The relative resistance to gastrointestinal nematode infection of three British sheep breeds

The relative resistance of Manx Loaghtan, Shetland and Southdown sheep to naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematode infection was assessed over a ten week period. Thirty shearling ewes, ten from each of the three breeds, were co-grazed on an infective pasture. The animals were initially treated with an anthelmintic to minimise previous nematode infection, and faecal samples were collected from individual animals every two weeks. Southdown sheep had significantly higher faecal egg counts (FEC) than Shetland by week 6, and than Manx Loaghtan by week 10. After ten weeks there was an 86-fold difference in FEC between Shetland and Southdown sheep, and a 14-fold difference between Manx Loaghtan and Southdown sheep. These preliminary results suggest that primitive Shetland and Manx Loaghtan sheep may have greater resistance to gastrointestinal parasites, a trait that could be of value to the UK livestock industry.     

不同家畜品种毛绒角蛋白组分与相对含量分析

为了解不同家畜品种毛绒角蛋白的组成与差异,选择细毛羊、绒山羊、粗毛羊、羊驼、骆驼和牦牛的毛绒,利用还原法提取毛绒角蛋白,电泳分析其角蛋白的组分和相对百分含量。结果显示:细毛羊、绒山羊和粗毛羊都检出7种角蛋白组分,不同品种细毛羊角蛋白组分含量比较一致,低硫蛋白与高硫蛋白比例最大为3. 22,最小为2. 31;不同品种绒山羊角蛋白组分的相对百分含量差异较大,低硫蛋白与高硫蛋白比例最大为4. 18,最小为1. 52;不同品种粗毛羊角蛋白组分的相对百分含量差异也较大,低硫蛋白与高硫蛋白比例最大为6. 46,最小为3. 44;安哥拉山羊和羊驼分别检出5种和3种角蛋白组分;牦牛、骆驼都检出4种角蛋白组分,但是角蛋白组分的分子量大小不同。结果表明:毛发角蛋白组分和相对含量具有品种特异性,可为衣物中纤维的来源鉴别提供依据。     

Tissue growth and development in crossbred lambs sired by ten breeds

The relative growth of carcass tissues and the partitioning of fat between depots was examined in a total of 1400 crossbred lambs from the Meat and Livestock Commission's (MLC) Ram Breed Evaluation. The evaluation was carried out over a five-year period in 10 commercial flocks of Scottish Blackface, Scotch Haltbred (Border Leicester × North Country Cheviot) and Mule (Bluefaced Leicester × Swaledale) ewes. An average of 43 sires from each of the following sire breeds was involved: Border Leicester, Dorset Down, Hampshire Down, Ile de France, North Country Cheviot, Oxford Down, Southdown, Suffolk, Texel and Wensleydale. Lambs of each cross were slaughtered over a range of 9 kg selected on the basis of estimated adult body size to cover the fatness range within which most lambs are slaughtered in Great Britain.Flocks were analysed as two groups: early flocks, from which most lambs were slaughtered before October, and late flocks. Results for early flocks are given in this Abstract. Results for late flocks were similar but they tended to fatten less quickly.Allometric growth coefficients for tissues on side (half carcass) weight were: lean, 0.77±0.015 (S.E.); total separable fat, 1.82±0.039; bone, 0.51±0.025. Perinephric and retroperitoneal fat, and subcutaneous fat, grew relatively faster than total separable fat: 1.16±0.028 and 1.16±0.011, respectively. Intermuscular fat grew relatively more slowly: 0.80±0.012. Sire breed differences were recorded (P<0.001) for the weight of each of the tissues at equal side weight. Texel crosses had the highest lean weight and Southdown crosses the lowest.At the same total lean weight, Texel crosses tended to have less lean in the loin and more in some of the other joints, especially the shoulder, than other crosses.     

AA肉鸡生长期免疫器官生长规律的探讨

以AA肉鸡商品代为试验材料,公母各100只,在0、7、14、21、28、35、42日龄随机抽取公、母各10只,分别称取免疫器官(胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏)重量,探讨肉鸡生长期免疫器官的生长规律。结果表明,AA肉鸡的脾脏重除35日龄时公鸡显著大于母鸡(P<0.05)外,其余各日龄公、母鸡差异不显著(P>0.05);胸腺重各日龄公、母鸡间均无显著差异(P>0.05);法氏囊重7日龄时公鸡极显著地大于母鸡(P<0.01),35日龄时显著高于母鸡(P<0.05),其余各日龄公、母鸡间差异均未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。分析AA肉鸡生长期免疫器官的器官指数、相对生长和累积生长,建立免疫器官(y)与日龄(x)的直线回归方程,其拟合精度均在0.85以上,效果良好。     

Analysis of relationships between German heavy horse breeds based on pedigree information

We analysed the relationship coefficients (R) between the four German heavy horse breeds South German Coldblood, Rhenish German Draught Horse, Schleswig Draught Horse and Black Forest Draught Horse. The relationship coefficient makes it possible to ascertain crossbreeding between the breeds over time, or autonomous developments of the breeds, respectively. The investigation revealed that the relationship coefficients between the German draught horse breeds were very low. The mean relationship coefficients between the four German heavy horse breeds were largest between the South German Coldblood and Schleswig Draught Horse (0.103%), whereas mean relationship coefficients were lowest between the Rhenish German and Black Forest Draught Horse (0.001%). The Rhenish German Draught Horse showed largest relationship coefficients with the Schleswig Draught Horse (0.09%), while the Black Forest Draught Horse was mostly related to the South German Coldblood (0.06%). The results reveal the presence of very few common progenitors of the breeds. The gene flow between the breeds is primarily due to crossbreeding of stallions and, especially, in the Rhenish German Draught Horse population breeding with a few mares from other German draught horse breeds.     

The association analysis between Cytb polymorphism and growth traits in three Chinese donkey breeds

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of haplotypes in Cytb (Cytochrome b) gene on growth traits in three Chinese donkey breeds, Yunnan donkey (YN), Dezhou donkey (DZ) and Liangzhou donkey (LZ). The samples were genotyped for the Cytb gene by single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), and association analysis was conducted with growth traits. The results show that in most cases the effects of the gene on growth traits were not significant and that for the three different donkey breeds, the effects of the gene are different. For YN donkeys, there was a significant effect of the gene on the rump width (P < 0.05) and the effect of genotype AA was larger than that of BB genotype (1.6 cm and 5.4% of the trait mean in YN donkeys, P < 0.05). For DZ donkeys, the effect of gene on body height was significant (P < 0.05). The results also verify that the SSCPs are caused by two cytosine to thymine and one guanine to adenine transitions, corresponding to amino acid substitutions of leucine for proline (L ↔ P) and isoleucine for valine (I ↔ V).     

Distribution of persistent Salmonella typhimurium infection in internal organs of swine

Experiments were conducted to establish a persistent Salmonella typhimurium infection in convalescent swine, and to determine rate of shedding and distribution of the organism in internal organs. Naturally farrowed Salmonella-free pigs (n = 37) were orally exposed to S typhimurium when 7 to 8 weeks old. Fecal samples, tonsillar scrapings, and rectal swab specimens were examined bacteriologically for S typhimurium at weekly intervals after exposure until necropsy (maximum of 28 weeks after exposure). Necropsies of 1 to 4 randomly selected pigs were conducted at 2, 4, and 7 days and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28 weeks after exposure. The following internal organs were examined bacteriologically for S typhimurium: liver, spleen, kidney, gallbladder, heart, lung, and stomach; segments of the intestinal tract with corresponding lymph nodes; lymph nodes from lymphocenters of the head and neck, thoracic and abdominal cavities, pelvic wall, and thoracic and pelvic limbs. Fecal samples were 83 to 100% culture-positive up to postexposure (PE) week 22, then varied from 14 to 67% positive until PE week 28. At least 60% of tonsillar swab specimens and 50% of rectal swab specimens were culture-positive up to PE week 20, after which they varied from 0 to 70% positive until PE week 28. At necropsy, S typhimurium was recovered most frequently from tonsils (93.5% positive), followed by segments of the intestinal tract from caudal portion of jejunum to rectum (71% recovery from cecum), and mandibular (54.8%) and ileocolic (45.2%) lymph nodes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

生长肥育猪的总体、局部和内脏器官生长及瘦肉化学成分的变化规律研究

试验研究了生长肥育猪的总体和局部生长及瘦肉化学成分的变化规律。试验采用54头杜×(大×长)三元杂交猪,阉公猪和母猪各半,分20～35kg、35～50kg、50～80kg和80～100kg4个阶段进行。结果表明:①随猪体重的增加,日增重先上升,到达一定的体重后日增重达到最大值,并维持一段时间以后逐渐下降。相对增重速度则随体重增加而下降。在每一阶段,阉公猪日增重均大于母猪,其中在80～100kg阶段阉公猪日增重显著(P<0.05)高于母猪,全期(20～100kg)极显著高于母猪(P<0.01);②随猪体重的增加,猪的瘦肉重前期(80kg以前)呈现直线上升的趋势,超过80kg以后则趋向平缓。皮和脂肪重前期增长缓慢,后期则呈现直线上升的趋势。骨重随体重的增加而逐渐上升。瘦肉相对重先上升,后下降,在80kg,阉公猪和母猪瘦肉相对重均达到最大值。皮和脂肪相对重前期增长缓慢,后期增长快速。骨的相对重则随体重增加而缓慢下降;③内脏重随体重上升而增加,但内脏的相对重(除脾脏外)则随体重的上升而直线下降;④随体重增加,瘦肉水分含量逐渐下降,而粗脂肪含量则快速上升,粗蛋白含量缓慢上升,粗灰分含量在20～50kg阶段几乎保持稳定,但随后有下降趋势。由此可以推测,机体最先生长发育的器官是内脏器官,以后依次为骨骼、瘦肉、皮和脂肪组织。瘦肉组织的     

Evaluation of sheep breeds for early growth in tropical north-east Brazil

Summary Three breeds of sheep, Brazilian Somali, Morada Nova and Santa Inês which are indigenous to hot tropical semi-arid north-east Brazil were studied for their early growth. There were large breed differences in size at birth, at the 86th day and at 6 months. The Santa Inês was the largest and the Brazilian Somali the smallest. The type of birth (single vs. multiple) had a profound effect on weight at virtually all stages of growth which was similar for male and female lambs. Sex effects tended to become significant at around the 86th day, female lambs slightly outweighing males but marked sex differences appeared around 6 months when males outweighed females. The 7-day variation in age of lambs when the weights were taken around the 15th day had a marked effect on weight and correction for age would be necessary in future studies. However, the 7-day variation in age around the 86th day and thereafter did not affect the weights. The birth weight and weights at the 15th, 86th and 112 days and at 6 months were significantly correlated.

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Evaluacion De Razas Ovinas Durante Su Crecimiento En La Nordeste Tropical De Brasil

Resumen Se realizó una evaluación de crecimiento precoz de tres razas nativas, Somali Brasilera, Morada Nova, y Santa Inés, razas que habitan la parte nordeste tropical semiárida de Brasil. Se encontraron diferencias marcadas en tamaño al nacer, a los 86 días y a los 6 meses. La Santa Inés fué la más grande y la Somali Brasilera la más pequeña. El tipo de parto (simple-multiplo) tuvo un afecto marcado en el peso virtualmente en todos los estados de crecimiento, efecto que fué similar en hembras y machos. Los efectos de sexo comenzaron a ser significativos alrededor del día 86, lashembras pesaron un poco más que los machos, pero los machos pesaron significativamente más que las hembras alrededor de los 6 meses. Los 7 días de diferencia en edad, cuando los borregos se pesaron alreadedor de los 15 días, tuvieron un efecto marcado, teniendo que hacer correcciones en el futuro. Este efecto no se detectó cuando se pesaron a los 86 días y posteriormente. Los pesos al nacer y el peso a los 15, 86 y 112 días y a los 6 meses se correlacionaron significativamente.

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Evaluation Des Facultés De Developpement Chez Diverses Races De Mouton Dans Le Nord Est Du Brésil

Résumé Trois troupeaux de moutons de races indigènes Somali Brésilien, Morada Nova et Santa Inès adaptées au climat tropical chaud semi-aride du Nord Est du Brésil ont été comparativement étudiés au niveau de leur croissance précoce. On a observé de grandes différences raciales de taille à la naissance, au 86e jour et à 6 mois. Les Santa Inès ont été les plus développés et les Somali brésiliens plus petits. Le type de naissance (gestation simple ou gestation multiple) a eu un effet considérable sur le poids à virtuellement tous les stades de développement, qui a été semblable pour les agneaux mâles et femelles. L'effet du sexe tend à devenir significatif aux alentours du 86e jour, les femelles devenant un peu plus légeres que les mâles aux environs du 6e mois, la différence entre les sexes est plus marquée lorsque les mâles deviennent plus lourds que les femelles. Des variations de 7 jours dans l'âge des agneaux lorsque les poids ont été pris vers le 15e jour ont eu une influence marquée sur les poids et des corrections relatives à l'âge seraient nécessaires lors d'études ultérieures. Quoiqu'il en soit cette variation de 7 jours dans l'âge n'affecte pas les poids lors des pesées au 86e jour ni après. Les poids de naissance et ceux relevés les 15e, 86e et 112 jours ainsi qu'à 6 mois ont des corrélations significatives.

     

相对黏度与绝对黏度测定方法比较及不同品种小麦黏度的测定

选用NDJ 8S数显黏度计和乌氏黏度计分别测定 35个小麦样品 0 1molNaOH提取液的绝对黏度和相对黏度。结果表明 :小麦提取液的绝对黏度和相对黏度之间存在极显著的相关关系 (R2 =0 996 ,P <0 0 0 0 1 )。8个产地 30种小麦的相对黏度在 7 52～ 1 9 78之间。     

Breed and sex differences in growth curves for two breeds of dog guides

A desirable dog guide weighs 18 to 32 kg as an adult. Male and female German shepherd dogs and male and female Labrador retrievers were weighed between birth and 18 mo of age, with at least one weight recorded after 290 d of age. Growth curves were constructed from 10,484 observations on 880 dogs using the Gompertz function in the form Wt = W(max)exp(-e[-(t-c)/b]), where Wt is weight at time t, Wmax is mature body weight, b is proportional to duration of growth, c is age at point of inflection, and t is age in days. Estimates for mature body weight were 2.4 +/- .3 kg higher for Labrador retrievers than for German shepherd dogs and 4.7 +/- .2 kg higher for males than for females. Male Labrador retrievers were closest to the upper limit for desirable weight, with an average estimated mature weight of 31.4 +/- .3 kg. Duration of growth, 4b + c, was not different between the breeds; however, the estimate for males was 8 +/- 5d longer than for females. Female Labrador retrievers had the shortest estimate for growth of 319 +/- 6 d. The estimate for age at the point of inflection was 3.6 +/- 1.2 d greater for males than for females, but not different between breeds. A better understanding of growth curves for dog guides may aid in estimating mature weight at a young age, thus allowing earlier breeding and training decisions to be made and increasing genetic change per year.     

The relative importance of light and temperature as phase setting signals for oviposition in the fowl

1. Under continuous lighting, time of oviposition was controlled by a temperature cycle (12 h at 30 °C and 12 h at 20 °C). The peak of egg laying occurred 15 h after the beginning of the cool period, which is the same interval as the interval observed between lights‐out and peak egg laying under a 12L : 12D lighting schedule.

2. When the temperature cycle was set 12 h out of phase with a light‐dark cycle (12L : 12D; temperature reduced when the lights came on), oviposition was entrained by the light‐dark cycle.

3. When a temperature cycle was set 6 h in advance or 6 h in arrears of a 12L : 12D cycle there was a difference of 1.4 h in mean time of lay between the two treatments, indicating that temperature can have a significant, though subsidiary, effect on oviposition time in the presence of a clear light‐dark signal.

4. When the light‐dark signal was reduced to 22L : 2D, oviposition time was controlled by the temperature cycle. With 20L : 4D oviposition time was determined principally by the photoperiod, but with a subsidiary effect due to temperature.     

A longitudinal study on growth and growth variables in dogs of four large breeds raised in domestic environments

The main objective of this study was to describe the growth patterns of 4 large dog breeds [Newfoundland (NF), Labrador retriever (LR), Leonberger (LEO), and Irish wolfhound (IW)] raised in domestic environments and concomitant changes in 2 growth-related clinical variables: total serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and the circumference of the distal radius and ulna (CDRU). The second objective was to investigate whether these measurements were affected by a range of independent variables like age, sex, litter number, and birth weight. Seven hundred dogs were included in the study, and BW data, separated by breed and sex, were fitted to the Gompertz function. Birth weight, adjusted for litter number, differed significantly between sexes for 3 breeds (LEO, P = 0.004; NF, P = 0.02; LR, P = 0.009) and approached significance for IW (P = 0.07). Estimated mean BW increased rapidly during the first 100 d after birth in all 4 breeds, then plateaued, with maturity being reached between 351 (female LR) and 413 d (male NF). Estimated mature BW ranged from 30.8 kg for the female LR up to 65.7 kg for the male IW. Weight gain, as expressed by the derivative of the Gompertz function, reached its peak in the smallest breed (LR) at the youngest age, 89 d for the females and 95 d for males. Log-transformed BW was significantly related to age, breed, and sex, and the age x sex and age x breed interactions. Within breeds, age, birth weight, and litter number had a significant effect on log-transformed BW. The estimated average CDRU increased from 90 d of age toward a peak at 180 d. Thereafter, CDRU declined and stabilized at about 1 yr of age. The estimated total ALP concentrations decreased from 90 to 360 d of age, after which they stabilized, at mean concentrations varying among breeds from 98 to 131 IU/L. Maximum least squares mean total ALP concentrations were found at 3 mo of age in all breeds, with the greatest least squares mean concentration in the IW breed (713 IU/L). In a mixed model analysis of the complete data set, total ALP was affected (P < 0.001) by age, breed, and the interaction of age x breed. This study described the main factors influencing growth and provided reference data for other studies, including those related to nutrition and disorders of growth.