应用酶标斑点纸条法诊断水貂阿留申病的研究

水貂阿留申病(Aleutian Disease)在我国已普遍流行,感染率甚高,目前无疫苗及药物治疗,只能通过检测手段来净化貂群。目前在国际上采用的CIEP检验方法,因成本高,条件复杂,不易在国内推广。本文提出了一种快速、检出率高、易掌握、便于推广的酶标斑点纸条法。该法是一种新发展起来的免疫学新技术,其原理是用过碘酸钠化学交联方法将酶分子交联到水貂阿留申病的免疫球蛋白分子上,通过底物的反应作用,生成肉眼可见的颜色反应。此方法优于通常诊断水貂阿留申病的对流免疫电泳法(CIEP)和碘反应法,其特点是:1.灵敏度高,特异性强;2.设备简单,方法简便,标本持久;3.成本低廉,适于批量检验,便于普及推广。     

水貂阿留申病的防制

简述了阿留申病对养貂业的严重危害及其症状和病原性。概述了当前此病的 3种防制措施 :应用对流免疫电泳 (CIEP)特异诊断阿留申病 (AD) ,淘汰阳性貂 ,净化种群 ;筛选抗阿留申病个体 ,进行抗病育种 ;研制疫苗 ,开展免疫预防综合性防制。     

水貂阿留申病的防治

水貂阿留申病也称水貂浆细胞增多症或丙种球蛋白增多症,是由阿留申病毒引起的一种慢性进行性衰竭的传染病,是危害养貂业健康发展最严重的传染病之一。到目前为止,尚无有效的预防和特异的治疗方法,唯一可行的防治方法就是要长期诊断检疫,淘汰病貂净化貂群。本文就阿留申病的病原学、流行病学、病理特征、防治措施等方面进行了简要概述,为水貂阿留申病的防治提供参考。     

水貂阿留申病概述

主要对水貂阿留申病的病原学、流行病学、致病机理、临床症状、病理变化、诊断和防制等方面进行了概述,以便对该病诊断和防制提供参考。     

水貂阿留申病防制的研究进展

水貂阿留申病防制是水貂养殖领域的世界性难题。该病临床特征是全身性淋巴细胞增殖、血清γ－球蛋白增高、肾肿大、动脉性血管炎和肝炎、持续性毒血症。多年来,人们对水貂阿留申病防制的研究主要集中于对该病的诊断和淘汰,经历了碘凝集反应,对流免疫电泳技术两个主要阶段。近年来,通过研究阿留申病循环免疫复合物的测定、抗体消长规律、免疫机制、试用免疫接种,使最终攻破阿留申病防制难关出现曙光。     

犬常见传染病诊断基因芯片的研究与应用

根据PCR技术扩增出犬腺病毒（CAV）ORF1（p-Ⅷ）基因、犬细小病毒（CPV）VP2基因、鸡血红蛋白的珠蛋白基因（GLOBc）各保守基因片段；采用RT—PCR扩增出犬冠状病毒（CCV）纤突蛋白（S）基因、犬瘟热病毒（cDV）融合蛋白（F）基因、犬副流感病毒（CPIV）核衣壳结构蛋白（NP）基因、狂犬病病毒（RV）核蛋白（N）基因的各一段保守序列，克隆荻取质粒。通过微量点样技术将这些质粒作为探针点在硝酸纤维素膜上，产生二维DNA探针阵列，制作成诊断基因芯片。对360份待检样品匀浆后提取核酸作为模板，扩增相应保守基因片段。通过生物素标记PCR（RT—PCR）技术，将所获得的扩增产物与诊断基因芯片进行特异性的逆向点杂交，然后用扫描仪对芯片进行扫描分析、判断。结果表明，此方法比病毒分离、HI、PCR或RT—PCR方法灵敏度高、特异性强，平均检出率要高20％以上，并可同时对犬多种疫病进行快速诊断。     

Evaluation of two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for serodiagnosis of Aleutian mink disease virus infection in mink

Background

Aleutian disease in mink is caused by infection with Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV). In Sweden, the infection most commonly causes classical Aleutian disease in which the immune system fails to neutralize the virus and the infection becomes persistent. Diagnosis of AMDV infection is based on serological methods that detect virus-specific antibodies. Traditionally counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) has been the preferred method, but in order to enable automation interest has been paid to other antibody detecting systems. Recently, at least two different ELISA systems that detect antibodies to AMDV have been manufactured; one is based on an in vitro grown AMDV as antigen, and the other system is based on the AMDV capsid protein VP2 as antigen. The aim of this study was to evaluate the two ELISA systems for detection of antibodies to AMDV using CIEP as the gold standard.

Results

When employing the mean optical density of the samples from CIEP negative mink plus three standard deviations as cut-off value, the ELISA with the VP2 antigen had a sensitivity of 99.7% and a specificity of 98.3% compared to CIEP (n = 364). Analysis of samples with the AMDV-G antigen based ELISA employing an assay cut-off value based on the negative control samples, as suggested by the manufacturer, resulted in a sensitivity of 54.3% and a specificity of 93.2% with reference to CIEP as the gold standard (n = 359). When employing the mean optical density of the samples from CIEP negative mink plus three standard deviations as cut-off value, the AMDV-G ELISA had a sensitivity of 37.6% and a specificity of 98.3%.

Conclusions

The ELISA system based on VP2 antigen had high sensitivity and specificity, and was concluded to be an alternative to the CIEP as a diagnostic tool for AMDV antibodies. In contrast, the AMDV-G ELISA suffered from low sensitivity when compared to CIEP.     

水貂阿留申病毒诱导猫肾细胞(CrFK)凋亡

为研究水貂阿留申病毒(AMDV)在体外诱导猫肾细胞(CrFK)凋亡情况,用AMDV-G株感染CrFK细胞,采用CCK-8法检测CrFK细胞感染后的细胞存活率,用AO/EB染色法检测CrFK细胞核的形态变化,用Annexin V-FITC/PI双染流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率,并通过分光光度计法检测细胞凋亡执行分子Caspase-3活性。结果显示,AMDV-G株感染可导致CrFK细胞增殖率下降,产生明显的形态学凋亡特征;流式细胞术检测结果显示,AMDV-G株感染可引起CrFK细胞凋亡并随着感染时间的延长凋亡率增加,同时Caspase-3活性显著升高。上述结果表明,AMDV-G株在体外能够诱导CrFK细胞凋亡,为进一步研究AMDV致病机理奠定基础。     

Molecular epidemiology of Aleutian mink disease virus in Finland

Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) is a parvovirus that causes an immune complex-mediated disease in minks. To gain a more detailed view of the molecular epidemiology of mink AMDV in Finland, we phylogenetically analysed 14 new Finnish strains from 5 farms and all 40 strains with corresponding sequences available in GenBank. A part of the major non-structural (NS1) protein gene was amplified and analysed phylogenetically. A rooted nucleotide tree was constructed using the maximum parsimony method. The strains described in this study showed 86-100% nucleotide identity and were nearly identical on each farm. The ratio of synonymous to non-synonymous substitutions was approximately 2.7, indicating a mild purifying selection. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that AMDV strains form three groups (I-III), all of which contained Finnish strains. The tree inferred that the three lineages of AMDV have been introduced to Finland independently. The analysis suggested that AMDV strains do not cluster into genotypes based on geographical origin, year of isolation or pathogenicity. Based on these data, the molecular clock is not applicable to AMDV, and within this gene area no recombination was detected.     

水貂阿留申病病毒分子生物学研究进展

水貂阿留申病病毒是一种在水貂中广泛存在的重要病原体.该病毒属阿留申病毒属,主要编码4种蛋白(结构蛋白VP1、VP2和非结构蛋白NS1、NS2).VP1蛋白在协助病毒产生感染性方面起着重要作用;VP2蛋白是该病毒的主要免疫原性抗原,能体外中和病毒;NS1和NS2对病毒在宿主细胞中的复制起重要的调节作用.该病毒的分子生物学诊断技术主要有核酸杂交技术、PCR和基因芯片检测技术.     

Aleutian mink disease virus in furbearing mammals in Nova Scotia,Canada

Background

Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) is widespread among ranched and free-ranging American mink in Canada, but there is no information on its prevalence in other wild animal species. This paper describes the prevalence of AMDV of 12 furbearing species in Nova Scotia (NS), Canada.

Methods

Samples were collected from carcasses of 462 wild animals of 12 furbearing species, trapped in 10 NS counties between November 2009 and February 2011. Viral DNA was tested by PCR using two primer pairs, and anti-viral antibodies were tested by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP) on spleen homogenates.

Results

Positive PCR or CIEP samples were detected in 56 of 60 (93.3%) American mink, 43 of 61 (70.5%) short-tailed weasels, 2 of 8 (25.0%) striped skunks, 2 of 11 (18.2%) North American river otters, 9 of 85 (10.6%) raccoons, and 2 of 20 (10.0%) bobcats. Samples from six fishers, 24 coyotes, 25 red foxes, 58 beavers, 45 red-squirrels and 59 muskrats were negative. Antibodies to AMDV were detected by CIEP in 16 of 56 (28.6%) mink and one of the 8 skunks (12.5%). Thirteen of the mink were positive for PCR and CIEP, but three mink and one skunk were CIEP positive and PCR negative. Positive CIEP or PCR animals were present in all nine counties from which mink or weasel samples were collected.

Conclusions

The presence of AMDV in so many species across the province has important epidemiological ramifications and could pose a serious health problem for the captive mink, as well as for susceptible wildlife. The mechanism of virus transmission between wildlife and captive mink and the effects of AMDV exposure on the viability of the susceptible species deserve further investigation.     

Genetic and phenotypic parameters for Aleutian disease tests and their correlations with pelt quality,reproductive performance,packed-cell volume,and harvest length in mink

Aleutian disease (AD), caused by the Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV), is a major health concern that results in global economic losses to the mink industry. The unsatisfactory outcome of the culling strategy, immunoprophylaxis, and medical treatment in controlling AD have urged mink farmers to select AD resilient mink based on several detection tests, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), and iodine agglutination test (IAT). However, the genetic analysis of these AD tests and their correlations with pelt quality, reproductive performance, packed-cell volume (PCV), and harvest length (HL) have not been investigated. In this study, data on 5,824 mink were used to estimate the genetic and phenotypic parameters of four AD tests, including two systems of ELISA, CIEP, and IAT, and their genetic and phenotypic correlations with two pelt quality, five female reproductive performance, PCV, and HL traits. Significances (P < 0.05) of fixed effects (sex, year, dam age, and color type), covariates (age at harvest and blood sampling), and random effects (additive genetic, permanent environmental, and maternal effects) were determined under univariate models using ASReml 4.1 software. The genetic and phenotypic parameters for all traits were estimated under bivariate models using ASReml 4.1 software. Estimated heritabilities (±SE) were 0.39 ± 0.06, 0.61 ± 0.07, 0.11 ± 0.07, and 0.26 ± 0.05 for AMDV antigen-based ELISA (ELISA-G), AMDV capsid protein-based ELISA, CIEP, and IAT, respectively. The ELISA-G also showed a moderate repeatability (0.58 ± 0.04) and had significant negative genetic correlations (±SE) with reproductive performance traits (from −0.41 ± 0.16 to −0.49 ± 0.12), PCV (−0.53 ± 0.09), and HL (−0.45 ± 0.16). These results indicated that ELISA-G had the potential to be applied as an indicator trait for genetic selection of AD resilient mink in AD endemic ranches and therefore help mink farmers to reduce the adverse effects caused by AD.     

Monitoring chronic infection with a field strain of Aleutian mink disease virus

Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) readily spread within farmed mink and causes chronic infections with significant impacts for welfare and economy. In the present study a currently circulating Danish AMDV strain was used to induce chronic experimental infection of farmed mink.PCR was used to detect viral DNA in full blood, organs, faeces and oro-nasal swabs weekly for the first 8 weeks and then biweekly for another 16 weeks after AMDV challenge inoculation of wild type mink. The mink (n = 29) was infected and seroconverted 2–3 weeks after AMDV inoculation and AMDV antibodies persisted during the maximum experimental period of 24 weeks. Viraemia and faecal excretion of viral DNA was detected in the mink (n = 29) at various and intermittent time intervals. Excretion of viral DNA in oro-nasal swabs was detected for 1–8 weeks in 21 mink. This highlights the risk of transmitting AMDV between infected farms.PCR was successfully used to detect viral DNA in organs 8, 16 and 24 weeks after AMDV inoculation with only minor differences between these weeks which is of diagnostic interest.This AMDV challenge model was also used to mimic natural infection of susceptible sapphire mink. Four of 6 sapphire mink were infected indirectly via the AMDV inoculated wild type mink whereas the other 2 sapphire mink remained uninfected.     

水貂EGF基因SNPS与皮张长度的相关性试验

以水貂的表皮生长因子基因(EGF)作为候选基因,采用单链构象多态性和DNA测序的方法检测了EGF基因单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)。针对该群体的特点建立合适的统计分析模型,并进行了EGF基因多态性与皮长性状的关联分析。结果表明,EGF基因对水貂的皮张长度有一定影响。BB基因型个体与AA基因型个体之间有一定的差异(P<0.05)。CD基因型个体皮长平均要高于CC和DD基因型,且与CC型个体差异显著(P<0.05),与DD型差异不显著(P>0.05)。统计各基因型之间的组合给水貂皮长带来的影响时,发现多数组合基因型对所检测的水貂皮长有显著影响(P<0.05)。     

Bacteriological quality of raw materials used in Finnish mink feed.

Mink feed raw materials were analyzed for total bacterial count, the number of faecal streptococci, the coliform count, the number of haemolytic bacteria and the number of sulphite reducing bacteria. The investigation comprised samples from the following raw materials: four slaughter-house offal products, preserved and unpreserved slaughter blood, Baltic herring, cod filletting offal, fish silage, blood meal, fish meal, meat-bone meal, protein concentrate, brewer’s yeast and cereal feed.The slaughter-house offals and unpreserved slaughter blood had the poorest quality, in terms of all the bacterial types for which the samples were analyzed. There were statistically significant differences in bacterial contents between slaughter-house offals from different sources. The preserved slaughter blood had significantly lower bacterial contents as compared to the unpreserved slaughter blood. Single samples of the cod filletting offal, Baltic herring and the blood meal had relatively high total bacterial counts, but the specified mean bacterial counts were relatively low. The bacterial counts for the rest of the investigated raw materials were relatively low.