碱式氯化铜的合成与理化特性研究

采用配位催化液相沉淀法,研究了碱式氯化铜(Tribasiccopperchloride,TBCC)的合成条件,采用X光衍射法、等离子体发射光谱法等分析了TBCC的分子结构和产品质量稳定性,试验了TBCC及饲料级硫酸铜(CuSO4·5H2O,以下简称CuSO4)在中性柠檬酸铵、2%柠檬酸、0.4%盐酸或水中的溶解度及吸水性。结果表明:①TBCC的合成条件是pH值5.0～5.5、温度70～80℃;②TBCC的分子结构为Cu2(OH)3Cl;③TBCC和饲料级CuSO4的铜含量分别为59.9%和25.5%。TBCC含Cu量的6次测定结果的变异系数(CV)仅为0.50%;④TBCC极难溶于水,而易溶于酸性溶液;⑤TBCC的吸水性远远小于饲料级CuSO4。本研究结果表明,TBCC的含Cu量约为饲料级CuSO4的2.3倍,且质量很稳定,其代替CuSO4用于畜禽饲料的Cu源添加剂,更有利于饲料的加工、贮存和利用。     

碱式氯化铜的研究及应用

碱式氯化铜是一种高效铜源,具有安全、高效、防潮及环保等特点.文中阐述碱式氯化铜的来源、制备工艺及理化特性,并从吸收、混合均匀度、维生素稳定性、脂肪氧化、锌和铁颉颃、安全性及生物学效价等方面对碱式氯化铜和硫酸铜进行比较,提出碱式氯化铜有待进一步研究的问题,并对其应用进行展望.     

国产碱式氯化铜与美国碱式氯化铜物相对比研究

通过对5个国产(深圳)的饲料级碱式氯化铜样品和2个美国微量营养元素公司生产的饲料级碱式氯化铜样品及其粉晶X射线衍射数据进行了分析鉴定及物相对比研究,5个国产的碱式氯化铜衍射谱图完全相同,鉴定结果为斜氯铜矿(Botallackite)型碱式氯化铜,不论5个样品的生产工艺有何差异,但产品的物相和纯度是一致的;2个美国产碱式氯化铜虽然样品的形态差异较大,但其衍射谱图也完全相同,鉴定结果主要为氯铜矿(Atacmite)型碱式氯化铜,含有微量的副氯铜矿(Parata-camite)型碱式氯化铜,二者之间为同质异构关系,为国产和美国饲料级碱式氯化铜的结构鉴定提供了依据。     

碱式氯化铜的合成与理代特性研究

采用配位催化液相沉淀法,研究了碱式氯化铜(Tribasic copper chloride,TBCC)的合成条件,采用X光衍射法、等离子体发射光谱法等分析了TBCC的分子结构和产品质量稳定性,试验了TBCC及饲料级硫酸铜(CuSO4·5H2O,以下简称CuSO4)在中性柠檬酸铵、2%柠檬酸、0.4%盐酸或水中的溶解度及吸水性4结果表明①TBCC的合成条件是pH值5.0～5.5、温度70～80℃;②TBCC的分子结构为Cu2(OH)3Cl;③TBCC和饲料级CuSO4的铜含量分别为59.9%和25.5%.TBCC含Cu量的6次测定结果的变异系数(CV)仅为0.50%;④TBCC极难溶于水,而易溶于酸性溶液;⑤TBCC的吸水性远远小于饲料级CuSO4.本研究结果表明,TBCC的含Cu量约为饲料级CuSO4的2.3倍,且质量很稳定,其代替CuSO4用于畜禽饲料的Cu源添加剂,更有利于饲料的加工、贮存和利用.     

单斜晶系碱式氯化铜的研究与应用

铜是动物必需的微量元素，在动物体内的新陈代谢中发生着重要生理作用。动物饲料添加剂最传统铜源是硫酸铜，它具有制造简单、成本低廉等优点。因为高剂量铜对猪具有促生长作用，因而人们常常在猪饲料中超量添加硫酸铜。但硫酸铜的动物利用效率不高，饲料中铜代谢后90％以上经粪便排出，引发了畜禽铜中毒、食品安全健康、环境铜污染等一系列问题。同时，硫酸铜也存在在饲料中易吸潮结块、破坏维生素和油脂、引起饲料变质等诸多缺点。这就使得开发一种新型高效的铜源添加剂成为必要。     

饲料添加剂碱式氯化铜防结块研究

本文介绍了碱式氯化铜作为铜源饲料添加剂的使用现状,对产品的防结块技术进行了研究,结果表明:氯化胆碱对碱式氯化铜具有一定的防结块作用,氯化胆碱的添加量及添加方式对防结块具有重要影响。     

新型饲料添加剂碱式氯化铜的制备研究

铜是畜禽生产中不可缺少的重要元素,一般使用硫酸铜,其应用缺陷是众所周知的。碱式氯化铜具有不吸湿结块,流动性好,不氧化破坏饲料中的脂肪和维生素,生物利用率高的优点。碱式氯化铜的生物学有效性和生物安全性明显高于硫酸铜。它不仅可降低饲料成本,而且可大大减少铜排泄对环境造成的污染,对保护生态环境有重要意义。电子工业含铜废液的处理大多采用电解法[1]、氧化还原法[2]、中和沉淀法[3]等,一般以CuSO4.5H2O的形式回收。研究利用碱性蚀刻废液和酸性蚀刻废液制取纳米级的新型饲料添加剂碱式氯化铜,通过对蚀刻废液的处理工艺探讨,找到…     

饲料级碱式氯化铜检测方法的研究

对饲料级碱式氯化铜的检测方法进行研究试验,试验结果为：（1）碱式氯化铜中不含氯化铜,而含有氯化铵。（2）采用除铜后的莫尔法测氯离子结果更为准确。（3）以氮的含量推算水溶性氯的含量,其与总氯的差和铜的含量之比符合分子式Cu2（0H）3Cl。     

新饲料、新饲料添加剂展播 碱式氯化铜

<正>商品名称:麦乐铜碱式氯化铜的生物学有效性和生物安全性明显高于硫酸铜,而铜的使用量比硫酸铜减少25%～30%,因此不仅降低饲料成本,而且可大大减少铜     

碱式氯化铜对断奶仔猪的促生长效应研究

本试验研究了碱式氯化铜(TBCC)对断奶仔猪的促生长效应。试验采用完全随机区组设计,将180头30d断奶的杜×长×大仔猪依体重、性别、窝别随机分为5个处理组,分别饲喂添加需要量水平铜的玉米-豆粕-干乳清粉型饲粮、在未添加外源铜的玉米-豆粕-干乳清粉型饲粮基础上分别添加150、200、250mg/kg铜(源于TBCC)和250mg/kg铜(源于硫酸铜)的饲粮。试验期35d。结果表明,各处理组间猪的日采食量、日增重和耗料/增重比无显著差异(P>0.10),但在表观数字上,以150mg/kg碱式氯化铜源组为最优,250mg/kg的硫酸铜源组次之,200、250mg/kg的碱式氯化铜源组及对照组较差。     

Effects of tribasic copper chloride versus copper sulfate provided in corn-and molasses-based supplements on forage intake and copper status of beef heifers

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of supplemental tribasic copper chloride (Cu(2)(OH(3))Cl; TBCC) vs. Cu sulfate (CuSO(4)) on Cu status and voluntary forage DMI in growing heifers. Two 90-d experiments were conducted using 48 non-pregnant, crossbred heifers (24 heifers/experiment; 355 +/- 10.7 and 309 +/- 9.9 kg for Exp. 1 and 2, respectively). In each experiment, 3 supplemental Cu treatments were randomly allocated to heifers in individual pens consisting of (1) 100 mg of Cu/d from CuSO(4), (2) 100 mg of Cu/d from TBCC, or (3) 0 mg of Cu/d. The 2 experiments differed by the form of supplement used to deliver the Cu treatments (corn- vs. molasses-based supplements for Exp. 1 and 2, respectively). Supplements were formulated and fed to provide equivalent amounts of CP and TDN daily but differed in their concentration of the Cu antagonists, Mo (0.70 vs. 1.44 mg/kg), Fe (113 vs. 189 mg/kg), and S (0.18 vs. 0.37%) for corn- and molasses-based supplements, respectively. All heifers were provided free-choice access to ground stargrass (Cynodon spp.) hay. Jugular blood and liver biopsy samples were collected on d 0, 30, 60, and 90 of each experiment. Heifer BW was collected on d 0 and 90. Heifer ADG was not affected by Cu treatment (average = 0.22 +/- 0.11 and 0.44 +/- 0.05 kg for Exp. 1 and 2, respectively; P > 0.20). In Exp. 1, heifers provided supplemental Cu, independent of source, had greater (P < 0.05) liver Cu concentrations on d 60 and 90 compared with heifers provided no supplemental Cu. In Exp. 2, average liver Cu concentrations were greater (P = 0.04) for heifers receiving supplemental Cu compared with heifers receiving no Cu; however, all treatments experienced a decrease in liver Cu concentration over the 90-d treatment period. Plasma ceruloplasmin concentrations did not differ in Exp. 1 (P = 0.83) but were greater (P = 0.04) in Exp. 2 for heifers receiving supplemental Cu compared with heifers receiving no Cu. In Exp. 1, voluntary forage DMI was greater (P < 0.05) for heifers provided supplemental Cu, independent of source, compared with heifers provided no Cu. In contrast, voluntary forage DMI was not affected (P > 0.10) by Cu supplementation in Exp. 2. These data imply that CuSO(4) and TBCC are of similar availability when offered to growing beef heifers in both corn- and molasses-based supplements. However, corn- and molasses-based supplements appear to affect Cu metabolism differently. These impacts may affect voluntary forage DMI in growing beef heifers.     

放牧对草地土壤理化特性影响的研究进展

综述了放牧对草地土壤物理特性(容重、渗透率)和化学特性(有机质、全氮、全磷等)的影响。由于草地土壤生态系统本身的复杂性和弹性,放牧对草地土壤特性的影响并没有一致的结论。一般而言,随着放牧强度的增加,牲畜的践踏作用变强,土壤容重逐渐增加,土壤的渗透性降低,导致土壤的含水量下降,随着土壤深度增加其影响减弱。但在有机质含量很低的沙质土壤中,超载过牧造成有机质含量降低,土壤的团粒结构减少,稳定性团聚体减少,土壤结构遭到破坏,使得土壤容重降低。放牧对土壤有机质的影响受多种因素的影响,如温度、降水、植被、土壤和管理措施(持续放牧、轮牧、围栏等),所以有机质的动态转化过程十分复杂,已有的文献放牧管理对土壤有机质的影响有3类结论:无影响、增加和降低。放牧家畜通过采食、践踏、排泄等行为直接或间接地影响土壤中氮的含量,随放牧强度增加,土壤全氮含量呈现出降低、不变和增加等。土壤磷对放牧的响应也有不同的研究报道,有的认为随放牧强度的增加,土壤全磷下降,而速效磷增加,也有研究认为长期放牧对草地的全磷和速效磷变化不大。不合理的放牧是造成土壤退化的最普遍原因,故认识不合理放牧导致草原土壤退化的过程和机制,对遏止草原退化、实现草地畜牧业的可持续发展具有重要的意义。     

不同沙化高寒草地植物群落结构特征及土壤理化特性研究

以青海省治多县轻度沙化和重度沙化草地为研究对象,对其植被群落特征和土壤理化性状进行了调查。结果表明:随着草地沙化程度的加剧,草地植物群落结构(如群落优势种等)发生了明显的变化,群落盖度、生物量均明显下降(P0.01),植被高度反而上升(P0.01)。而通过保护与综合治理,重度沙化草地物种数、多样性指数、均匀性指数却大于轻度沙化草地。同时,随着草地沙化程度的加剧,土壤养分在0~15cm水平上明显下降(P0.01),而在15~30cm水平上变化不明显。     

Effects of copper sulfate, tri-basic copper chloride, and zinc oxide on weanling pig performance

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary Cu and Zn on weanling pig performance. Diets were fed in 2 phases: phase 1 from d 0 to 14 postweaning and phase 2 from d 14 to 28 in Exp. 1 and 2 and d 14 to 42 in Exp. 3. The trace mineral premix, included in all diets, provided 165 mg/kg of Zn from ZnSO(4) and 16.5 mg/kg of Cu from CuSO(4). In Exp. 1, treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of added Cu from tri-basic copper chloride (TBCC; 0 or 150 mg/kg) and added Zn from ZnO (0, 1,500, or 3,000 mg/kg from d 0 to 14 and 0, 1,000, or 2,000 mg/kg from d 14 to 28). No Cu × Zn interactions were observed (P > 0.10). Adding TBCC or Zn increased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI during each phase. In Exp. 2, treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of added Zn from ZnO (0 or 3,000 mg/kg from d 0 to 14 and 0 or 2,000 mg/kg from d 14 to 28) and Cu (control, 125 mg/kg of Cu from TBCC, or 125 mg/kg of Cu from CuSO(4)). No Cu × Zn interactions (P > 0.10) were observed for any performance data. Adding ZnO improved (P < 0.02) ADG and ADFI from d 0 to 14 and overall. From d 0 to 28, supplementing CuSO(4) increased (P < 0.02) ADG, ADFI, and G:F, and TBCC improved (P = 0.006) ADG. In Exp. 3, the 6 dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of added Cu from CuSO(4) (0 or 125 mg/kg) and added Zn from ZnO (0 or 3,000 mg/kg from d 0 to 14 and 0 or 2,000 mg/kg from d 14 to 42). The final 2 treatments were feeding added ZnO alone or in combination with CuSO(4) from d 0 to 14 and adding CuSO(4) from d 14 to 42. Adding ZnO increased (P < 0.04) ADG, ADFI, and G:F from d 0 to 14 and ADG from d 0 to 42. Dietary CuSO(4) increased (P < 0.004) ADG and ADFI from d 14 to 42 and d 0 to 42. From d 28 to 42, a trend for a Cu × Zn interaction was observed (P = 0.06) for ADG. This interaction was reflective of the numeric decrease in ADG for pigs when Cu and Zn were used in combination compared with each used alone. Also, numerical advantages were observed when supplementing Zn from d 0 to 14 and Cu from d 14 to 42 compared with all other Cu and Zn regimens. These 3 experiments show the advantages of including both Cu and Zn in the diet for 28 d postweaning; however, as evident in Exp. 3, when 3,000 mg/kg of Zn was added early and 125 mg/kg of Cu was added late, performance was similar or numerically greater than when both were used for 42 d.     

重组痘苗病毒TTVAC7理化特性

探讨重组痘苗病毒TTVAC7的理化特性,对重组痘苗病毒活载体疫苗的规模化生产、保存、运输和净化具有一定的指导意义。将重组痘苗病毒TTVAC7和天坛株痘苗病毒VTT经热、酸、碱、乙醚、氯仿、胰蛋白酶、紫外线照射及超声波破碎处理后,接种于BHK-21细胞,通过测定TCID50观察上述理化因子处理前后TTVAC7和VTT毒价的变化,并分析这些理化因子对TTVAC7和VTT的影响。结果显示,TTVAC7经55℃作用15min,VTT经55℃作用30min即可完全被灭活;在pH值3~9的范围内,pH值的变化不会引起TTVAC7和VTT病毒滴度的显著变化;紫外线垂直距离10、30cm照射病毒液60min,不能完全灭活病毒粒子;对氯仿敏感;经1%胰蛋白酶37℃处理60min,TTVAC7和VTT的病毒滴度下降2个滴度以上;对乙醚不敏感;经40、80Hz的非接触式超声处理60min,TTVAC7和VTT的病毒滴度下降低于2个滴度。结果表明,重组痘苗病毒TTVAC7和天坛株痘苗病毒VTT理化性质相似,均不耐高温,耐酸、碱、乙醚、紫外线及超声波,对氯仿和胰蛋白酶敏感。     

碱式氯化铜检测方法及其应用

铜是动物必需的一种微量元素,参与血红素的合成和红细胞的成熟及动物成骨过程、毛发和皮毛的色素沉着和角质化过程,在动物体内作为几种重要酶的成分(或作为辅因子)而发挥作用。饲料中添加高铜(250m g/kg)能提高断奶仔猪的日增重、采食量和饲料效率(Edm onds等,1985;Crom well等     

Tolerance for excess basic zinc chloride and basic copper chloride in chicks

(1) Four chick experiments were conducted to determine toxicity estimates for basic zinc chloride (BZC) and basic copper chloride (BCC), now being used as sources for these minerals. (2) In experiment 1, New Hampshire x Columbian crossbred chicks were fed 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 3000 and 5000 mg Zn/kg from BZC (Zn5Cl2(OH)8). Broken-line regression analysis showed that the minimal toxic break points for chick weight gain and gain:food were 1720 and 2115 mg Zn/kg, respectively. (3) Crossbred chicks were fed 0, 150, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg Cu/kg from BCC (Cu2(OH)3C) in experiment 2. Regression analysis indicated that the minimal toxic break points for chick weight gain and gain:food were 642 and 781 mg Cu/kg, respectively. (4) In experiment 3, commercial broiler chicks were fed 0, 1500, 2000 and 2500 mg supplemental Zn/kg from BZC or 0, 500, 650 and 800 mg supplemental Cu/kg from BCC. Broiler chicks fed those high inclusion rates of Zn did not show reduced weight gain in comparison to chicks fed no supplemental Zn. All high concentrations of supplemental Cu depressed chick weight gain in comparison to control chicks. (5) Experiment 4 involved two separate 4 x 2 factorial designs with supplemental Zn (0, 2500, 3500 and 4500 mg/kg) or Cu (0, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg) and two breeds of chicks (crossbred and commercial). Significant interactions for weight gain, food intake, gain:food and liver Cu suggested that the crossbred and commercial chicks responded differently to high concentrations of supplementary dietary Cu.