湖南淡水水母新记录——信阳桃花水母

在湖南临澧采得淡水水母标本,伞径5.3～12.0mm,平均伞径8.8mm,触手268～586条,平均447条,主辐触手4条显著长于其他触手,刺丝囊疣圆锥形呈环状排列,生殖腺呈长三角扁囊状,淡绿色;平衡囊呈管状,数量在72～154个,平均为108个;经鉴定为信阳桃花水母(Craspedacusta xinyangensis),系湖南省分布的新记录。     

湖南淡水水母一新记录——信阳桃花水母

在湖南临澧采得淡水水母标本,伞径５３～１２０ｍｍ,平均伞径８．８ｍｍ,触手２６８～５８６条,平均４４７条,主辐触手４条显著长于其他触手,刺丝囊疣圆锥形呈环状排列,生殖腺呈长三角扁囊状,淡绿色;平衡囊呈管状,数量在７２～１５４个,平均为１０８个;经鉴定为信阳桃花水母（Ｃｒａｓｐｅｄａｃｕｓｔａｘｉｎｙａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ）,系湖南省分布的新记录。     

福州地区发现的一种桃花水母的分类鉴定

采用形态鉴定和18SrDNA基因序列分析技术对采自福州一金鱼养殖场蓄水池中的桃花水母（freshwaterj ellyfish）进行分类鉴定。结果显示：样品的平衡囊管状,主辐触手较其它触手长,刺丝囊疣为乳突状呈螺旋状或环状排列,形态鉴别特征与己知的索氏桃花水母及其亚种相同;触手密集度11．06±0．71,平衡囊密集度5．66±0．43,与索氏桃花水母也最相近;样品18SrDNA序列与GenBank中索氏桃花水母有99％的相似性。因此,经鉴定本次在福州地区发现的桃花水母为索氏桃花水母（Craspedacusta sowerbyi Lankester, 1880）。     

桃花水母的分类研究

迄今全世界发现的桃花水母属仅有的11个物种中,有9种在我国发现并命名.然而,有关国内所定种类的可靠性,一直是国内外学者关注的问题之一.对国内桃花水母的分类、目前存在的相关问题、研究现状和方向进行了探讨,为今后桃花水母的资源保护研究提供理论依据.     

桃花水母的人工培养技术

桃花水母（Craspedacusta）是濒临灭绝的珍稀水生生物物种之一，2002年3月被正式列为世界最高级别的“极危生物”。桃花水母俗称桃花鱼，属腔肠动物门，水螅虫纲，淡水水母目，笠水母科，桃花水母属。其伞径一般为8～25mm，身体透明，游动时体态婀娜多姿甚是美丽，出现时间又多在桃花盛开的季节，故由此得名。     

保护桃花水母及进行科学研究的建议

桃花水母生活在淡水中,在动物分类学上属腔肠动物门(Coelenterata)水螅纲(Hydrozoa)淡水水母目(Limnomedusae)笠水母科(Olindiidae)桃花水母属(Craspedacusta),是世界上极为珍稀的水生生物物种之一。全世界100多年来只发现桃花水母11种(含亚种),除英国的索氏桃花水母(Crasp     

中国介螅水母属二新种（丝螅水母目，介螅水母科）

记述了台湾海峡及其邻近海区介螅水母科Hydractiniidae L.Agassiz,1862介螅水母属Hydractinia van Beneden,1841二新种,即螺旋介螅水母,新种Hydractinia spiralis sp. nov.和反曲介螅水母,新种Hydractinia recurvatus sp.nov.,兹将二新种主要鉴别特征描述于下:螺旋介螅水母,新种:伞无顶突;垂管长圆柱形,约为内伞腔深度2/3;口腕简单,末端具成束刺胞;生殖腺很大,呈椭圆形,几乎覆盖整个垂管间辐位,无水母芽;缘触手6条,4条主辐位,另2条仅在相对间辐位,基球延长锥状,同样大小,无眼点,触手长,近端2/3粗壮,远端1/3变细,具螺旋状刺胞。反曲介螅水母,新种:伞无顶突;垂管短小,呈方形;胃柄显著,约为垂管长度1/2;口有4个主辐位口唇,延长成向上反曲的短口腕,末端具成丛刺胞;4个卵圆形生殖腺,附在二个反曲口腕之间的垂管间辐位,无水母芽;缘触手16条,触手基球膨大,呈锥状,同样大小,整条触手具环状刺胞,末端略膨大,呈椭圆形。     

白色霞水母各发育阶段的形态

对白色霞水母从受精卵到成体水母各发育期的形态进行了描述。受精卵发育成带纤毛的浮 浪幼虫，浮浪幼虫在定置前形成一种凸面的圆形浮浪幼体囊, 经脱囊狭窄柄部拉长进而变成一个细长颈瓶形状，萌发出4个触手成为早期螅状体；螅状体可产生足囊和通过产生匍匐茎形成囊胞进而发育成新的螅状体；横裂为典型的单碟型横裂；新释放的碟状幼体绝大多数为8个缘叶，8个感觉棍和8对钝圆的缘瓣，但畸形个体最多12个，最少6个缘叶，同时对海蜇与白色霞水母的碟状幼体形态进行了比较。成体水母伞径200～300 mm，大型个体超过500 mm。外伞表面光滑,近中央的伞顶上有许多密集的刺胞丛隆起, 8个缘叶，8个感觉棍,口腕非常发达，口腕上有大量刺细胞团。可根据感觉胃囊和触手囊是否连接、缘瓣水管的排列类型、外伞顶中央是否有刺细胞丛以及个体伞径和颜色对白色霞水母、发形霞水母、棕色霞水母和紫色霞水母进行鉴别。     

浙江省桃花水母18S rRNA基因序列分析及物种鉴定

采用PCR和DNA测序技术扩增和测序了2003~2008年间采自浙江省宁波、杭州、温州和金华4个地区7个地点桃花水母(Craspedacusta)核糖体小亚基rRNA(18S rRNA)基因,并与已知索氏桃花水母(Craspedacusta sow-erbyi)和中华桃花水母(Craspedacusta sinensis)18S rRNA基因序列进行了比对。结果显示:这7个地点的桃花水母与索氏桃花水母序列极为相似,相似度达99.67%~100%,遗传距离为0~0.002,而与同属中华桃花水母的遗传距离为0.013~0.015。分子系统学分析显示这7个地点桃花水母与索氏桃花水母分支的置信度高达100%。结果确定分析样品均为索氏桃花水母。     

宁波地区桃花水母的脂肪酸组成研究

2004年10月、2005年7月于浙江省宁波市七塔寺、江北区、天童寺采得多个桃花水母标本.用GC/MS法分析后的结果表明,三地桃花水母总脂含量平均值为16.30%.共检测到加种脂肪酸,饱和脂肪酸(SFA)8种、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)5种,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)7种.其中PUFA含量最高,占总脂肪酸的44.37%～50.59%,而SFA和MUFA分别占总脂肪酸的33.96%～39.14%和11.32%～21.67%.     

Macrophages and giant cells associated with a microsporidian parasite causing liquefaction of the skeletal muscle of the Norway pout, Trisopterus esmarkii (Nilsson)

Abstract. A mature microsporidian infection of the skeletal muscles of Norway pout, Trisopterus esmarkii Nilsson, is described. Infected fish had noticeable liquefaction of the muscle. The white foci of infection contained packed microsporidian spores, and the surrounding infected muscle fibres were degenerate. The host response involved invasion by phagocytic cells and encapsulation by fibroblasts, forming large granulomas. Macrophages, 17–20 μm in diameter, were actively ingesting the spores and typically had a foamy cytoplasm. Some had formed Langhans-type giant cells, 35 μm in diameter, with peripherally arranged nuclei. Sporulation was complete and appeared to have occurred within sporo- phorous vacuoles in which numerous spores were formed. Individual spores measured 2·8 × 1·5 μm and were characterized by irregular electron dense areas, a short polar filament with four coils and a large posterior vacuole with three inclusions.     

南海介螅水母属二新种(刺胞动物门、花水母亚纲、介螅水母科)

在分析南海浮游生物样品时,发现了花水母亚纲(Anthomedusae Haeckel,1879)丝螅水母目(Filifera Kühn,1913)介螅水母科(Hydractiniidae L.Agassiz,1862)介螅水母属(Hydractinia van Beneden,1841)2新种:缢介螅水母(H.constrictura sp.nov.)和叶状介螅水母(H.phyllosoma sp.nov.)。缢介螅水母的主要鉴别特征为伞近球形,无顶突;垂管长,其中部有一圈凹缢,把垂管分为2个部分,上端为泡状组织,下端为胃部,上有水母芽,口有4个口腕,口腕末端为刺胞球;生殖腺位于垂管间辐位;4条短的缘触手,触手基球球状,无眼点,触手上具环状刺胞,末端具刺胞球。叶状介螅水母的主要鉴别特征为伞钟形,胶质薄,无顶突;垂管短,无胃柄,口方形,有4个叶片状口唇,口唇上长满刺细胞;生殖腺分布在垂管上,间辐位,无水母芽;4条单生触手。模式标本保存于国家海洋局第三海洋研究所。     

绿鳍马面鲀(Navodon septentrionalis)对4种大型水母的捕食行为

以绿鳍马面鲀为研究对象,通过室内受控实验,比较研究了其对我国沿海4种常见大型水母(海蜇、沙海蜇、海月水母和白色霞水母)的捕食差异。结果显示,体重为(215±20)g的绿鳍马面鲀对海月水母的捕食能力最强,日均最大摄食量为(150.7±18.6)g/fish,其次是海蜇和白色霞水母,日均摄食量分别为(129.7±11.6)和(120.0±19.3)g/fish,对沙海蜇的摄食量最少,为(92.5±11.3)g/fish;绿鳍马面鲀对海月水母与海蜇摄食量主要受投喂量影响,与规格无关,当投喂量小于其最大捕食量时,绿鳍马面鲀可捕食其周围所有水母,当投喂量超过其最大摄食量并继续增加时,绿鳍马面鲀摄食量保持不变,但残余水母的触手和伞部边缘均被啃食,继而导致水母摄食能力丧失,难以继续生存;在适口饵料冰鲜玉筋鱼充足的情况下,绿鳍马面鲀对水母具有明显的摄食偏向性,与仅投喂水母实验组相比,其对海月水母和海蜇的日均摄食量仅降低了20.2%和16.9%。研究结果表明,绿鳍马面鲀对上述4种水母皆能捕食。     

An amoeba associated with gill disease in turbot,Scophthalmus maximus (L.)

An amoeba associated with a severe gill disease affecting farmed turbot, characterized by pronounced hyperplasia of the branchial epithelia and accumulation of mucus between the secondary lamellae, is described for the first time. The amoeba was isolated, cloned and cultured on Bactoagar. Light microscopy showed that trophozoites had a mean length of 12 μm (range 8–20 μm), with a nucleus 3–5 μm in diameter containing a large central nucleolus 1–3 μm in diameter. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the mitochondria, Golgi bodies, rough endoplasmic reticulum, microfilaments, cytoplasmic microtubules and glycocalyx were similar to those previously reported for the genus Platyamoeba. These and other findings strongly suggest that the amoeba isolated is of the genus Platyamoeba, while its morphometric characteristics suggest that it may represent a new species. This is the first report of a species of the genus Platyamoeba in association with gill disease in turbot.     

Effect of water temperature on individual reproductive activity of pollack (Pollachius pollachius)

The effects of water temperature on pollack (Pollachius pollachius) spawning features were individually assessed. During the spawning period, nine fish sets, each composed of one female and two males (mean body weight: 2.5±1.0 kg), were placed in small-volume tanks (2 m³). Fish sets were held at 8, 10, or 12 °C (n=3 for each temperature).Three females released eggs at 8 and 10 °C, while only two spawned at 12 °C. One hundred thirty-one individual spawns were collected from the eight spawning fish sets. The number of spawns collected per female was significantly lower at 12 °C (3.0±3.6), compared to 10 °C (17.3±10.1) and 8 °C (23.3±2.5). Egg number (eggs kg⁻¹ BW) was significantly lowered at 12 °C (26,068±35,989) compared to 10 °C (323,230±136,796) and 8 °C (599,612±249,545). The number of viable eggs (eggs kg⁻¹ BW) was significantly lower at 12 °C (4,175±7,167) compared to 8 °C (192,034±145,870).When incubated at a common temperature of 10 °C, hatching and malformation percentages were significantly enhanced for breeders maintained at 8 °C (respectively, 35.8±8.5–7.3±1.4%) compared to 10 °C (9.8±8.0–2.3±1.8%). Then, pooling data were recorded at the three temperatures; a significant decrease of egg diameter with time was observed.The individual reproductive activity of pollack experienced by breeders was deeply affected by temperature during the spawning period. A temperature of 12 °C is suggested to be close to the temperature reproduction upper limit in this species.     

Mating and spawning of freshwater crayfish, Austropotamobius pallipes Lereboullet, under laboratory conditions

Abstract. The study includes mating and spawning data of freshwater crayfish, Austropotamobius pallipes Lereboullet, obtained in four consecutive years (1987–1990). A total number of 586 wild-caught female A. pallipes in the 21·65 mm to 45·60mm carapace length (CL) size were held under laboratory conditions at different dates in September–October. Initial densities at mating time were 21 and 24 crayfish/m² with a 1:2 male:female ratio. High percentages of mating were obtained (97·4–100%) except in 1989 (57·5%). In all years, most of the matings (90%) were concentrated in a period of 8–12 days with mean water temperatures between 12°C and 13·5°C. Spawning took place a few days after mating (minimum 2 days, maximum 14 days) at mean water temperatures between 8·2°C and 10·8°C. In the first 3 years, almost 100% of mated females spawned. However, in the fourth year (1990), when the mean size of crayfish was smaller, only 72·4% of mated females spawned. The mean number of pleopodal eggs was 64 (maximum 220, minimum 18). Egg diameter ranged between 2·30 and 3·25 mm (mean value 2·78 mm). Pleopodal egg number was positively correlated with carapace length ( r = 0·72).