磷酸对石灰性土壤pH及微量元素有效性的影响

通过室内培养试验，以硫酸为对照研究了磷酸对石灰性土壤的酸化效果及微量元素有效性的影响。培养1周结果表明，随酸浓度增加，土壤pH降低，低浓度时磷酸对石灰性土壤的酸化效果强于对照硫酸，高浓度时硫酸酸化效果强于磷酸，有效Fe、Mn的含量随着酸浓度的增加先增加后降低，有效Zn的含量随着酸浓度的增加而增加，有效Cu的含量随着磷酸浓度的增加而增加，但随着对照硫酸浓度的增加有效Cu含量先增加后降低。     

滴灌下酸性物质对石灰性土壤磷有效性及作物吸收的影响

大田滴灌条件下研究了少量多次施用硫酸和磷酸对石灰性土壤pH、磷有效性以及改善作物磷营养的效果。结果表明,施用磷酸和硫酸降低局部土壤pH,且随施用次数的增加,酸化效果趋于加强,在第5次施用酸化剂时下降到最大。水平方向上,滴灌带附近pH降低最大,随距离增加酸化效果减弱,pH最大降幅0.26个单位。垂直方向上,0~10 cm酸化最为强烈,pH最大降幅0.29个单位。pH降低提高了土壤磷的有效性,0~20 cm土层深度酸化剂处理有效磷含量均显著高于对照(P0.05),且硫酸与磷酸酸化效果接近。相同养分用量投入和管理水平下,酸化剂处理棉花吸磷量增加17.6%~23.4%,皮棉产量提高9.9%~11.4%。滴灌条件下施用酸化剂提高石灰性土壤养分有效性是一种可行的提高养分资源利用效率的方法。     

森林生态景观土壤酸化及修复技术研究

2010年在鼎湖山自然保护区,通过野外原位模拟酸雨控制实验和施用石灰、污水污泥和联合施用石灰＋污水污泥3种土壤酸化改良剂,研究了保护区内三种森林土壤在受到酸沉降影响后,土壤pH值和交换性Al3＋、H＋浓度的动态变化以及投加修复剂后混交林土壤酸度的变化情况。结果表明：三种森林土壤酸化严重（pH〈4.5）,pH值随处理酸度降低而下降;土壤交换性酸（H＋、Al3＋）含量随处理酸度降低而增加。酸沉降中H＋的输入,导致土壤铝被活化。三种改良剂的施用均可以缓解土壤酸化,降低土壤交换性酸（H＋、Al3＋）含量,从而降低植被铝中毒风险。三种修复技术中,联合施用石灰＋污水污泥修复技术效果最好。     

不同酸性物质对石灰性土壤的酸化效果研究

采用室内模拟试验研究了酸性物质对石灰性土壤的酸化效果。结果表明,磷酸能有效地降低石灰性土壤的pH,要使土壤pH由8.89降至6.0左右,最佳酸用量为3.27g/100g土。对于pH较高的石灰性土壤,只用低pH(pH=5.5)的酸水溶液在短时间内降低土壤pH是不切实际的。磷酸二氢铵不仅具有很好的酸化效果,且具有很好的缓冲性能,每100g土壤加入2.3g磷酸二氢铵可使石灰性土壤pH从8.89降低到6.39,并能维持较长的酸性环境。施用5%的硫磺可在30d内使土壤pH降低到7.0～7.5之间。     

石灰性褐土中磷锌镉相互作用对其有效性的影响

采用室内培养的方法,研究了石灰性褐土中磷、锌、镉相互作用对土壤中磷、锌、镉有效性的影响。结果表明：（1）磷锌共同培养时,施锌提高了土壤速效磷含量,且随培养时间的延长而降低。在相同锌浓度处理下,土壤中的有效锌含量随施磷量的增加而增加,不同锌浓度处理下,有效锌含量随土壤培养时间的延长而显著降低。（2）磷镉共同培养时,施镉对土壤速效磷含量影响不明显;施磷降低了有效镉含量,但效果不显著;且都随时间的延长而降低。（3）锌镉共同培养时,在培养的前30d,土壤中有效锌含量随施镉浓度增加而降低,但在30d后,有效锌含量有增加的趋势。土壤中有效镉含量在不同锌-镉处理下随培养时间变化有较大差异：在Cd3处理下,加入高浓度锌后显著降低土壤有效镉含量;Cd30处理下,在培养前30d,锌的施入对土壤中有效镉含量影响不明显,但30d以后,土壤有效镉含量随施入锌浓度的增加而显著降低。说明两者的竞争机制随时间的延长发生变化,且施锌能明显降低镉的毒性。     

不同酸化剂对石灰性土壤pH值、磷有效性的影响

以滴灌方式通过少量多次向土壤施用酸化剂,研究不同酸化剂对石灰性土壤的酸化效果及对玉米磷吸收的影响,以期为提高石灰性土壤的磷素有效性提供理论依据。试验设置对照及两种酸化剂(磷酸脲,硫酸铵+氯甲基吡啶),酸化剂投入量相当于P2O5=60或120 kg/hm~2的等价酸,共计5个处理。施用酸化剂显著降低局部土壤pH值,磷酸脲的作用最佳,土壤pH值最大降幅为0.11个单位,同时也显著提高土壤有效磷含量;在等养分投入和管理水平下,施用酸化剂能增加玉米植株的生物量,提高植株的磷素累积量,且与对照相比,120 kg/hm~2的硫酸铵+氯甲基吡啶处理的玉米产量提高了8.3%。滴灌条件硫酸铵+氯甲基吡啶的酸化效果优于磷酸脲,且高酸化剂量土壤酸化强度较大。滴灌条件下施用酸化剂或酸性肥料是提高石灰性土壤养分有效性和作物增产的一种有效方法。     

富啡酸对石灰性潮土中磷吸附-解吸及其对锌次级吸附-解吸的影响

通过吸附和解吸试验,研究了富啡酸（Fulvic acid,FA）对石灰性潮土中磷吸附一解吸的影响,并进行了吸附富啡酸和磷后对锌次级吸附一解吸的影响。结果表明：同时吸附不同磷和富啡酸后,土壤对磷的吸附量随磷初始浓度的增加而增加,而随富啡酸吸附初始浓度的增加而降低;石灰性潮土磷等温吸附曲线用Langumir方程式描述时,土壤对磷的吸附反应常数K、最大吸附量Xm、最大缓冲容量KxXm均随富啡酸初始浓度的增加而降低;KNO_3、KOH、HCI对吸附磷的解吸量所占比例及磷的总解吸量均随富啡酸浓度的增加而增加。土壤对Zn^2＋的吸附率随磷和富啡酸吸附初始浓度的增加而降低;而其解吸率随磷和富啡酸吸附浓度的增加而增加,说明磷和富啡酸减少了土壤对Zn^2＋的吸附,且增加了其在土壤中的解吸量。所以,石灰性潮土中富啡酸提高了土壤中磷的有效性,而且磷和富啡酸提高石灰性土壤中锌的有效性。     

石灰用量对酸性土壤pH值及有效养分含量的影响

采用室内培养法,设置不施生石灰和生石灰用量0.3、0.9、1.8、2.4、4.8 g/kg,共6个用量梯度,研究不同生石灰用量对酸性土壤pH值动态变化、有效养分含量的影响及土壤pH值与有效养分含量之间的相关性。结果表明,生石灰的施入,可以显著提高土壤pH值,改善土壤酸度。培养到第90 d,生石灰用量4.8、2.4、1.8g/kg处理较对照分别提高了2.88、1.16和0.74个pH单位。施用生石灰对土壤全氮含量影响不大,但对土壤无机氮影响显著。生石灰用量在0~2.4 g/kg范围内,土壤硝态氮含量随生石灰用量的增加而显著增加,增幅为12.4%~146.8%,当生石灰用量2.4 g/kg时,土壤硝态氮含量显著降低。土壤铵态氮的变化趋势则刚好相反,随着生石灰用量的增加而减少;土壤有效磷含量随着生石灰用量的增加先升高后降低;对于土壤速效钾来说,当生石灰用量0.9 g/kg,其含量随着石灰用量的增加而显著降低,降幅为2.9%~21.7%。施用生石灰可以显著提高土壤有效Ca含量,且随生石灰用量的增加而显著增加,增幅为32.3%~543.0%。生石灰的施用显著降低了土壤有效Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn的含量,且当生石灰用量≥2.4 g/kg时,土壤有效Mn、Zn含量均已处于极其缺乏的状况。土壤pH值与土壤全氮、铵态氮、速效钾、有效Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn呈显著线性负相关,与有效Ca呈极显著线性正相关,与土壤硝态氮、有效磷和有效Mg则符合二次函数,各相关系数均达到极显著水平。土壤养分与土壤酸度有着较好的相关性,在施用石灰改良酸性土壤时,要特别注意其施用量及土壤有效Mn、Zn等微量元素的及时补充。     

玉米秸秆在土壤中腐解的动态变化及其对Cu(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)吸附-解吸的影响

通过室内培养和吸附-解吸试验,研究玉米秸秆腐解后石灰性褐土对Cu2+、Cd2+吸附-解吸的影响。结果表明,玉米秸秆腐解量随培养时间的延长而增加,到第7周时,腐解总量可达45%,添加常规量秸秆处理(S1)与加倍量处理(S2)的腐解量差别不明显;常规量秸秆处理(S1)的腐解速率大于加倍量处理(S2),但均随培养时间的延长而减少。土壤对Cu2+的吸附量随秸秆培养时间的延长表现为先升高后降低,吸附量在第21天时达到最大值;Cu2+浓度为1 000mg/L时土壤对Cu2+吸附量显著高于Cu2+浓度为600mg/L处理;而Cu2+的解吸量在秸秆腐解前期变化不明显,到培养第21天后迅速降低。在相同的Cu2+浓度下,Cu2+的吸附量和解吸量受Cd2+浓度影响均不明显。Cd2+浓度为1mg/L时,土壤对Cd2+的吸附量随秸秆培养时间的延长变化不明显,但随Cu2+浓度的增加而减小;而Cd2+浓度为10mg/L时,在Cu0处理和Cu1000处理时,不同培养时间土壤对Cd2+吸附量影响不明显,但Cu600处理下,在培养的第21天后,土壤对Cd2+的吸附量显著增加。土壤Cd2+的解吸量均随秸秆培养时间的延长表现为先升高后降低,在第21天时达最小值,而Cd2+的解吸量随共存Cu2+浓度的增加而先增加后降低。     

不同调酸剂对水稻产量及品质的影响分析

近年来,土壤酸化正在成为农业生产的限制因素。土壤酸化后,水稻产量下降,其品质也受到影响。本试验选取酸化土壤,应用调酸剂对其进行改良,进而进行水稻产量及质量的试验研究。选用钙镁磷肥和石灰氮作调酸剂,以过磷酸钙为对照。结果表明,施用钙镁磷肥和石灰氮可促进水稻增产,其中钙镁磷肥处理产量比对照产量高12.6%;对水稻收获后的土壤和植株样品分析表明,施用调酸剂使土壤的p H值升高0.2~0.3,而不施用土壤调酸剂(对照)处理的土壤p H值比作物收获前降低0.2;施用调酸剂使水稻籽粒样品中的铬、镉含量明显降低,降幅为26.85%~68.08%。     

Adsorption and Desorption of Copper in Pasture Soils

Abstract

Copper (Cu) is bound strongly to organic matter, oxides of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), and clay minerals in soils. To investigate the relative contribution of different soil components in the sorption of Cu, sorption was measured after the removal of various other soil components; organic matter and aluminum (Al) and Fe oxides are important in Cu adsorption. Both adsorption and desorption of Cu at various pH values were also measured by using diverse pasture soils. The differences in the sorption of Cu between the soils are attributed to the differences in the chemical characteristics of the soils. Copper sorption, as measured by the Freundlich equation sorption constants [potassium (K) and nitrogen (N)], was strongly correlated with soil properties, such as silt content, organic carbon, and soil pH. The relative importance of organic matter and oxides on Cu adsorption decreased and increased, respectively, with increasing solution Cu concentrations. In all soils, Cu sorption increased with increasing pH, but the solution Cu concentration decreased with increasing soil pH. The cumulative amounts of native and added soil Cu desorbed from two contrasting soils (Manawatu and Ngamoka) during desorption periods showed that the differences in the desorbability of Cu were a result of differences in the physico‐chemical properties of the soil matrix. This finding suggests that soil organic matter complexes of Cu added through fertilizer, resulted in decreased desorption. The proportions of added Cu desorbed during 10 desorption periods were low, ranging from 2.5% in the 24‐h to 6% in the 2‐h desorption periods. The desorption of Cu decreased with increasing soil pH. The irreversible retention of Cu might be the result of complex formation with Cu at high pH.     

土壤对铜离子的专性吸附及其特征的研究

供试土壤专性吸附铜的等温线均符合Langmuir方程。红壤吸附量最低,砖红腹与黄泥土最大吸附量相近,但在铜浓度低时砖红壤吸铜量远低于黄泥土,而在高浓度则反之。土壤专性吸附铜是在溶液中Na⁺浓度比Cu²⁺高8.3—100倍条件下,Na⁺离子仍不足以与之竞争的那些专性吸附点所吸持的铜。按其解吸条件区分为松结合铜(可为N NH₄Cl解吸)和紧结合铜(仅能为0.1 N HCl解吸)两种。紧结合铜受平衡溶液铜浓度影响很小,所占据的吸附点对Cu²⁺有较强亲和力。松结合铜则随平衡铜溶液浓度增大而增加,符合Langmuir方程。对于砖红壤和黄泥土,在铜浓度低时紧结合铜>松结合铜;浓度高时则反之。红壤专性吸附铜始终以松结合铜为主。三种土壤比较,紧结合铜是砖红壤>黄泥土>红壤;松结合铜则是黄泥土>砖红壤>红壤。造成这些差别的原因可能与土壤性质、氧化物、有机质和粘土矿物组成等不同有关。用平衡法研究三种土壤专性吸附铜在不同浓度NH₄Cl和HCl溶液中的解吸表明,可进一步区分为三或四种不同的结合状况。红壤对铜吸附容量最小,且最易解吸。     

桂北柑橘园土壤化学性状研究

为了解桂北柑橘园土壤化学状况,2017年在桂北7个柑橘主产县(市)选取102个代表性柑橘园采集土壤样本,对pH、有机质和10种养分进行定量分析。结果表明:土壤pH变幅3.95～8.02。其中,pH处于强酸性(pH<4.5)、酸性(pH 4.5～5.5)和碱性(pH>7.3)范围的果园分别占总样本数的24.51%、48.04%和9.80%,大部分果园土壤pH为强酸性和酸性,有64.70%的果园土壤pH适宜或基本适宜(pH 4.5～7.0)柑橘生长,但仅有14.71%的果园土壤pH适宜柑橘生长(pH 5.5～6.5)。土壤有机质含量丰富,适量及以上水平的比例达86.27%。果园土壤营养元素丰缺并存,失衡比较明显,其中,有效磷和有效钾含量不足(低量或缺乏)的比例分别为33.33%和30.39%,超标(高量或过量)比例分别为21.57%和23.53%;碱解氮和有效钙含量主要在适量范围,不足比例分别为36.27%和31.37%;有效铁和有效锰含量丰富,超标比例分别为64.71%和55.89%;有效镁、锌、铜和硼含量不足比例较高,分别为59.80%、92.16%、56.86%和50.9...     

中国亚热带地区酸性土壤上部分酸化的磷矿石的农学潜力

A glasshouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the agronomic potential of four partially acidulated rock phosphates(PARP) in three representative solis sampled from subtripical China.The PARPs were manufactured by attacking a moderately reactive phosphate rock either with sulfuric acid alone or with combination of sulfuric and phosphoric acids at 30 or 60 percent of acidulation.Shoot dry weight and P accumulation of six successive cuttings of ryegrass were used to compare the agronomic potential of these fertilizers with that of the raw rock phosphate(RP) and monocalcium phosphate (MCP).Results indicated that the effectiveness of various phosphates was determined both by the solubility of the phosphates and by the acidity and P-fixing capacity of the soils.The higher the watersoluble P contained,the better the effectiveness of the fertilizer was.Although plant P accumulation of PARP treatments was constantly lower than that of MCP treatment,some PARPs could still get a dry matter production similar to that of MCP treatment.PARP SP60,which was acidulated with a mixture of sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid at 60 percent of acidulation and contained the highest soluble,P,was as effective as MCP in terms of dry matter production on all the soils.S60 and C1 which were both acidulated with sulfuric acid with the former at 60 percent of acidulation and the latter at 30 percent but with a further addition of monoammonium phosphate,were more than 80 percent as efective as MCP,Raw RP also showed a reasonable effectiveness which increased with soil acidity.It was suggested from the study that some of these APRPs could be expected to have a comparable field performance as soluble P fertilizers in the acid soil regions.     

石灰用量对污染红壤和黄泥土中有效态铜锌含量的影响

采用外源加入重金属铜锌硝酸盐的方法,制成铜、锌单一及复合污染的三级污染红壤和黄泥土（Cu 200mg/kg、Zn 400 mg/kg）,稳定一个月,施入低（0.50 g/kg）、中（1.50 g/kg）和高（2.50 g/kg）3种不同用量的石灰,稳定两个月后测定土壤有效态铜、锌含量和pH值,以阐明石灰用量对不同污染土壤中重金属有效态含量的影响。结果表明,随石灰用量的增加,复合污染红壤中有效态铜含量较对照依次降低31%、76%和87%;而石灰用量对黄泥土中有效态铜影响的差异不显著;两种土壤中有效态锌含量均随石灰用量的增加而显著减少;复合污染较单一污染相比,有效态铜及有效态锌的含量差异不显著。在复合污染下,低、中量石灰使黄泥土中有效态铜含量较红壤减少89%和63%,有效态锌减少27%和65%。但加入高量石灰,两种土壤差异不显著。石灰能够降低单一与复合污染铜、锌有效态的含量,但其效果因土壤类型而异,在红壤上选择施用高量石灰而在黄泥土上则适宜施用低中量石灰,以取得最佳的修复效果和效益。     

COPPER SORPTION BY SOILS AT LOW CONCENTRATIONS AND RELATION TO UPTAKE BY PLANTS

Copper sorption was measured in 14 agricultural soils from England and Wales with a wide range of properties. Sorption from 0.01 M CaCl₂ was described by the Freundlich adsorption isotherm when Cu in solution was initially at 200 HM and greater, but at lower initial concentrations (i. e. 100 fiM and less) there was a steep rise in the gradients of the isotherms. At initial concentrations of 100 JIM and less, sorption was linearly correlated to the concentration of Cu remaining in solution; the gradients of these relationships varied considerably amongst the soils and were highly correlated to soil pH. There was no correlation between either the gradients or the extrapolated values of final solution concentration at which there was no sorption of added Cu by the soils (an ‘equilibrium’ concentration), and other determined soil properties. The effect of pH adjustment on sorption varied between the 5 soils examined although, in general, there was increasing sorption with increasing pH. Extrapolated values for ‘equilibrium’ concentrations for an individual soil were higher at pH 6.0 or greater, than at pH 5.5. A large proportion of the Cu in the final solutions was apparently complexed but this varied between soils and was dependent on both pH and total concentration. There was little effect of varying pH of the final solution on these proportions in most soils. Neither extractable Cu in the soils, nor the sorption characteristics were related to availability as measured by uptake by perennial ryegrass.     

Copper Availability in an Acidic and Limed Zeolite-Amended Soil

In acidic soils, copper (Cu) availability may be high because of Cu impurities of various agricultural additives. This research was aimed at assessing liming and zeolite application as availability reduction methods. In a soil with pH 3.8, lime was added at 6.6 Mg ha^?1, and zeolite was added at 3.3% and 10% in a 100-day pot trial with ryegrass. On day 50 zeolite was more effective in reducing Cu availability [as expressed by diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) soil extractions and plant concentration measurements] than liming. On day 100, Cu levels were further reduced in both treatments, indicating the effectiveness of both zeolite and liming over the study period to retain Cu. Zeolite alone reduced Cu concentration in plants to 26%, liming alone reduced it by 21%, and the combination of the two reduced it by 43%. The orders in the DTPA extractions and the soil-to-plant Cu transfer coefficients were similar.     

重庆市植烟土壤有效态微量元素含量评价

对重庆市14个县(区)的334个植烟土壤样品的有效态微量元素Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、B和Mo的含量状况和分布特征进行分析,结果表明,重庆市20%以上植烟土壤缺Mo、Zn,75%以上土壤缺B,有效铁、锰含量较丰富,有效铜极丰富。有效铁、锰、铜、锌含量均与土壤pH值呈负相关关系,有效钼含量与土壤pH值呈正相关关系,有效硼含量在pH<7.0时随pH的增加而增加,但在pH>7.0时含量下降。植烟土壤中有效铁和有效铜含量与有机质含量呈极显著正相关关系,而有效锰、硼和钼与有机质无明显相关性。     

生物质炭施用量对旱地酸性红壤理化性质的影响

我国南方旱地酸性红壤区,土壤酸化与干旱等问题突出。近几年生物质炭在土壤改良方面的研究应用已有较多的文献报道,但针对南方旱地酸性红壤区土壤改良方面的研究与应用相对较少。对此,本研究设置了生物质炭施加量分别为1%、2%、3%、4%及对照CK共5个处理,每个处理5次重复的室内盆栽试验;每盆一次性均匀浇洒1 L蒸馏水后在温室内自然放置,模拟干旱30 d,随后测定土壤含水量、p H、电导率与氮、磷含量。结果表明:土壤pH、电导率、有效磷含量随生物质炭施加量的增加而显著提高,NH₄⁺-N含量降低,而NO₃^–-N含量无显著影响;模拟干旱后的土壤含水量与生物质炭施加量呈二次函数曲线关系,施加低量生物质炭(1%)显著降低了土壤含水量,而高量生物质炭(4%)的施加则使土壤含水量显著提高。本研究为生物质炭在我国南方旱地酸性红壤区土壤改良方面的应用提供了试验依据。