2. There was a linear decrease in body weight and efficiency of food utilisation with each percentage increase in DPM.
3. The amount of dried droppings recovered as a percentage of food consumed was proportional to the amount of DPM included in the diet and remained fairly constant during the recycling.
4. Body weights and efficiency of food utilisation were substantially the same during the first three recycling periods but declined significantly during the fourth period.
5. Mortality was negligible and all chicks appeared healthy and vigorous.
6. Chicks fed on 10% DPM in an isocaloric and isonitrogenous (protein‐N) diet grew and utilised food as well as those fed on the basal diet; chicks fed on 20% DPM did not consume enough to meet their requirements. 相似文献
In a second experiment, carried out under field trial conditions using commercial‐type diets formulated to contain DPM, 24 groups, each of about 40 male or female broiler chicks, were given diets containing 0% (P) or 5% (Q) DPM from 1 d of age for 4 weeks. From 4 to 8 weeks one of three diets with 0% (R), 5% (S) or 10% (T) DPM was fed according to a 2 (sexes) x 2 x 3 factorial design. Between o and 4 weeks feeding DPM had no significant effect on body weight or food consumption, but birds fed diet Q had an improved FCE (P<0.05). Between 4 and 8 weeks birds fed on S and T were heavier than the controls at 6 weeks, but this increase was not significant at 8 weeks (P> 0.05). Food consumption was not affected, but the FCE improved with increasing inclusion of DPM. At 8 weeks of age birds fed on Q, were heavier than birds fed on diet P. 相似文献
2. Increases in food consumption were accompanied by increases in egg production.
3. The food required per dozen eggs was improved by up to 100 g dietary DPM/kg and variation in the sizes of eggs laid depended on the hybrid.
4. Concentrations of DPM up to 100 g/kg did not affect the water‐soluble nitrogen content of the egg but the crude albumen nitrogen content was depressed at concentrations of 80 g/kg or above.
5. Feeding DPM to laying pullets depressed body weight. 相似文献
2. The hen‐housed laying performance of hens offered the DPM‐containing diets was significantly better for number of eggs laid and total egg mass produced but the performance of the control groups was lower than would normally be expected of those stocks. The reason for the lower rate of lay and higher mortality of hens fed on the control diet was not identified. The amount of food consumed increased as the energy content of the diet decreased and the efficiency of food conversion (EFC) of the lightweight strain was reduced; there was no significant effect on the EFC of the medium‐weight hens.
3. The inclusion of DPM in the diets had no effect on albumen quality or on the incidence of hair‐cracked, cracked or broken eggs. However, with both strains of hens, shell weight and shell thickness were poorer when 100 or 200 g DPM/kg diets were fed. 相似文献
Optimum production of house fly pupae was obtained by inoculating 0.50 to 0.75 g of fly eggs per kg of fresh poultry manure. Five to eleven days were required for the eggs to be converted to pupae depending on the environmental conditions. After digestion, the poultry manure, was reduced to about half and was granular in texture. The digested residue readily dried, had less odour and contained approximately 15% protein. 相似文献
A DiagNose II electronic nose (e-nose) system was tested to evaluate the performance of such systems in the detection of the Salmonella enterica pathogen in poultry manure.
To build a database, poultry manure samples were collected from 7 broiler houses, samples were homogenised, and subdivided into 4 portions. One portion was left as is; the other three portions were artificially infected with S. enterica.
An artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed and validated using the developed database.
In order to test the performance of DiagNose II and the ANN model, 16 manure samples were collected from 6 different broiler houses and tested using these two systems.
The results showed that DiagNose II was able to classify manure samples correctly as infected or non-infected based on the ANN model developed with a 94% level of accuracy.
In experiment 1, 36 birds were offered one of six experimental diets based on glucose‐ and cellulose‐diluted commercial broiler mash. The six diets were supplemented with graded levels of triammonium citrate (TAC) at the expense of cellulose such that diet 1B contained no TAC and diet 1F contained 6.4% TAC. In experiment 2, 72 birds were offered one of six diets, similar to those used in experiment 1 with the exception that they were supplemented with graded levels of diammonium hydrogen citrate (DAHC). In experiment 3, 72 birds were offered one of six diets which were based on the same diluted broiler mash but which had been supplemented with graded levels of autoclaved dried poultry manure (ADPM) at the expense of glucose. Diet 3B contained no ADPM whereas diet 3F contained 20% ADPM.
All birds were weighed at 2 and 3 weeks of age and their food consumptions over these periods were recorded. Their growth was compared with that of birds fed the undiluted commercial broiler food.
All birds of experiment 1 (TAC‐supplemented diets) and experiment 2 (DAHC‐supplemented diets) showed significantly poorer growth rates than the control birds. However, birds of experiment 3 (ADPM‐supplemented diets) grew as well as the control birds. 相似文献
2. Chick diets had no significant effects on rearing or subsequent laying performance.
3. Food‐regulated pullets were 7% lighter than pullets given the DPM diet ad libitum at 18 weeks but consumed 12.5% less food; growing treatments had no significant effect on subsequent egg production.
4. Hens housed in shallow cages laid 10.3 eggs/bird‐housed more than those in deep cages, produced 3.8% greater egg mass, consumed 2.7% less food and produced fewer damaged (cracked, broken and hair‐cracked) eggs (P< 0.001).
5. DPM‐containing layer diets had no adverse effects on egg production, or mortality; with 100 g DPM/kg efficiency of food conversion (EFC) was better than with 0 or 200 g/kg (P< 0.001).
6. Reduction of the energy intake of L110R and L220R hens with diets containing 110 and 220 g DPM/kg by 8.2 and 9.0% respectively, reduced the number of eggs laid/hen‐housed by 6 and 10.7 but improved the EFG (P< 0.001); there was no significant interaction between cage shape and energy regulation. 相似文献
2. In the 6‐ to 12‐week period four dietary treatments were applied: a diet containing about 160 g crude protein (CP)/kg with or without 50 g dried poultry manure (DPM)/kg (diets 2 and 1 respectively) and a diet containing about 140 g CP/kg with or without 50 g DPM/kg (diets 4 and 3). In the 12‐ to 18‐week period two additional diets were fed: diets 1 and 3 supplemented with 10 g urea/kg (diets 5 and 6 respectively). Diets containing DPM were formulated to utilise the CP, energy, calcium and 50% of the phosphorus content of DPM.
3. Pullets fed on diets 1, 2 and 5 (high‐protein) were significantly heavier at 18 weeks than those fed on diets 3, 4 and 6 (low‐protein). In the laying period total estimated egg weight, food intake and conversion were significantly greater, and the age at first egg was significantly less (2.4 d).
4. Dietary DPM had no significant effect on the 18‐week body weight but food consumption was significantly less and conversion was significantly improved. There were no significant effects on subsequent laying performance. Dietary urea caused no significant effects on rearing or laying performance. 相似文献
In the first experiment 70 1‐d‐old chicks were given one of seven diets for 21 d; basal (1A) or basal plus: 12% l‐glutamic acid (1B), 17.05% monoammonium citrate (1C), 9.23% diammonium citrate (1D), 6.61% triammonium citrate (TAC) (1E), 2.45% urea (1F) or 4.05% triammonium phosphate and 12.56% calcium lactate (1G). Using body weight at 21 d and FGE as measures of the effectiveness of the various nitrogen sources the orders were 1E (171 g), 1B (154 g) > 1D (131 g), 1G (123 g), 1F (118 g) >basal (89 g) >1C (66 g), (P < 0.05) and 1B (0.456), 1E (0.420) >1G (0.346), 1F (0.329), 1D (0.319) > basal (0.269) > 1C (0.192), (P < 0.05), respectively.
In the second experiment 70 7‐d‐old chicks were offered one of seven diets for 14 d; basal (2A) or basal plus 12% l‐glutamic acid (2B), 8.0% l‐glutamic acid and 2.21% TAC (2C), 4.0% L‐glutamic acid and 4.42% TAC (2D), 6.61% TAC (2E), 3.43% uric acid (2F) or 20.09% dried autoclaved poultry manure (2G). When the final body weights at 21 d and FCE were placed into a rank order, the degrees of effectiveness were: 2C (250 g), 2B (245 g), 2D (244 g), 2G (240 g) > 2E (206 g) > basal (165 g), 2F (150 g) (P < 0.045) and 2B (0.471), 2G (0.451), 2C (0.445), 2D (0.436) >2E (0.399) > basal (0.314) >2F (0.243) (P < 0.05), respectively. The results for diets 2B, 2C, 2D and 2E appear to indicate that 4% glutamic acid is required for maximal chick growth with these crystalline amino acid diets. 相似文献