Air entrapment and consolidation occurring with saturated hydraulic conductivity changes with intermittent wetting

A study was designed to measure air entrapment and consolidation as mechanisms that might contribute to reduced hydraulic conductivity with intermittent wetting similar to surge irrigation cycles. The changes in hydraulic conductivity with intermittent wetting would result in infiltration rate changes. Air entrapment and consolidation in a surface layer sample of 50 mm was the focus of the study. During drainage periods between successive wettings, pressure head gradients within the surface layer samples were controlled to simulate drainage in a field situation. Air entrapment was found to occur consistently with reduction in saturated hydraulic conductivity while consolidation was not as consistent in its response with changes in saturated hydraulic conductivity. Received: 16 February 1999     

围垦年限和土壤容重对海涂土壤水分运动参数的影响

为探讨围垦年限和土壤容重双因素对海涂土壤水分运动参数的影响,在室内试验的基础上结合理论计算,对海涂4个年限围垦区土壤2个不同容重下土壤导水率、水分特征曲线和扩散率的变化进行了研究。结果表明:围垦年限对土壤颗粒组成、结构及钠盐含量等影响显著,土壤饱和导水率随围垦年限的增长而减小;持水能力、土壤水分扩散率随围垦年限的增长而增大。土壤饱和导水率、吸渗率、土壤水分扩散率及相同土壤吸力下的含水率均随容重的增大而减小,随着围垦年限的增长,土壤容重对水分运动参数的影响更明显。     

南北方粘质土壤密度对土壤水分特征van Genuchten模型的影响研究

以南北方典型粘质土壤红壤和塿土为试验土样,通过水平入渗试验进行了土壤密度变化对土壤水分特征van Genuchten模型参数的影响研究。研究结果表明,特征湿润长度、吸力、饱和含水量、滞留含水量、饱和导水率均随土壤密度增加而减小;土壤水分特征van Genuchten模型参数n随着土壤密度的增加而递增,而参数α随着土壤密度的增加而减小,与土壤密度成反比;参数n和参数α随土壤密度变化关系可用幂函数来描述。为建立吸力、土壤密度、质量含水率三变量的土壤水分特征曲面提供新的途径,有助于完善土壤水动力学理论。     

红壤地区典型农田土壤饱和导水率及其影响因素研究

研究了湖南祁阳红壤地区旱地、水田的原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率,并分析了土壤的有机质含量、土壤质地、土壤容重等土壤基本性质对土壤饱和导水率的影响状况。结果表明:原状土的饱和导水率变化于44.8×10-4~1.94×10-4cm/s之间,扰动土的饱和导水率变化于2.59×10-4~1.09×10-4cm/s之间;同一水稻土剖面上的饱和导水率基本呈现由上向下逐渐减小的趋势,且原状土的饱和导水率普遍大于扰动土的饱和导水率。原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率与土壤的主要物理性质之间存在着一定的相关性。通过SPSS统计软件分析显示,土壤容重是影响饱和导水率的最主要因素,而其它如有机质含量和粘粒含量等因素也有着一定的影响。     

西南喀斯特地区土壤饱和导水率及其影响因素研究

通过对西南喀斯特地区典型土壤的饱和导水率的分析,研究了喀斯特地区不同植被退化类型下土壤的饱和导水率及其影响因素。结果表明,西南喀斯特地区不同植被退化类型下土壤的饱和导水率存在着明显的差异,原状土表层饱和导水率在27.2×10-4~50.8×10-4cm/s之间,一般未经人为干扰的原始森林土壤饱和导水率>人为干扰形成的灌丛土壤>农业用地;在土壤剖面中自上而下饱和导水率明显降低;扰动土壤表层饱和导水率在0.27×10-4~1.53×10-4cm/s之间,明显低于原状土壤,仅为原状土壤的0.9%~3.0%。喀斯特地区影响土壤饱和导水率的主要因素有土壤容重、土壤孔隙度、土壤有机质含量、土壤质地等。主成分分析结果表明,影响原状土饱和导水率的主要因素为土壤质地和土壤孔性,而土壤孔性是影响扰动土壤导水率的主导因素。     

不同类型土壤团聚体化学稳定性分析

以4种不同类型土壤为研究对象,在室内用干筛的0.25~5 mm的团聚体以容积密度为1.40 g/cm3装填到环刀中,用5种不同浓度的氯化铵溶液分别浸润饱和24、48和72 h后,以纯水为介质采用降水头法测定土壤饱和导水率,探讨了不同类型土壤团聚体的稳定性对盐溶液的反应特征及抗化学物质的破坏能力。结果表明:土壤饱和导水率并非常数,4种供试土壤饱和导水率在不同浓度氯化铵溶液和浸泡时间处理下均呈显著变化,总体表现为盐浓度越高、浸泡时间越长,土壤饱和导水率越小,但不同类型土壤对盐溶液的响应差异显著。由此可得,在纯水中水稳性较强的土壤团聚体却不一定是化学稳定性强的,团聚体的化学稳定性随其胶结剂的类型、数量与质量不同,对土壤溶液中化学物质响应差异显著。     

宁夏黄灌区灌淤土水力参数研究

对宁夏黄灌区灌淤土水力参数进行了较为系统的研究.研究结果表明,原状土与扰动土饱和导水率变化范围分别为10～100 cm/d和3～50 cm/d.原状土饱和导水率随土壤剖面变化规律与扰动土一致:随着土壤深度的增加,饱和导水率呈现高低往复变化.原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率受粘粒含量、密度、孔隙度影响较大,受有机质含量影响较小...     

石羊河流域咸水灌溉对土壤物理性质的影响

为揭示咸水灌溉对土壤水力特性的影响机制,探求西北内陆干旱地区的合理灌溉模式,对石羊河流域中游地区开展制种玉米咸水灌溉田间试验,通过设置4种灌溉水矿化度水平(0.71,3.00,6.00,9.00 g/L),研究土壤盐分对土壤容重、孔隙度、质地和饱和导水率的影响.研究结果表明:对土壤进行咸水灌溉会引起土壤容重、孔隙度的改变,从而改变土壤饱和导水率.随着灌水次数的增多,各个处理土壤容重都越来越大,孔隙度越来越小,从而使得饱和导水率越来越小.此外咸水灌溉还会引起土壤质地的改变,特别是黏粒含量的增大,会使土壤饱和导水率减小.研究成果对咸水资源的高效利用及农业的可持续发展,具有重要的理论意义和实用价值.     

聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对土壤水分蓄渗能力的影响

聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)作为一种土壤结构改良剂在我国正处于试验应用阶段。为了更好地了解其作用效果,掌握其作用机理,探求其使用方法,通过试验,分别对施用不同浓度比例PAM的试验土壤的积水入渗情况、饱和导水率值、保水情况、土壤容重进行了测定。结果发现,各种处理土样与对照相比,①积水入渗速率和饱和导水率值都有所降低。②各处理土样的蓄水能力增强,保水能力未见提高。③土壤容重有一定程度的降低。④以上各种趋势随PAM施用量的增大而增强。     

施加生物质炭对盐渍土土壤结构和水力特性的影响

以江苏省沿海围垦区盐渍土为研究对象,基于Micro-CT图像扫描技术,分析施加生物质炭后改良盐渍土土壤孔隙度、土壤水分特征曲线以及非饱和导水率等土壤特性的变化,并建立分形模型预测土壤水力性质,以此揭示施用生物质炭对于海涂围垦区盐渍土土壤结构和水力特性的影响。试验设置0、2%、5%(与表层0～20 cm土壤质量比) 3个生物质炭添加水平,重复3次。结果表明:施加5%生物质炭显著降低盐渍土土壤容重,增加土壤总孔隙度和大孔隙度;大于0. 25 mm水稳性团聚体质量分数显著增加,增加土壤孔隙分形维数;提高土壤饱和含水率和饱和导水率;结合Micro-CT图像扫描技术和孔隙分形理论预测改良盐渍土土壤水分特征曲线和非饱和导水率,预测效果精度高,能够用于实际问题的研究。     

A method to predict changes in hydraulic conductivity caused by drainage plows and backfilling of trenches

A method was developed to predict the reduction in hydraulic conductivity around drainpipes due to the laying technique.For the trenchless technique the flow of soil around the body that is forced through the soil is assumed to be a sequence of steady state situations for which the stream lines are the sliding lines defined by Prandtl (1921). From the stream lines and an assumed displacement of the soil mass, a relation is derived between the deformation of the soil, the friction angle and the distance to the plow body.The relation between hydraulic conductivity and deformation was derived from cores placed in a triaxial apparatus. When the friction angle is known, the reduction in hydraulic conductivity can be determined.For the trenching technique, the change in dry bulk density due to settling of the backfill is derived from the relation between the change in density of loosened soils and the original density of the soil before loosening. Using a relation between density and hydraulic conductivity, the reduction in conductivity is obtained.The predicted hydraulic conductivity in the deformed zone caused by a drainage plow and that in backfilled trenches in a silt loam soil and a silty clay loam soil was compared with the hydraulic conductivity derived from measured drain discharges, heights of water table and known original hydraulic conductivities of the undisturbed soil.     

地下水浅埋下层状土壤波涌畦灌间歇入渗模型研究

为进一步揭示地下水浅埋下的层状土波涌畦灌间歇入渗机制,通过试验资料分析与理论研究,建立了波涌灌间歇入渗条件下的层状土Brook-Corey和Green-Ampt（BC-GA）改进入渗模型,推导出层状土间歇入渗湿润锋面水吸力与湿润锋运移深度的函数关系,确定了含砂层内部土壤饱和导水率、进气吸力是层状土间歇入渗运移距离变化的主要影响参数。周期数增大,上层土壤饱和导水率减小,饱和含水率减小,进气吸力增大,夹砂层内部仅进气吸力随周期数增加而增大。根据BC-GA模型计算不同埋深的含砂层土壤间歇入渗特性及湿润锋运移特性,对比分析指出,周期数增加,相同含砂层埋深下的累积入渗量减小,湿润锋运移距离增大;含砂层埋深增加,相同供水周期的累积入渗量增大,湿润锋增大;供水周期达到最大时,含砂层埋深对累积入渗量和湿润锋运移距离影响减小。     

太湖地区主要水稻土的饱和导水率及其影响因素研究

主要研究了太湖地区3种主要水稻土(白土、黄泥土和乌栅土)的原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率,并分析了土壤的有机质含量、土壤质地、土壤容重、土壤团聚度、土壤结构系数等土壤基本性质对土壤饱和导水率的影响。结果表明:原状土的饱和导水率变化于5.16×10-4~11.62×10-4cm/s之间,扰动土饱和导水率变化于0.76×10-4~3.31×10-4cm/s之间;同一水稻土的剖面上的饱和导水率基本呈现由上向下逐渐减小的趋势,且原状土的饱和导水率普遍大于扰动土的饱和导水率。原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率均与土壤的各项主要物理性质之间都存在着一定的相关性。影响原状土饱和导水率的因素主要是土壤容重、团聚度、结构系数和有机质等,而不同类型的土壤饱和导水率之间相差较大。影响扰动土饱和导水率的因素除了容重、团聚度、结构系数和有机质外,还有土壤的质地(即粘粒含量)。为进一步探讨太湖地区土壤水分的合理利用与管理、环境的治理和农业的持续发展提供了参考的依据。     

深松耕作对土壤物理性状和入渗性能的影响

为探讨深松耕作对华北平原地区土壤物理性状和水分入渗性能的影响,采用双环(APM)、入渗仪等试验材料,研究了深松(40 cm)+旋耕(PS)和仅旋耕(CK)2种耕作方式对冬小麦全生育期土壤物理性状及入渗特性的影响.结果表明:冬小麦全生育期,PS处理(0,40]cm土层土壤容重、紧实度较CK分别降低6.58%,31.29%,土壤含水率较CK增加12.11%;PS处理20,40 cm深度土壤饱和导水率较CK分别显著提高116.65%,83.69%,60 cm深度土壤饱和导水率较CK提高8.25%;PS处理土壤初始入渗速率、稳定入渗速率和累计入渗量畦灌前较CK分别提高21.52%,31.75%和11.56%,畦灌后较CK分别提高61.54%,68.42%和12.63%,差异具有统计学意义;采用4种入渗模型对入渗试验进行了比较,其中,Kositiakov入渗模型能够较好地对各处理进行拟合,决定系数R 2在0.92~0.96,得到了不同处理畦灌前后的入渗系数a和入渗指数b.研究结果可为不同耕作方式模拟畦灌过程、确定畦灌最优灌水技术参数提供参考依据.     

土壤渗透特性的圆盘张力入渗法测定研究

以川中丘陵区紫色土为研究对象,采用圆盘张力入渗法,测定坡耕地和林地土壤在5个水头下(0、-1、-3、-6、-9cm)的导水率曲线,并对比分析野外圆盘张力入渗法和环刀土样室内降水头法测得的土壤饱和导水率的差异。结果表明,土壤稳定入渗率和非饱和导水率随负压绝对值的增大而降低,且坡耕地的变化幅度大于林地。野外圆盘张力入渗法测得的饱和导水率明显高于环刀土样降水头法的测定值。基于研究结果,推荐使用圆盘张力入渗法测定导水率曲线和饱和导水率。     

Determination of the variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth in drained lands and the design of drainage installations

For lands drained by ditches dug to a horizontal impermeable floor, the variation of the soil's hydraulic conductivity with depth may be obtained from the relationship between water-table height and drain-outflow rate. Some relationships obtained on an experimental plot on a clay soil, drained by tile drains with gravel backfill, and on another in the same field which was mole-drained, were analysed to give the variation of hydraulic conductivity with depth by assuming that their performances approximated to that of ditches. For the tile-drained plot, the hydraulic conductivity value increased by three orders of magnitude near the bottom of the plough layer; this was reduced in a subsequent year when the field was uncultivated under grass with consequent higher water tables. The mole-drained soil was more permeable than the tile-drained soil at a lower depth, and its hydraulic conductivity at this lower depth did not change in the subsequent year when the field was uncultivated. An assumed uniform hydraulic conductivity value, calculated using drainage theory and matching at one water-table height, gave relationships between water-table height and drain outflow which did not agree with observations.A general hydraulic approach to drainage design is suggested whereby the drainage from an investigational area may be used to measure the hydraulic conductivity variation with depth and to design the correct drainage scheme for a predicted stress period of rainfall. Even if the drainage rate from an area is not measured, the water-table recession alone in an area drained by ditches may give sufficient information to design a drainage system on a rational physical basis.     

引黄泥沙对黏质盐土的改良效果及其对冬小麦产量的影响

【目的】探究引黄泥沙对黏质盐土的改良效果及对冬小麦产量的影响,找出适宜的引黄泥沙用量。【方法】在黄河三角洲地区进行大田试验,研究不同引黄泥沙用量(0、5、10、15、20、25、30、35kg/m²)对黏质盐土的体积质量、饱和导水率、含水率变化、含盐量以及冬小麦产量的影响。【结果】引黄泥沙降低了土壤体积质量,且土壤体积质量随着引黄泥沙用量的增加而降低;引黄泥沙提高了土壤饱和导水率,且土壤饱和导水率随着引黄泥沙用量的增加呈指数型增加;引黄泥沙降低了0～20cm和20～40cm土层的土壤含水率和含盐量,其中引黄泥沙用量为15 kg/m²时,与不使用引黄泥沙相比0～20 cm土层的土壤含水率和含盐量分别降低了16.61%、22.89%,20～40 cm土层的土壤含水率和含盐量分别降低了12.86%、22.44%。引黄泥沙提高了冬小麦产量,且冬小麦产量随着引黄泥沙用量的增加呈先增加后减少的趋势。其中引黄泥沙用量为15 kg/m²时冬小麦产量最高,为7 530.98 kg/hm²,与不使用引黄泥沙相比提高了3...     

黄淮海平原主要土壤水力参数的研究

通过对黄淮海平原 3种主要土壤饱和导水率的研究 ,结果表明 :3种土壤的饱和导水率在 5 .95×1 0 - 6 ～ 1 .0 8× 1 0 - 2 cm/ s之间变化 ,并随着土壤剖面深度的增加呈现出上土层高、中间土层低、底土层又升高的趋势 ;扰动土与原状土的饱和导水率差异较大 ,达到极显著水平 ;土壤容重、孔隙度、有机质含量、粘粒含量和全盐含量等均对土壤饱和导水率有一定的影响。原状土的饱和导水率能反映田间水分运动以及孔隙状况 ,对研究土壤水量平衡和水土保持有重要的意义。扰动土的饱和导水率在农业工程上有参考价值。     

基于GPS与GE的土壤水力参数空间变异采样间距确定

为在土壤分析研究时,制定工作量少、试验设计经济合理,同时采样点具备代表性的野外采样方案,采用GPS与Google Earth相结合的方法,在陕西省泾惠渠灌区研究了土壤水力参数区域尺度的空间变异性,结果表明:土壤饱和含水率与饱和导水率在该区域尺度下属于中等变异,且两者均具有较强的空间依赖性;饱和含水率的最佳拟合模型为球形模型,土壤饱和导水率的最佳拟合模型为指数型;推荐两者的采样间距分别为2.38 km和7.14 km。     

Watercourse Pollution due to Surface Runoff following Slurry Spreading. Part I: Calibration of the Soil Water Simulation Model SOIL for Fields Prone to Surface Runoff

The Swedish soil water model SOIL has been calibrated for several drained fields in Scotland and Ireland. Drainage efficiency in these fields varies, with inefficient drainage systems leading to saturated profiles and large surface runoff flows. The model has been modified to represent drainflow in typical Scottish and Irish fields in which permeable backfill extending to the surface is present directly above plot drains. When the conductivity of the backfill material is low, surface runoff is shown to be enhanced in specific soil types. Overall, the predictions of the modified model are in reasonably good agreement (as shown by the efficiency factor values) with measured water table levels, drain and surface runoff flows in these fields. These calibrated fields are to be used in subsequent work on pollution from surface runoff following slurry spreading. A useful indicator of potential runoff risk in such systems is the total saturated hydraulic conductivity of the profile, defined here as arising from the combination of the saturated soil and drain conductivities. Fields are classified into high risk if the conductivity of the profile is lower than 6 mm/d, low risk if the conductivity is greater than 18 mm/d, and moderate risk for intermediate conductivities. A sensitivity analysis of the model with regard to drain and surface runoff flows, varying the drain spacing, a backfill resistance term, the soil matrix and macropore saturated hydraulic conductivities, soil porosity and the pore size distribution index, is also presented. This analysis shows that in order of increasing importance, backfill resistance, macropore saturated hydraulic conductivity and drain spacing, have the largest effect on the generation of surface runoff.