低氧绿色储粮技术应用实践

根据本地区生态区域特点和储粮工作实际,中央储备粮绵阳直属库在试验仓内开展了氮气气调储粮试验,结果表明:向密闭仓房或粮堆内充入氮气,维持氮气浓度在98%以上达30 d以上,可有效杀灭米象、赤拟谷盗、谷蠹等储粮害虫,并能有效保持粮食品质,延缓品质劣变速度。粮堆内较长时间维持95%以上浓度,则能有效抑制储粮害虫的生长繁殖,达到绿色储粮的目的。     

散装小麦局部环流熏蒸杀虫实仓试验

针对小麦仓中下层局部生虫，采用粮堆局部处理机环流熏蒸，分两次投药，共计熏蒸处理时间为两周。实验证明：在处理部位PH3浓度100～300ppm可以保持12天左右，粮堆中的害虫全部杀死；经检查埋入粮堆的赤拟谷盗、谷蠹和玉米象，成虫死亡率100％，对虫粮培养42天后，检查F1代为零。     

一机两廒氮气防治储粮害虫技术在高大平房仓中的应用

将自制富氮储粮机生产的氮气充入粮堆，经膜下循环回风网络，使粮堆氮气浓度达到95％以上，保持16～20天，可以有效杀死粮堆害虫，并能降低粮堆上层温度，保持储粮品质，实现绿色储粮，提高产品附加值。一机两廒氮气防治储粮害虫技术可减少能耗，提高经济效益。     

谷虫净防治储粮害虫在大型平房仓中的应用

通过对谷虫净防护剂在南方高温高湿地区的实仓试验，对施用了谷虫净的试验仓与对照仓进行粮食品质、粮堆表面害虫发生情况进行定期检测，发现谷虫净对防治书虱和高抗性锈赤扁谷盗有较好的抑制作用。     

二氧化碳气调防治储粮害虫的应用研究

对二氧化碳气调防治储粮害虫的效果进行了分析，结果表明在粮堆通入二氧化碳后，随着时间的延长，可以完全杀灭害虫的虫卵、虫蛹、幼虫、成虫，防治效果良好，有利于保护粮食安全，延长粮食的储存时间。基于此，进一步探讨了二氧化碳气调防治储粮害虫的应用价值以及推广策略。     

不同熏蒸方法防治长角扁谷盗效果研究

长角扁谷盗属鞘翅目，扁甲科，为第二食性害虫。一年可发生数代，最适宜的发育温度和相对湿度分别为21～73℃、70％～90％。在温度30℃、相对湿度为70％时，完成其生活周期需30天。当其大量繁殖时会引起粮堆局部或整仓发热、霉变。     

控温储粮综合治理储粮有害生物

控温储粮是指通过自然或机械的方法，调节粮堆温度，使粮堆温度长期保持在15℃或20℃以下，从而降低粮堆的呼吸强度，抑制害虫和微生物的生长，达到安全保粮和保鲜的目的。粮食温度在15℃以下为低温储藏，20℃以下为准低温储藏。     

华南地区主要害虫防治新技术应用研究

通过不同食物引诱剂与害虫诱捕器结合对不同虫种储粮害虫进行诱捕,试验表明水平距离5m、粮食深度2m左右诱捕检测害虫效果明显,对主要储粮害虫有良好的诱捕效果;摆放位置对于诱捕器的诱捕效果影响大;采用控氧储存技术进行生态储粮,经分析,米象、米象抗性品系、谷蠹、谷蠹抗性品系及赤拟谷盗对除氧剂毒力LD99.9分别为8.60g/kg、11.01g/kg、9.14g/kg、8.16g/kg、4.18g/kg,其中赤拟谷盗最敏感,米象抗性品系需要脱氧剂最多;试验粮堆投放除氧剂量为0.50g/kg、1.0g/kg、1.5g/kg、2.0g/kg、2.5g/kg、3.0g/kg,脱氧剂在用量为2.5g/kg、3.0g/kg对谷蠹、谷蠹抗性品系、米象、米象抗性品系、赤拟谷盗及用量1.5g/kg、2.0g/kg对赤拟谷盗杀灭效果在90%以上;脱氧剂在用量为2.0g/kg时对谷蠹抗性品系、米象、米象抗性品系杀灭效果在85%以上;经实仓应用除氧剂用量为2.5g/kg、3.3g/kg、2.5g/kg并抽真空、3.3g/kg并抽真空能保证稻谷储存1年基本无活虫,可保证稻谷储存安全;经应用除氧宝0.5g/kg、1.0g/kg、1.5g/kg、2.0g/kg、2.5g/kg、3.0g/kg、3.3g/kg对稻谷发芽无显著影响。     

臭氧在粮食储藏中的应用研究现状

1应用臭氧杀灭储粮害虫 臭氧杀灭储粮害虫的应用研究起步较晚，而且最初的大部分试验都是使用1mL／m^3以下的臭氧浓度，由于浓度低，杀虫效果不显著。1979年Erdman报导，在30℃时，用浓度为450mL／m^3的臭氧7h能杀死各种虫期的赤拟谷盗。1998年Mason等在实验室对臭氧杀灭储粮害虫、抑制霉菌及其对粮食品质的影响进行了较为详细的研究。他们使用小型模拟设备作为臭氧处理室，调配出恒定浓度的臭氧流入处理室进行杀虫和抑霉试验，     

富氮低氧储粮防虫试验

富氮低氧储粮在害虫防治、绿色保鲜、减少人员身体伤害方面具有不可比拟的优势。试验结果表明：把粮堆氧气浓度控制在6．00％-7．00％（氮气浓度约93．00%-94．00％）进行粮堆防虫,使粮堆害虫密度维持在基本无虫粮水平,不仅可以确保储粮安全,而且成本较低,适用于虫害较轻的仓房。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.