扎龙自然保护区鸟类观赏性分析与观鸟管理对策

观鸟是一项陶冶身心、消除疲劳、接近大自然、科学性很强的活动。扎龙国家级自然保护区内，鸟类资源丰富，是进行观鸟旅游和科普、科研的重要基地，本文主要构建了鸟类观赏性评估体系，并对保护区的鸟类进行了观赏性评估；通过问卷调查分析了观鸟者对自然保护区和鸟类的认知度、喜爱度和观鸟的期望等等；并为保护区更好地开展观鸟旅游和科研、科普活动提出管理建议。     

Evaluation of EEG based determination of unconsciousness vs. loss of posture in broilers

Evaluation of the loss of consciousness in poultry is an essential component in evaluating bird welfare under a variety of situations and applications. Many current approaches to evaluating loss of consciousness are qualitative and require observation of the bird. This study outlines a quantitative method for determining the point at which a bird loses consciousness. In this study, commercial broilers were individually anesthetized and the brain activity recorded as the bird became unconscious. A wireless EEG transmitter was surgically implanted and the bird anesthetized after a 24-48 h recovery. Each bird was monitored during treatment with isoflurane anesthesia and EEG data was evaluated using a frequency based approach. The alpha/delta (A/D) ratio and loss of posture (LOP) were used to determine the point at which the birds went unconscious. There was no statistically significant difference between time to unconsciousness as measured by A/D ratio or LOP.     

Ecological Scale of Bird Community Response to Piñon-Juniper Removal

Piñon (Pinus spp.) and juniper (Juniperus spp.) removal is a common management approach to restore sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) vegetation in areas experiencing woodland expansion. Because many management treatments are conducted to benefit sagebrush-obligate birds, we surveyed bird communities to assess treatment effectiveness in establishing sagebrush bird communities at study sites in Utah, Nevada, Idaho, and Oregon. Our analyses included data from 1 or 2 yr prior to prescribed fire or mechanical treatment and 3 to 5 yr posttreatment. We used detrended correspondence analysis to 1) identify primary patterns of bird communities surveyed from 2006 to 2011 at point transects, 2) estimate ecological scale of change needed to achieve treatment objectives from the relative dissimilarity of survey points to the ordination region delineating sagebrush bird communities, and 3) measure changes in pre- and posttreatment bird communities. Birds associated with sagebrush, woodlands, and ecotones were detected on our surveys; increased dissimilarity of survey points to the sagebrush bird community was characterized by a gradient of increased juniper and decreased sagebrush cover. Prescribed fires burned between 30% and 97% of our bird survey points. However, from 6% to 24% cover of piñon-juniper still remained posttreatment on the four treatment plots. We measured only slight changes in bird communities, which responded primarily to current vegetation rather than relative amount of change from pretreatment vegetation structure. Bird communities at survey points located at greater ecological scales from the sagebrush bird community changed least and will require more significant impact to achieve changes. Sagebrush bird communities were established at only two survey points, which were adjacent to a larger sagebrush landscape and following almost complete juniper removal by mechanical treatment. Our results indicate that management treatments that leave residual woodland cover and are not adjacent to extensive sagebrush stands are unlikely to establish sagebrush birds.     

河南省鸟类新纪录——流苏鹬

2018年4月14～20日,在河南省南阳市镇平县进行鸟类调查时,使用单反数码相机(尼康D5,尼康AF-S 600mm f/4G ED VR)进行拍摄记录,记录到1只与另外9只鹤鹬混群的鸻形目鸟类,经查阅相关文献,最后确认其为流苏鹬,系河南省鸟类分布新纪录。     

内生真菌醉马草作为机场驱鸟草的潜力分析

鸟击事件是长期以来威胁飞行安全的一个国际性难题,目前,国际民航组织（International civil aviation organisation,ICAO）已经将鸟击灾害列为“A类航空灾难”,鸟击防范领域的研究也逐渐受到人们的重视。香柱菌（Epichloё）侵染宿主禾草后形成的共生体可产生有毒生物碱,将共生体发展为高毒驱鸟草种并应用于机场,可以减少鸟击事件的发生。醉马草（Achnatherum inebrians）自身携带甘肃香柱菌（Epichloё gansuensis）和醉马草香柱菌（Epichloё inebrians）,野外自然生长的醉马草均为醉马草内生真菌共生体。本文主要通过对比当前国内机场主要驱鸟方式,提出用含有Epichloё属内生真菌的机场驱鸟草替代现有机场草坪草,可作为一种新型驱鸟方式;回顾了当前国外驱鸟草的应用及优势;分析了内生真菌醉马草作为驱鸟草的潜力和存在问题;并对禾草内生真菌的应用及人工栽培醉马草进行展望。     

Importance of bird traits for seed dispersal patterns of co‐fruiting trees in a patchy forest

Habitat fragmentation is globally one of the most important drivers of change in biodiversity. Seed dispersal by birds is crucial for tree regeneration in remnant patchy forests, yet how bird traits affect seed dispersal pattern is still poorly understood. We studied the extent to which bird traits affect seed‐removal networks and whether these traits affect seed deposition and seedling recruitment for 3 co‐fruiting tree species (Taxus chinensis, Cinnamomum bodinieri and Machilus thunbergii) in a patchy forest. A total of 17, 18 and 10 bird species were recorded foraging for seeds of T. chinensis, M. thunbergii and C. bodinieri, respectively. Frequency of bird visitation increased with tail length, wing length and body length. Furthermore, bird body length, bill length, body weight and wing length were important in the strength of the seed removal network. During foraging, 6 bird species exhibited different patterns of microhabitat utilization and their perching frequency increased with bird weight and tarsus length. As a consequence, frequency of habitat use, bird length and tarsus length were important in determining the number of deposited seeds. For seedling recruitment, seedling number increased with bird tarsus length and weight, but decreased with wing length. Overall, our results showed that various bird traits not only affected seed removal, but also influenced the subsequent processes of seed deposition and seedling distribution in a patchy forest. These results thus highlight the importance of large‐bodied birds for plant recruitment and point out the need to prioritize the protection and conservation of these birds in remnant patchy forests.     

黑龙江大沾河湿地国家级自然保护区鸟类多样性及其保护

为了掌握黑龙江大沾河湿地国家级自然保护区的鸟类多样性和认识保护区目前存在的问题,我们通过查阅资料、鸟类环志和鸟类救护的方法对保护区的鸟类多样性进行了研究。结果表明黑龙江大沾河湿地国家级自然保护区分布有鸟类202种,国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类有东方白鹳、白头鹤、丹顶鹤、金雕4种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类有白枕鹤、苍鹰、鸳鸯等33种,鸟类多样性极其丰富。在鸟类保护工作方面,目前虽然保护区已经开展了大量的保护工作,但仍然存在经济发展与鸟类保护相矛盾、人为干扰严重、自然资源利用过度和环境污染加剧等问题。针对存在的问题,本文通过研究提出了保护区在今后鸟类多样性保护和管理方面的科学意见。     

Biosecurity and bird movement practices in upland game bird facilities in the United States

Since 1996, the emergence of Asian-origin highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5N1 has spurred great concern for the global poultry industry. In the United States, there is concern over the potential of a foreign avian disease incursion into the country. Noncommercial poultry operations, such as upland game bird facilities in the United States, may serve as a potential source of avian disease introduction to other bird populations including the commercial poultry industry, backyard flocks, or wildlife. In order to evaluate how to prevent disease transmission from these facilities to other populations, we examined biosecurity practices and bird movement within the upland game bird industry in the United States. Persons that held a current permit to keep, breed, or release upland game birds were surveyed for information on biosecurity practices, flock and release environments, and bird movement parameters. Biosecurity practices vary greatly among permit holders. Many facilities allow for interaction between wild birds and pen-reared birds, and there is regular long-distance movement of live adult birds among facilities. Results suggest that upland game bird facilities should be targeted for biosecurity education and disease surveillance efforts.     

西昌青山机场周边春季鸟类调查及鸟撞防治对策

2013年4月-2013年5月,通过对西昌青山机场附近6种生境9个样方进行了19次实地调查,共记录到春季鸟类6目21科37种,通过对体重威胁等级、集群状况、密度、重要系数、分布系数进行量化考核,得出最具威胁和威胁较大的鸟类有10种,如家燕、树麻雀、山麻雀、家鸽等,并提出了一些鸟撞防治对策。     

Rangeland Health Assessment: A Useful Tool for Linking Range Management and Grassland Bird Conservation?

Large-scale loss and degradation of North American native prairie coupled with sharp declines in grassland bird populations call for a clear understanding of the effects of livestock production on bird habitat selection. Grassland birds typically select breeding habitat based on a suite of structural and community vegetation features shaped by grazing. Rangeland health indices are a tool for assessing grassland structure and community composition that may offer biologists and range managers common language to achieve grassland bird recovery goals. We used point-count surveys, vegetation measures, and indices of rangeland health to examine bird-habitat relationships on native grassland in southwestern Saskatchewan for 10 grassland bird species. We used an information theoretic approach to compare the support of three hypotheses explaining variation in bird abundance as a function of local vegetation characteristics: bird abundance is best explained by 1) vegetation structure, 2) vegetation structure heterogeneity, or 3) plant community. Vegetation structure variables were present in top-ranking models (i.e., models within four Akaike information criterion units of top model) for eight species and solely comprised top-ranking models for Baird’s sparrow (Ammodramus bairdii), chestnut-collared longspur (Calcarius ornatus), horned lark (Eremophila alpestris), McCown’s longspur (Rhynchophanes mccownii), and savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis). Structural heterogeneity variables were present in top-ranked models for grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), horned lark (Eremophila alpestris), and western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta). Plant composition variables solely comprised top-ranking models for clay-colored sparrow (Spizella pallida) and were present in top-ranked models for grasshopper sparrow and vesper sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus). Our results indicate that vegetation structure variables, namely litter mass, vegetation volume, and bare ground cover, best explain variation in bird abundance. Although the rangeland health index received little support as a predictor of bird abundance, vegetation structure components of the index could be used to communicate grazing management guidelines that maintain grassland bird habitat.     

A study of manatee leukocytes using peroxidase stain

Leukocytes of the manatee, dog, cat, horse, rabbit, bird, and human were stained with modified Wright-Giemsa stain and myeloperoxidase stain. The predominant segmented leukocyte of the manatee stained positive for myeloperoxidase in a manner similar to the human, dog, cat, and horse neutrophil. Rabbit and bird heterophils stained unlike the manatee predominant leukocyte with myeloperoxidase stain. Eosinophils of all species examined also stained differently from the predominant manatee leukocyte. We conclude that the predominant segmented cell type of the manatee is not biochemically similar to the heterophil of the bird and rabbit or to the eosinophil of the human, dog, cat, horse, bird, and rabbit.     

广东树木公园鸟类多样性及群落结构变化特征

2019年7月—2020年12月对广东树木公园的鸟类多样性进行调查,对公园内鸟类物种群落结构的动态变化进行了分析。结果表明:公园内分布有繁殖鸟类13目37科81种,其中国家二级重点保护鸟类6种,广东省重点保护鸟类8种;调查的81种鸟类中,优势种3种,常见种15种,稀有种29种,罕见种34种;东洋界鸟类和留鸟占优势;树木公园鸟类多样性存在季节性差异:种类和数量、多样性指数9—12月逐渐上升。树木公园内鸟类群落结构反映了城市森林公园在维持鸟类多样性,以及充当迁徙鸟类的"踏脚石"发挥了重要的作用。     

西北农林科技大学校园夏季鸟群种类调查

2007年8月对西北农林科技大学校园的鸟群种类进行了调查,共记录鸟类38种,隶属4目18科。其中古北界鸟类17种(44.74%),东洋界鸟类12种(31.58%),广布型鸟类9种(23.68%),区系组成呈现南、北鸟类混杂分布、以古北界鸟类为主的特征。通过核对《国家重点保护野生动物名录》确定有国家二级保护鸟类1种。根据实地调查结果,分别对鸟类资源的保护和管理提出了一些建议。     

江西老虎脑省级自然保护区鸟类生物多样性研究

2017年11月至2018年4月,利用样线法对江西老虎脑省级自然保护区鸟类生物多样性进行研究。结果表明:(1)共记录到124种鸟类,隶属13目44科,其中6种国家II级重点保护鸟类,3种被中国脊椎动物红色名录评估为近危(NT)物种;(2)鸟类生物多样性指数为3.98,均匀度指数为0.82;(3)在季节性构成上,冬候鸟32种,夏候鸟28种,留鸟59种,以及5种旅鸟。在地理区系构成上,东洋界61种,古北界45种,广布种18种;(4)老虎脑保护区内常见鸟类有树麻雀(Passer montanus)、白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)、丝光椋鸟(Spodiopsar sericeus)等14物种。通过对江西老虎脑鸟类多样性的研究,为鸟类资源的保护与管理提供依据。     

Assessing the risk of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 transmission through poultry movements in Bali,Indonesia

Indonesia continues to report the highest number of human and poultry cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. The disease is considered to be endemic on the island of Bali. Live bird markets are integral in the poultry supply chain on Bali and are important, nutritionally and culturally, for the rural and urban human populations. Due to the lack of biosecurity practiced along the supply chain from producer to live bird markets, there is a need to understand the risks associated with the spread of H5N1 through live bird movements for effective control. Resources to control H5N1 in Indonesia are very limited and cost effective strategies are needed. We assessed the probability a live bird market is infected through live poultry movements and assessed the effects of implementing two simple and low cost control measures on this risk. Results suggest there is a high risk a live bird market is infected (0.78), and risk mitigation strategies such as detecting and removing infected poultry from markets reduce this risk somewhat (range 0.67–0.76). The study demonstrates the key role live poultry movements play in transmitting H5N1 and the need to implement a variety of control measures to reduce disease spread.     

Primary closure of the corneas of two Great Horned owls after resection of nonhealing ulcers

Two Great Horned owls were presented to the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for evaluation of corneal lesions. Each bird had a corneal ulcer and bullous keratopathy. Following unsuccessful attempts at medical and surgical management, the corneal defects in each bird were treated with penetrating keratoplasties and conjunctival pedicle grafts. In each bird the cornea healed well and regained approximately its normal shape. Both birds fully recovered and have been released into the wild.     

杭州植物园野生鸟类多样性调查

2009年7月～2010年8月,采用样线法和定点观测法对杭州植物园所辖范围内的野生鸟类进行调查观测,共记录到鸟类9目26科94种,占浙江省鸟类种数的22.71%。其中,国家Ⅱ级保护物种1种。从留居类型看,留鸟49种,夏候鸟16种,冬候鸟24种,旅鸟5种。属古北界的有37种,占39.36%,东洋界54种,占57.45%,两界广布种3种,占3.19%,鸟类组成具有由东洋界向古北界过渡的特征。该区鸟类多样性水平较高,从调查研究的4种生境看,多样性指数（Shannon-Wiener指数）从高到低分别是疏林、灌丛、山林、水域。对比分析发现疏林和山林之间的物种相似性指数最高,水域和疏林之间的相似性指数最低。     

Potent interaction between thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and human pancreatic growth hormone releasing factor (hpGRF) in stimulating chicken growth hormone (cGH) in vivo: Hypothalamic noradrenergic mediation in TRH stimulation of cGH release

The interaction of human pancreatic growth hormone releasing factor (hpGRF) and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) on chicken growth hormone (cGH) release in vivo and possible noradrenergic involvement on TRH-induced stimulation of cGH in vivo were examined. Four-week old cockerels (1 kg) were injected intravenously with hpGRF (1.0 μg/bird), TRH (0.1 μg/bird), or hpGRF (1.0 μg/bird) in combination with TRH (0.1 μg/bird). Five min after the injection, blood samples were collected and serum concentrations of cGH were determined by a homologous RIA. The results showed that hpGRF and TRH were potent stimulators of cGH release, 5- and 6-fold over the control birds, respectively, and that hpGRF and TRH administered in combination produced a synergistic stimulation of cGH release (>20 fold). In separate experiments, pretreatment with alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (250 mg/bird) for 2 hours resulted in complete suppression of the TRH stimulatory effect on cGH release but not the stimulatory effect of hpGRF. Pretreated with phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride (20 mg/bird) or diethyl-dithiocarbamate (500 mg/bird) also resulted in complete suppression of TRH-induced cGH release. These results indicate that hpGRF acts directly at the pituitary and TRH acts at the hypothalamus in addition to the pituitary in stimulating cGH release, possibly mediated through the noradrenergic neurons. HpGRF and TRH were potent releasers of cGH and their stimulation was potentiated when administered together.     

Minimum anesthetic concentration of isoflurane in captive thick-billed parrots (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in thick-billed parrots (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha). ANIMALS: 15 healthy thick-billed parrots. PROCEDURES: Anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. In the first bird that was anesthetized, end-tidal isoflurane concentration was maintained at 1.0% for 15 minutes. After this period of anesthetic equilibration, an end-tidal gas sample was obtained for verification of isoflurane concentration. A toe was pinched to determine the bird's response to pain, and the bird was then allowed to recover from aesthesia. To determine MAC, a so-called up-and-down approach was subsequently used in all 15 birds. Compared with the isoflurane concentration used for MAC determination in the first bird, maintenance isoflurane concentration for the second bird was increased by approximately 10% if the first bird reacted and decreased by approximately 10% if the first bird did not react to a toe pinch. These steps were then followed until all 15 birds had been anesthetized. Crossover events occurred when birds in sequence had discordant results (ie, 1 reactor and 1 nonreactor). The MAC was defined as the mean of the isoflurane concentrations measured during these crossover events. RESULTS: Mean MAC of isoflurane in thick-billed parrots was estimated to be 1.07% (95% confidence interval, 0.97% to 1.16%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Isoflurane MAC appears to be lower in thick-billed parrots than the MAC determined for other bird species. Determination of the species-specific requirements of thick-billed parrots should allow isoflurane anesthesia to be performed more safely in this endangered species.     

Avian trichomoniasis: a study of lesions and relative prevalence in a variety of captive and free-living bird species as seen in an Australian avian practice

Background Studies of avian trichomoniasis in the literature are limited to some extent, often being confined to a single bird species or group of species within a bird Order. Some incidence studies have been reported for free‐living birds, and occasionally for captive birds. Very few reports describe the prevalence and types of lesions seen for a wide range of bird species, especially from a clinical perspective. Methods Retrospective study of avian practice records from a 10‐year period. Emphasis on the types of presentations and relative prevalence of trichomoniasis in a variety of captive and free‐living bird species encountered in Australian avian practice. Results The occurrence of trichomoniasis in several novel species (lorikeets, corvids and a cuckoo species), plus its distinctive presentation in southern boobook owls (Ninox boobook), is documented. Conclusion Trichomoniasis should be a differential diagnosis for birds presenting with regurgitation or upper gastrointestinal abscesses, even if motile trichomonads are not found in wet preparations from crop washes or lesions.