和12.3%~18.5%。2)香蕉苗移栽25 d时,施用BIO的香蕉植株根尖几丁质酶活性提高了2.64~12.88个酶活单位,显著高于对照;营养钵育苗施用BIO的处理,香蕉植株根尖β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性显著地高于营养钵育苗未施BIO的处理,是其酶活的5.22~7.22倍。施用BIO的处理香蕉植株根尖和茎基部中胼胝质含量分别只有对照的59.7%~77.9%和47.6%~68.9%,显著低于对照处理。3)营养钵育苗施用BIO的处理,根际的细菌数量和放线菌数量分别比对照增加了1.56~1.76倍和1.11~1.55倍,而根际真菌数量却减少了19.2%~52.2%,根际尖孢镰刀菌的数量也大大减少。4)营养钵育苗施用BIO的处理,到香蕉植株移栽45 d时,香蕉植株枯萎病的病情指数未超过2.4,比对照降低47.8%~56.5%。上述结果表明,采用营养钵育苗和移栽时都施用BIO的方法种植香蕉,能显著地促进香蕉植株生长,有效地降低香蕉枯萎病的发病指数。     

含山梨醇的新型生物有机肥促生效应与机理研究

向含解淀粉芽孢杆菌SQR9的生物有机肥中添加山梨醇研制了新型生物有机肥,并通过黄瓜盆栽和拟南芥培养试验研究了该新型生物有机肥的促生效应与机理。结果表明,含解淀粉芽孢杆菌SQR9的生物有机肥对黄瓜具有显著促生效果,添加山梨醇有利于促进解淀粉芽孢杆菌SQR9在土壤中定殖,能进一步提高生物有机肥的促生效应。施用该新型生物有机肥能显著提高土壤中速效养分的含量以及黄瓜对养分的吸收。山梨醇能有效促进菌株SQR9分泌生长素（吲哚乙酸,IAA）,进而促进野生型拟南芥根系的生长,而在使用IAA不敏感突变体时促生效果消失,说明山梨醇促进有益菌SQR9分泌IAA是该新型生物有机肥显著促进作物生长的机理之一。本研究提出了新型生物有机肥研发的新思路,为植物促生菌新应用模式的开发提供了理论依据。     

有机肥对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果及防病机理研究

通过盆栽试验与培养皿培养试验研究了有机肥对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果,并对其防病机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明,有机肥可有效抑制黄瓜枯萎病的发生,其防病效果受肥料用量、施肥方式、肥料灭菌状况等因素的综合影响。有机肥用量越大,防治效果越好,在出苗50 d后,用量为5%的牛粪与生物有机肥处理较用量为1%的处理发病率降低约34.01%~36.80%;基施较叶面喷施发病率降低66.82%~78.92%,基施和喷施较对照发病率分别降低76.65%~81.17%和17.11%~25.43%;有机肥灭菌后会降低其对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果,用量为1%和5%的灭菌牛粪处理的黄瓜发病率较未灭菌处理升高18.27%和82.82%;先对土壤进行化学灭菌后再施用有机肥,黄瓜枯萎病的发病率较土壤未化学灭菌处理的发病率降低50%。有机肥对黄瓜枯萎病的防治机理主要在于有机肥可以丰富土壤微生物,并直接抑制黄瓜枯萎病病原菌尖孢镰刀菌的生长,同时有机肥中的微生物及化学物质还能够刺激植物使其增强抗病性。     

一株抗药用白菊枯萎病生防菌的分离与生防效应研究

从生长健康的药菊根际土壤分离筛选获得一株对其连作土传枯萎病致病菌（尖孢镰刀菌菊专化型）具有较强拮抗作用的细菌a4,并通过盆钵和田间小区试验研究其生防效果。结果表明,拮抗菌a4对药菊枯萎病病原菌的抑制率达71%。盆栽试验,施用a4二次发酵的生物有机肥（CK+BOF1）,未发生药菊枯萎病,而对照植株则完全发病;对照植株根际土壤尖孢镰刀菌的数量为CK+BOF1处理的6.5倍。田间小区试验,苗床育苗和移栽时都施用BOF并加灌a4发酵液的处理（n+F+a4）,根际土和非根际土中病原菌的数量分别为2.0103和2.8103 cfu/g,而对照则分别为1.4104和1.2104 cfu/g。n+F+a4处理生长120 d的药菊生物量（干重）为对照的4.47倍,生防效果达93.2%。采用苗床育苗和移栽时都施用高效拮抗菌的方法,能有效防止枯萎病发生,促进药菊植株生长,提高产量。     

移栽定殖根际有益菌番茄苗的田间效应研究

为评估移栽定殖根际有益菌(PGPR)番茄苗对果实产量和青枯病防控效果的影响,通过连续3季田间试验,研究了基于生物有机肥的施用,移栽生物育苗基质(在普通育苗基质中添加分离自根际的解淀粉芽孢杆菌)所育种苗(BIONS),相比于移栽普通育苗基质所育种苗(BIO),对设施番茄产量、发病率、收获期植株土体与根际微生物数量和土壤基本理化性质的影响。连续3季田间试验结果表明:相比于BIO处理,BIONS处理第一、二、三季的增产幅度分别达38.86%、47.87%、34.60%,产量差异均达到显著性水平;BIONS处理的发病率每季均极显著低于BIO处理;BIONS处理增加了根际细菌数量,降低了根际真菌数量;土壤基本理化性质方面,BIONS处理的硝态氮含量和铵态氮含量每季均高于BIO处理,且硝态氮含量与产量呈显著正相关,硝态氮含量和铵态氮含量与发病率呈显著负相关。因此,以生物有机肥为底肥,移栽生物育苗基质所育种苗,能够有效防控番茄青枯病的发生,进而提高产量。     

连续施用生物有机肥对烟草青枯病的防治效果

分离获得一株对烟草青枯病病原菌茄科劳尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum,简称RS)具有较强拮抗能力的拮抗菌(SQR11)并制成生物有机肥,研究了连续施用该生物有机肥对烟草青枯病的防治效果。结合生理生化和16SrDNA技术鉴定,菌株SQR11被鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌。施用该生物有机肥后第一季烟草青枯病的生物防治率达到47%以上,第二季为69%以上,第三季达到89%以上。第三批盆栽实验表明,当根际土中病原菌数量达到2×105cfu/g干土时,植株出现发病症状,随着病原菌数量的增加,发病症状加重。当根际土中拮抗菌活菌数量达到2×107cfu/g干土时,病原菌繁殖得到有效抑制,可有效阻止植株染病;若低于107cfu/g干土,则不能有效抑制病原菌增殖,植株表现发病症状。植株各组织内拮抗菌数量检测发现,未发病植株茎部拮抗细菌数量为4×104cfu/g(组织鲜重,下同)左右,而同处理中发病症状的植株茎部拮抗细菌数量仅为6×103cfu/g;相对应的病原菌数量分别为1.5×102cfu/g(健康植株)和3×103cfu/g(发病植株)。SQR11菌株制成的生物有机肥还具有较好的促生作用。总之,利用拮抗菌SQR11菌株制成的生物有机肥对烟草青枯病具有显著的生物防治作用,在根部进行大量定殖后可有效防止病原菌的侵入,能够获得显著的生防效果。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus subtilis</Emphasis> SQR 9 can control <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium</Emphasis> wilt in cucumber by colonizing plant roots

Fusarium wilt is one of the major constraints on cucumber production worldwide. Several strategies have been used to control the causative pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum J. H. Owen, including soil solarization, fungicide seed treatment and biological control. In this study, F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum was successfully controlled by a newly isolated strain, Bacillus subtilis SQR 9, in vitro and in vivo. Greenhouse experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of inoculation and solid fermentation of organic fertilizer with B. subtilis SQR 9, hereby defined as bio-organic fertilizer (BIO), on the control of Fusarium wilt. In comparison with the control, the wilt incidence was significantly reduced (49–61% reduction) by application of BIO. The rhizosphere population of F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, as detected both by selective plating and realtime PCR, was significantly lower in BIO-treated plants than the control. The localization of bacterial cells, pattern of colonization and survival of B. subtilis SQR 9 in the rhizsosphere of cucumber, was examined by fluorescent microscopy and explored following recovery of the green fluorescent protein (gfp)-labeled SQR 9 with the new gfp-marked shuttle vector pHAPII through selective plating. The preferential sites of the labeled strain were the differentiation and elongation zone, root hair and the lateral root junctions. The population of the strain was 10⁶ cfu/g root in rhizoplane. These results indicate that the strain was able to survive well in the rhizosphere of cucumber, suppressed growth of F. oxysporum in the rhizosphere of cucumber and protected the host from the pathogen.     

施用生物有机肥抑制香蕉镰刀菌萎蔫病的研究

Fusarium wilt is one of the most serious diseases of banana plants caused by soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense(FOC). In this study a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different bio-organic fertilizers(BIOs) on Fusarium wilt of banana, including the investigations of disease incidence, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities of banana plants, and FOC populations as well as soil rhizosphere microbial community. Five fertilization treatments were considered, including chemical fertilizer containing the same N, P and K concentrations as the BIO(control), and matured compost mixed with antagonists Paenibacillus polymyxa SQR-21 and Trichoderma harzianum T37(BIO1), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens N6(BIO2), Bacillus subtilis N11(BIO3), and the combination of N6 and N11(BIO4). The results indicated that the application of BIOs significantly decreased the incidence rate of Fusarium wilt by up to 80% compared with the control. BIOs also significantly promoted plant growth, and increased chitinase andβ-1,3-glucanase activities by 55%–65% and 17.3%–120.1%, respectively, in the banana roots. The population of FOC in the rhizosphere soil was decreased significantly to about 104 colony forming units g-1with treatment of BIOs. Serial dilution plating and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that the application of BIOs increased the densities of bacteria and actinomycetes but decreased the number of fungi in the rhizosphere soil. In general, the application of BIOs revealed a great potential for the control of Fusarium wilt disease of banana plants.     

Trichoderma harzianum T-E5 significantly affects cucumber root exudates and fungal community in the cucumber rhizosphere

The Fusarium wilt in cucumbers, caused by the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, is a serious and destructive disease worldwide. An effort was made to explore the role of Trichoderma harzianum T-E5 in reducing the incidence of Fusarium wilt. Three treatments (Control, T1, and T2) were established in the greenhouse experiment. The effects of T-E5 on the composition of root exudates and fungal community in the cucumber rhizosphere were measured. Compared with the control, the application of a bio-organic fertilizer (BIO) enriched with T-E5 was found to decrease the incidence of Fusarium wilt notably and promote the growth of cucumber plants. Based on real-time PCR, the population of F. oxysporum in the control without T-E5 increased from 10³ to 10⁴ ITS copies g⁻¹ soil, whereas the population decreased from 10³ to 10² ITS copies g⁻¹ soil in the T1 and T2 treatment groups when T-E5 was included. Significant difference in fungal community was also found among the treatment groups. HPLC analysis showed that the detected levels of phenolic compounds in control were significantly higher than the levels in the samples subjected to T1 and T2 treatments. The root exudates from the control group significantly increased the numbers of germinating spores of the pathogen compared with those from the samples treated with T1 and T2. In conclusion, the modification of root exudates and the fungal community by the application of BIO might account for the effective suppression of Fusarium wilt disease in cucumbers.     

De-coupling of root–microbiome associations followed by antagonist inoculation improves rhizosphere soil suppressiveness

It was hypothesized that disruption of the root–microbiome association creates empty rhizosphere niches that could be filled by both soilborne pathogens and beneficial microbes. The effect of de-coupling root–microbiome associations related to improve soil suppressiveness was investigated in cucumber using the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cucumerinum (FOC) and its antagonist Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9 (SQR9) system. The root–soil microbiome association of cucumber was disrupted by applying the fungicide carbendazim to the soil, and then FOC or/and its antagonist SQR9 were inoculated in the rhizosphere. In the fungicide treatment, the FOC wilt disease incidence was significantly increased by 13.3 % on average compared to the FOC treatment without fungicide. However, when the fungicide treatment was applied to the soil with SQR9 and FOC, the SQR9 effectively reduced the disease incidence, and improved cucumber plant growth compared to a no fungicide control. These results indicate that de-coupling of root–microbiome associations followed by antagonist inoculation can improve rhizosphere soil suppressiveness, which may help to develop strategies for efficient application of rhizosphere beneficial microbes in agriculture.     

Application of bio-organic fertilizer can control Fusarium wilt of cucumber plants by regulating microbial community of rhizosphere soil

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum J. H. Owen, results in considerable yield losses for cucumber plants. A bio-organic fertilizer (BIO), which was a combination of manure composts with antagonistic microorganisms, and an organic fertilizer (OF) were evaluated for their efficiencies in controlling Fusarium wilt. Application of the BIO suppressed the disease incidence by 83% and reduced yield losses threefold compared with the application of OF. Analysis of microbial communities in rhizosphere soils by high-throughput pyrosequencing showed that more complex community structures were present in BIO than in OF treated soils. The dominant taxonomic phyla found in both samples were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria among bacteria and Ascomycota among fungi. Abundance of beneficial bacteria or fungi, such as Trichoderma, Hypoxylon, Tritirachium, Paenibacillus, Bacillus, Haliangium and Streptomyces, increased compared to the OF treatment, whereas the soil-borne pathogen, Fusarium, was markedly decreased. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that the application of the BIO was a useful and effective approach to suppress Fusarium wilt and that the high-throughput 454 pyrosequencing was a suitable method for the characterization of microbial communities of rhizosphere soil of cucumber.     

碱性肥料调节香蕉园土壤酸度及防控香蕉枯萎病的效果

【目的】我国香蕉主产区蕉园土壤酸化严重、 香蕉营养失衡、 巴拿马病（枯萎病）严重泛滥和肆虐,造成香蕉严重减产甚至绝收。中性碱性土壤条件可有效抑制引发巴拿马病（枯萎病）细菌（Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cubense）的感染。本研究在长期从事香蕉营养与施肥研究的基础上,研制了碱性肥料,并在海南乐东（香蕉枯萎病重灾区）进行了3年碱性肥料田间试验,研究碱性肥料以及其他肥料与其混合使用在改良蕉园土壤酸性的同时,防控香蕉枯萎病及其营养效果。以期通过施用碱性肥料改善我国蕉园土壤状况,降低枯萎病的发生,促进香蕉增产。【方法】试验采用5因素完全方案,分别为碱性肥料（AF）+长效肥料（CRF）+速效肥料（CCF）、 AF+CRF、 AF+CCF、 CRF+CCF、 CCF 5个处理,每个处理的氮、 磷、 钾总量相等,香蕉整个生育期内施氮（N）、 磷（P2O5）、 钾（K2O）分别为200、 80、 400 g/plant,每个处理重复3次,随机排列。在每次施肥后15~20 d采集表层15 cm的土壤并测定土壤pH值。分别在香蕉孕蕾期、 抽蕾期、 果实膨大期、 收获期调查枯萎病发病率、 病情指数。【结果】土壤pH值分别和香蕉枯萎病发病率、 病情指数间呈极显著的负相关,即土壤酸性越强,香蕉枯萎病越严重;黄叶率和香蕉枯萎病发病率、 病情指数间呈显著或极显著的正相关,说明香蕉枯萎病发病率和病情指数越高,香蕉黄叶数越多,绿叶数越少。通过4次施肥,碱性肥料在香蕉生长期供应适量足量氮、 磷、 钾养分的同时,还能有效地提高土壤pH值,使土壤pH值维持在7.0~7.4之间,并且能有效降低香蕉黄叶率、 发病率和病情指数,对防控香蕉枯萎病有显著效果。从香蕉孕蕾期开始,枯萎病呈现加重趋势,到收获期时香蕉发病最严重,但在这期间碱性肥料能明显降低香蕉枯萎病的发病率。香蕉收获期,常规肥料处理的枯萎病发病率在62%以上,而碱性肥料处理的发病率降低到了18%以下;并且碱性肥料能明显减轻发病香蕉病情,常规对照处理香蕉病情指数达到了21%,而碱性肥料处理的只有5%。香蕉黄叶率从营养期开始逐渐增大,碱性肥料处理香蕉黄叶率显著低于常规对照处理的黄叶率。碱性肥料处理的香蕉经济收获率由对照的56%增加到了72%,每公顷增产13267 kg,单株增产3.43 kg。【结论】碱性肥料增产的原因在于一方面提高了土壤pH值而降低了香蕉枯萎病发病率及其病情指数,减少了香蕉的黄叶数量,使香蕉有较多的绿叶进行光合作用而高产;另一方面香蕉生长期土壤处于中性偏碱环境能有效地抑制尖孢镰刀菌的萌发和致病,而有利于其他有益微生物的生长,从而为香蕉健康生长营造良好的土壤环境。由此可见,应用碱性肥料不仅是改良蕉园土壤酸性、 均衡土壤养分、 平衡香蕉营养的施肥技术,而且是防控香蕉枯萎病的有效措施。     

大棚土壤接种丛枝菌根真菌增强黄瓜枯萎病抑制水平

A pot experiment was conducted to study the plant growth and fruit yields of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) on a greenhouse soil with or without inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum under unsterilized conditions. Two AMF inocula were tested: only one AMF strain Glomus caledonium 90036 and an AMF consortium mainly consisting of Glomus spp. and Acaulospora spp. There were four treatments including no inoculation (control), inoculation with F. oxysporum but without mycorrhizae (FO), inoculation with F. oxysporum and G. caledonium (FO+M1), and inoculation with F. oxysporum and the AMF consortium (FO+M2). Cucumber plants were harvested at weeks 3 and 9 after transplanting. Compared with the control, the FO treatment without AMF inoculation had less biomass both at weeks 3 and 9 (P < 0.05) and had higher incidence of Fusarium wilt and produced no cucumber fruit at week 9. Both FO+M1 and FO+M2 treatments had higher mycorrhizal colonization than the treatments which received no AMF inoculation at week 3 (P < 0.05), but only the FO+M2 treatment elevated plant biomass, decreased the incidence of Fusarium wilt, and improved cucumber yields to the same level as the control at week 9. The results indicated that the AMF consortium could suppress Fusarium wilt of cucumber and, therefore, showed potential as a biological control agent in greenhouse agroecosystems.     

三种不同利用方式土壤上黄瓜根际微生物群落差异

蔬菜塑料大棚是一种高度集约化利用的设施农业类型,在太湖地区一般由原来的稻麦(或油菜)轮作或露地蔬菜改变而来。稻麦(或油菜)轮作或露地蔬菜改为蔬菜塑料大棚后,土壤养分高度累积,出现了次生盐渍化和酸化的现象[1-2]。可能受土壤酸化和次生盐渍化的影响,蔬菜塑料大棚土壤