Gene co-inheritance and gene transfer

Functional transfer of mitochondrial genes to the nucleus is very common in some taxa but entirely lacking in others. Current evolutionary theories to account for this variation predict that outcrossing, which allows escape from Muller's ratchet and faster spread of beneficial mutations, should favor gene transfer. We find that functional gene transfer is more common in selfing or clonal plants than in outcrossing plants, a pattern opposite to prediction. We suggest that reproductive modes, such as selfing and vegetative reproduction, conserve adaptive mitonuclear gene combinations, allowing functional transfer, whereas outcrossing prevents transfer by breaking up these combinations.     

油松改良系统中的三种群体交配体系

采用同工酶淀粉凝胶电泳方法分析了油松改良系统中天然林、种子园和无性系子代测定林 3个群体在ACP ,LAP ,SKD ,GOT ,MNR ,PGM ,MDH和ADH等 8个同工酶系统的交配体系指标 .结果表明 :天然林、种子园和子代测定群体的多位点异交率、近交率和自交率分别为 0 .86 4,0 .96 2 ,0 .95 3 ;0 .2 2 6 ,0 .141,0 .2 11;0 .136 ,0 0 38,0 0 47.种子园的异交率最高 ,天然林的自交率最高 ,子代林的非自交近交率最高 ;3群体的固定指数分别为0 2 5 9,0 .2 11,0 .477,均表现出明显的杂合子缺乏 ;个体异交率在 3个群体内有相似的偏峰分布 ,反映了油松的高异交交配类型特点 ;各群体的花粉库与雌配子库在等位基因频率上存在显著差异 ,多数位点的雌配子库高频等位基因值高于花粉库 ,一些位点的最高基因频率值在两配子库中出现在不同等位基因上 .研究还发现 ,群体内个体异交率与母本杂合度有非常显著的相关性 ,杂合度高的母本单株 ,异交率也相对较高 .此外 ,文章还对影响群体交配体系和配子库遗传结构的因素等进行了讨论     

Running with the Red Queen: host-parasite coevolution selects for biparental sex

Most organisms reproduce through outcrossing, even though it comes with substantial costs. The Red Queen hypothesis proposes that selection from coevolving pathogens facilitates the persistence of outcrossing despite these costs. We used experimental coevolution to test the Red Queen hypothesis and found that coevolution with a bacterial pathogen (Serratia marcescens) resulted in significantly more outcrossing in mixed mating experimental populations of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Furthermore, we found that coevolution with the pathogen rapidly drove obligately selfing populations to extinction, whereas outcrossing populations persisted through reciprocal coevolution. Thus, consistent with the Red Queen hypothesis, coevolving pathogens can select for biparental sex.     

Darwinian selection on a selfing locus

The shift to self-pollination is one of the most prevalent evolutionary transitions in flowering plants. In the selfing plant Arabidopsis thaliana, pseudogenes at the SCR and SRK self-incompatibility loci are believed to underlie the evolution of self-fertilization. Positive directional selection has driven the evolutionary fixation of pseudogene alleles of SCR, leading to substantially reduced nucleotide variation. Coalescent simulations indicate that this adaptive event may have occurred very recently and is possibly associated with the post-Pleistocene expansion of A. thaliana from glacial refugia. This suggests that ancillary morphological innovations associated with self-pollination can evolve rapidly after the inactivation of the self-incompatibility response.     

5个水稻光温敏核不育系柱头特性与异交结实率的关系

[目的]该研究旨在探究水稻不育系的柱头特性与异交结实率的关系。[方法]以创5S、耘9S、培矮64S、P88S、Y58S等5个水稻光温敏核不育系为材料,对其柱头外露率、柱头大小、柱头活力等进行了比较研究。同时以 R608为父本,测定了其异交结实率。[结果]研究表明,5个水稻不育系在柱头外露率、柱头大小、柱头活力等方面均存在一定的差异。P88S的柱头特性总体较好,柱头外露率达到95.94%,柱头活力较强,活力系数为2.71,田间异交结实率达84.02%。培矮64S的柱头长度和柱头宽度最小,分别是2.41和1.10 mm,其柱头外露率93.04%,柱头活力最弱,其异交结实率仅65.47%。耘9S、Y58S、创5S 的柱头特性处于中等水平,耘9S的异交结实率比其他两个不育系高。相关分析表明,柱头外露率、柱头长度、柱头宽度、柱头面积、柱头体积与异交结实率显著相关,相关系数分别为0.897*、0.934*、0.934*、0.939*、0.937*;柱头活力系数与异交结实率之间相关不显著。[结论]依据不育系的柱头特性,采取合理的辅助授粉方式,有利于节省生产成本,提高杂交水稻制种产量。     

酯酶同工酶在玉米不同世代中的差异分析

从酯酶同工酶的电泳图谱分析可知,供试玉米自交系间存在遗传上的差异.双交种(8112×掖107)×(B73×7922)在供试材料中多态性最高,为P=60%,平均每个位点的等位基因数为1.6.单交种7922×掖107最低,平均每个位点的等位基因数为1.2,多态位点的百分数P=20%,(5003×掖107)×(8112×掖7922)居中,平均每个位点的等位基因数为1.3,多态位点的百分数P=33%,多态位点的平均等位基因数Ap=2.早代系、中代系和晚代系间差异显著,有其特征谱带,酶带位置,染色深浅都存在差异.不同世代的特征带差异明显,可作为世代分类及鉴定的补充.酶带数量在中代系(单交种除外)有明显增加,到晚代系又有一定的减少.     

水稻光温敏核不育系的单株育性观察

以农垦５８Ｓ，７００１Ｓ，５０４７Ｓ，Ｗ６１５４Ｓ，ＫＳ－９，培矮６４Ｓ，安农Ｓ－１和５４６０Ｓ等不同类型的水稻光温敏核不育系为材料，对单株育性的表现进行了观察，结果表明：除安农Ｓ－１外，其它７个不育系株内颖花间育性均存在显著差异，连续套袋自交对降低颖花间的育性差异效果不大；不育期间有少量自交结实，结实粒在穗上的分布是随机的，它们具有与相应不育系一致的光温敏核不育特性。     

水稻新型短光敏两系不育系D38S的选育

介绍水稻新型短光敏不育系D38S的选育过程、特征特性及配组优势。D38S属籼型不育系,具有农艺性状优良,异交结实率高,配合力强的优点。可作亲本,用于测交,筛选育两系杂交稻新组合。     

Cross-species identification of Mendel's I locus

A key gene involved in plant senescence, mutations of which partially disable chlorophyll catabolism and confer stay-green leaf and cotyledon phenotypes, has been identified in Pisum sativum, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Festuca pratensis by using classical and molecular genetics and comparative genomics. A stay-green locus in F. pratensis is syntenically equivalent to a similar stay-green locus on rice chromosome 9. Functional testing in Arabidopsis of a homolog of the rice candidate gene revealed (i) senescence-associated gene expression and (ii) a stay-green phenotype after RNA interference silencing. Genetic mapping in pea demonstrated cosegregation with the yellow/green cotyledon polymorphism (I/i) first reported by Gregor Mendel in 1866.     

超量表达胡杨peu-MIR156j基因增强拟南芥耐盐性

Micro RNAs（miRNAs）是一类内源性的非编码小分子RNA。本文克隆了miR156j的前体（peu-MIR156j）,并将其转入拟南芥获得35S：MIR156j转基因植株。对转基因植株的鉴定表明,过量表达miR156j增加了拟南芥莲座叶的发生,导致叶片浓密及开花延迟。这一结果表明：同拟南芥、水稻等物种类似,胡...     

转录因子AtWRKY28在拟南芥与甘蓝链格孢菌(Alternaria brassicicola)亲和性互作中的功能分析

WRKY是植物特有的一类转录因子,是一个超级大家族,与植物多种逆境胁迫应答密切相关,在植物防御病原菌的侵染中发挥十分重要的作用。拟南芥转录因子WRKY28属于WRKY家族的成员,包括一个WRKYGQK核心序列和一个Cys2His2锌指型结构。为了鉴定拟南芥WRKY28的功能,构建了反义抑制表达株系和转基因过表达株系并进行抗病性鉴定。研究表明,反义抑制表达株系降低了对腐生型真菌甘蓝链格孢菌(Alternaria brassicicola)的抗性,而转基因过表达株系提高了对甘蓝链格孢菌的抗性。由此可见,转录因子WRKY28参与了拟南芥对甘蓝链格孢菌的免疫应答,是其抗病反应中的一个正调控因子。     

拟南芥木糖异构酶在酿酒酵母的成功表达

酿酒酵母是工业上乙醇发酵的首选目标微生物,但是不能代谢木糖等五碳糖.通过导入外源木糖异构酶基因,可以赋予酵母利用木糖的能力.但是长期的研究发现很难将细菌木糖异构酶转入酿酒酵母得到活性表达.研究成功的在酿酒酵母里表达了拟南芥木糖异构酶,其活性可达到0.51 U/(mg·protein).拟南芥木糖异构酶与成功在酵母里表达的真菌木糖异构酶相比更加耐受木糖醇抑制(Ki=13.21 mM).本研究为改善酵母利用木糖提供了新的可用的木糖异构酶.     

甘蓝型油菜株高QTL定位及主效QTL区间候选基因预测

为了研究油菜株高的遗传基础,以2个甘蓝型油菜株系DH-7-9(矮杆)×DH-G-42(高杆)杂交后代连续自交的重组自交系群体(190个家系)为材料,在西宁和武汉2种环境下进行株高性状鉴定,结果显示,该重组自交系群体的株高表现连续变异并且符合正态分布。利用前期构建的遗传连锁图,结合2种环境下株高性状鉴定数据,采用Win QTLcart 2.5软件复合区间作图法(CIM)进行QTL定位和效应估计,结果表明,在2种环境下共检测到11个与株高性状相关的QTL,单个QTL可解释的表型变异为1.17%~10.45%。在A10连锁群上,主效QTL(q PH-X-A10或q PHW-A10)在两环境下可重复检测到,可解释10.24%~10.45%的表型变异。将156个拟南芥株高基因与该主效QTL置信区间对应的油菜基因组上的723个基因进行同源比较分析,在主效QTL区域内预测到2个株高候选基因Bna A10g07740D和Bna A10g12020D,其对应的拟南芥同源基因分别为ATGA20ox2、GA5/ATGA20ox1和STA1,均与拟南芥株高相关。     

水稻雄性不育系的胚囊育性及其对异交结实的影响

以3个光温敏核不育系W7415S、安农S、培矮64S和4个质核互作雄性不育系珍汕97A(夜公胞质)、珍汕97A(野败胞质)、华农A(夜公胞质)和华农A(野败胞质)为材料,通过观察各不育系成熟胚囊结构,并对异交结实率进行调查,以明确水稻雄性不育系异交结实率是否与胚囊育性有关.结果表明:不同水稻雄性不育系的胚囊育性与异交结...     

大豆异交率性状研究概述

异交率是植物不同个体间发生杂交的概率。大豆是一种典型的自花授粉作物,天然异交率低。在杂交大豆育种实践中,要实现制种产量高、成本低的目标,最关键的技术要求是异交性能优良。从异交率研究进展、影响异交率的因素、研究异交率的方法三个方面进行综述,并对其研究进行展望。     

水稻光温敏核不育系育性敏感期高温对异交特性的影响

以培矮64S、Y58S、广占63–2S、H638S为材料,R527为恢复系,在育性敏感期利用人工气候室以24、27、30、33、36℃5个温度连续处理6 d,以田间自然温度条件作对照(CK,平均温度29.8℃),研究温度对不育系幼穗生理生化特性和抽穗开花期异交特性的影响。结果表明:培矮64S和Y58S在27℃处理时柱头总外露率最高,分别为86.81%、86.06%,广占63–2S和H638S在24℃处理时柱头总外露率最高,分别76.24%、81.76%;4个不育系的柱头活力系数均在24℃处理时表现最好,分别为1.96、2.12、1.74、1.94;培矮64S、广占63–2S和H638S在24℃处理时异交结实率最高,分别为58.87%、54.22%、50.50%,Y58S在27℃处理时异交结实率最高,为58.96%;33℃处理时,4个不育系的过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著高于对照;36℃处理时,4个不育系丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸的含量显著高于对照。综合以上结果,培矮64S育性敏感期以24℃处理较好,Y58S、广占63–2S、H638S育性敏感期以27℃处理较好。     

贵州都匀马尾松1.5代种子园交配系统分析

利用SSR分子标记对都匀马寨马尾松1.5代无性系种子园交配系统进行分析。结果显示,无性系种子园的多位点异交率tm=1.000(SD=0.000),单位点异交率ts=0.996(SD=0.001),双亲近交比tm-ts=0.004(SD=0.000),tm与ts值之间的差值反映双亲近交程度,tm-ts=0.004接近0,表明马尾松1.5代种子园交配系统以异交为主。     

聚合抗稻白叶枯病双基因三系不育系R106A的选育研究

 中国杂交水稻的多数不育系不抗白叶枯病，携有单个的白叶枯病抗病基因的品种易于丧失抗性。本研究通过杂交、回交和自交将两个抗病基因聚合到不育系中，进行抗性改良。用育成的抗3418S（携有Xa21）为受体，CBB23(携有Xa23)为供体，通过1次杂交、1次回交和3次自交，采用足够大分离群体在分蘖前期进行接种初筛，再进行分子标记检测复筛，确认了目标基因的聚合，实现了均位于第11染色体上的Xa21和Xa23基因间交换重组，获得双基因纯合稳定的新品系R106。又用我们育成的矮败型不育系5801A进行转育，杂交一次后，向保持系（轮回亲本）定向选择，经回交3次迅速稳定，所育成的不育系及保持系对中国的7个病原型代表菌株均表现全生育期高度抗病，可能会大大延长其抗性寿命。并讨论了改良不育系抗性的研究方法、回交次数和选择世代等问题。论。     

Widespread genetic incompatibility in C. elegans maintained by balancing selection

Natural selection is expected to eliminate genetic incompatibilities from interbreeding populations. We have discovered a globally distributed incompatibility in the primarily selfing species Caenorhabditis elegans that has been maintained despite its negative consequences for fitness. Embryos homozygous for a naturally occurring deletion of the zygotically acting gene zeel-1 arrest if their sperm parent carries an incompatible allele of a second, paternal-effect locus, peel-1. The two interacting loci are tightly linked, with incompatible alleles occurring in linkage disequilibrium in two common haplotypes. These haplotypes exhibit elevated sequence divergence, and population genetic analyses of this region indicate that natural selection is preserving both haplotypes in the population. Our data suggest that long-term maintenance of a balanced polymorphism has permitted the incompatibility to persist despite gene flow across the rest of the genome.     

矮秆玉米自交系08H67-2的选育

以性状上相互互补又同为Reid种质的郑58和长A37的杂交种为基础材料,按严格自交的系圃法进行选系,在自交4代即将稳定时,用EMS化学诱变剂对其进行处理,引发变异,选育出了矮秆玉米自交系08H67-2。