Hypolipidemic effect of flavonoids from Solanum melongena

Flavonoids extracted from the fruits of Solanum melongena (Brinjal) orally administered at a dose of 1 mg/100 g BW/day showed significant hypolipidemic action in normal and cholesterol fed rats. HMG CoA reductase activity was found to be enhanced, while activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase were significantly reduced. Activities of lipoprotein lipase and plasma LCAT showed significant enhancement. A significant increase in the concentrations of hepatic and fecal bile acids and fecal neutral sterols was also observed indicating a higher rate of degradation of cholesterol.     

The steroidal constituents of Solanum pseudomeum L.

The unripe fruits ofSolanum pseudomeum were found to contain two glyco-alkaloids, identified as solamargine and solasonine. The glyco-alkaloids fraction afforded after hydrolysis one steroidal alkaloid, identified as solasodine. The neutral glycoside fraction, gave after hydrolysis a steroid sapogenin: chlorogenin. Three phytosterols were isolated from the unsaponifiable matter of the lipid fraction, identified as -sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol.

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Zusammenfassung Man fand, daß die unreifen Früchte vonSolanum pseudomeum zwei Glyco-Alkaloide, nämlich Solamargin und Solasonin, enthalten. Die Fraktion der Glyco-Alkaloide ergab nach der Hydrolyse ein Steroid-Alkaloid, dieses wurde als Solasodin identifiziert. Die neutrale Glykosid-Fraktion ergab nach der Hydrolyse das Steroid-Sapogenin Chlorogenin. Die Auftrennung des unverseifbaren Anteils der Lipid-Fraktion ergab drei Phytosterine, die als -Sitosterin, Campesterin und Stigmasterin identifiziert wurden.

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Résumé Les fruits verts (non mûrs) duSolanum pseudomeum, contiennent deux glycoalcaloides, identifiés comme suit: solamargine et solasonine. Un alcaloide stéroidique a été obtenu par hydrolyse de la fraction glyco-alcaloides; et identifié comme suit: solasodine. La fraction glycosidique neutre, a donné après hydrolyse un sapogenin stéroidique chlorogenin. Trois phytosterols ont été isolés de la masse non-saponifiable de la fraction lipide et identifiés comme suit; -sitosterol, campesterol et stigmasterol.

     

Solanum antacochense,a new wild Peruvian species

The largest concentration of wild tuber-bearingSolanums in the Western Hemisphere is located in the Andean region of Perú. However, in spite of the many potato collecting expeditions which have carried out extensive field work in the past, there still remain new species to be presented to science for the first time.Solanum antacochense, from the series tuberosa, a diploid species (2n = 2x = 24 chromosomes) native to Perú described here, is one of them.     

Solanum serratoris: a new wild ecuadorian potato species

A new wild Ecuadorian tuber-bearing species ofSolanum,S. serratoris (SeriesTuberosa, Sect.Petota is described and illustrated. This species from the eastern-Andean region of provincia Morona-Pastaza has been named in honor of Dr. Richard L. Sawyer, founder of the International Potato Center, Lima, Peru.     

Solanum correllii a new tuber bearing species from Ecuador

In spite of being a small country, Ecuador has a very rich and varied flora. In relation to the relatively small area of the country, Ecuador surely has one of the richest floras in South America. It harbors several-thousand species of the Plant Kingdom including many endemic and unique ones. Regarding Ecuadorian wild potatoes, up to now we know fourteen species, ten of which are endemic to that country. In this paper, a new species from Ecuador is described. It has been dedicated to Dr. Donovan S. Correll who is an outstanding botanist and contributor to the knowledge of tuber bearing solanums through his 1962 monograph, the only one written on the subject up to now. Due to the rough Andean Geography, there surely are in Ecuador several other new species of wild potatoes yet to be discovered.     

Herbicidal control of Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. in Australia

Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. is considered as one of the worst weeds of crop and pasture systems in temperate Australia. Effective long-term control is difficult due to the extensive root system. Field experiments were conducted at two locations in south-eastern Australia between 2006 and 2008 to examine a range of herbicides for control of S. elaeagnifolium on seed production and root regrowth. Herbicide performance was affected by herbicide, weed growth stage and environmental factors. Pyridine herbicides, such as pre-packed mixtures of aminopyralid + fluroxypyr and triclopyr + picloram + aminopyralid were the most effective and consistently reduced within-season aerial growth by 60–90% in both seasons. Overall control using glyphosate-based treatments was generally reduced due to emergence of new stems following herbicide application. Three picloram-based treatments provided the best and most consistent long-term control on root regrowth after two seasons, reducing stem emergence by 45–88%, especially with a late application of herbicides. The efficacy of residual herbicides such as atrazine or imazapic + imazapyr depends on rainfall conditions. Seedset control was best achieved with herbicides applied at the start of flowering stage, with no viable seed produced following treatments of 2,4-D amine + picloram and triclopyr + picloram + aminopyralid. These two treatments also significantly reduced viable seed production when applied at the early berry stage. The results indicate that an application at early flowering followed by a late application in autumn is necessary to effectively control the seedset (seedbank) and the root regrowth (rootbank) of S. elaeagnifolium.     

Solanum bill-hookeri: New wild potato species from Peru

There is presented the original diagnosis ofSolanum bill-hookeri from the series Tuberosa (Sect. Petota), a new wild tuber-bearing diploid (2n=2x=24) species from Peru, named in honor of Dr. William J. Hooker.     

Solanum Incamayoense: A new tuberous species of Argentina

Solarium incamayoense is described as a new wild tuber-bearing species from dept. Rosario de Lerma, prov. Salta, Argentina. This species is morphologically related toS. gourlayi Hawkes from which it differs by the shape, size and colour of the leaflets and by the habit of growth. The species is diploid (2n = 24).     

Solanum burtonii,a new wild potato species from Ecuador

Before 1960 knowledge of the wild potato species from Ecuador was very limited. We knew only three tuber bearing species:Solanum paucijugum Bitt.,S. pichinchense Bitt. et Sodiro andS. solisii Hawkes. However, during the last two decades information has increased greatly with the researches of Donovan S. Correll and the writer. So, to the aforementioned species we must addS. albornozii, S. cyanophyllum, S. regularifolium, S. suffrutescens andS. minutifoliolum found by Correll;S. calacalinum, S. correlli andS. tundalomense discovered by me. With this opportunity, I present another new wild potato species from Ecuador,Solarium burtonii, named in honor of Prof. Dr. W. Glynn Burton as a recognition to his outstanding contributions in the field of potato physiology.     

Solanum bombycinum,a new tuber-bearing tetraploid species from Bolivia

It is probable that the wild potatoes from Bolivia are the least known of all the Andean region. Although approximately 50 species have been described from this country since Dunal, 1852, a great majority of these are synonyms. Nevertheless, in some remote and unexplored regions of Bolivia, it is still possible to find new material, as demonstrated by the new species described herein. Solanum bombycinum was found in the north-northwest part of the Department of La Paz, Province of Caupolican, at an altitude of 2000 m, living among shrubby woods in a humid lowland tropic. This wild species constitutes a particularly interesting discovery, as it represents the southern most species from South America described to date for the series Conicibaccata, and, furthermore, because its ploidy level is 2n = 4x = 48 chromosomes in a series usually having 2n = 2x = 24.     

Solanum Nemorosum: A new hexaploid tuber-bearing species from Peru

Up to the present time, the only representative Peruvian hexaploid tuber-bearing wild species isSolanum acaule Bitt. var.albicans Ochoa, from the series Acaulia of theSection Tuberarium. This entity was found by the author for the first time in the paramo prairies of Porcon, Cajamarca in northern Peru. Now it is my pleasure to present again another extremely interesting new wild species,Solanum nemorosum, which is also hexaploid, that is to say with a content of 2n = 6x = 72 chromosomes. It is native also from the north of Peru and belongs to the series Conicibaccata. It occurs primarily in humid forests of shrubs or small trees.     

Susceptibility of five nightshade (Solanum) species tophytophthora infestans

The susceptibility of leaves and berries of five night-shade species to infection by the potato late blight pathogenPhytophthora infestans was tested. American black nightshade (Solanum americanum) and eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) were resistant to infection. However, two accessions (entire-edged and dentate-edged leaf) of hairy nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides), cutleaf nightshade (Solanum triflorum), and bitter or climbing nightshade (Solanum dulcamara) were susceptible. Survival of the pathogen in susceptible species was tested under different environmental conditions. The pathogen survived for at least 2 wk in both hairy nightshade accessions when plant material was kept in soil at a temperature of 20 C. However,P. infestans survived 48 h at ?15 C only in the entire-leaf hairy nightshade accession. In the laboratory, oospores of the pathogen were formed in inoculated plants of the two hairy nightshade accessions, cutleaf nightshade, and ‘Russet Burbank’ potato, but not in American black nightshade, bitter nightshade, or eastern black nightshade.