武汉地区油菜蚜虫秋季迁飞与预测

本文研究了萝卜蚜和桃蚜秋季迁飞与温度、降雨、风速等因素的数量关系,初步提出了单因素与迁飞量的函数关系式和迁飞量的预测式。 绪言 我国巳知的油菜蚜虫有萝卜蚜[Lipaphis erysimc(K1tb)]、桃蚜[Myzus persicae(Sulz)]和甘蓝蚜[Brevicoryne brassicae(L.)]三种。在武汉地区以萝卜蚜和     

大豆有翅成蚜消长与大豆病毒病田间流行速率的关系

大豆病毒病是以大豆有翅成蚜(Aphis glycines Matsumura)为主要传播媒介的重要病害。近年来,由于大豆蚜猖獗,大豆病毒病普遍发生,使大豆产量、品质遭受严重的影响。弄清蚜虫多少与病害轻重的关系,对控制病害有着重要的意义。为此,我们开展了大豆有翅成蚜消长与大豆病毒病田间流行速率关系的研究,为提出田间治蚜的最佳时期及进一步研究大豆病毒病流行规律提供理论依据。     

油菜短柄叶光合衰退及其对产量的影响

以中双9号、中油杂11号和华油杂14号油菜为材料,测定花后短柄叶光合速率及生理指标,探讨短柄叶光合衰退与叶绿素含量等因素之间的关系及其对油菜产量的影响。结果表明,油菜短柄叶光合速率随叶片衰老而逐渐降低,1,5-二磷酸羧化酶(RuBPCase)、可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量,以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均呈现出下降趋势,膜脂过氧化作用产物丙二醛(MDA)在叶片光合功能衰退过程中含量逐渐上升。油菜叶片光合衰退与RuBPCase含量、可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素含量和SOD活性存在显著相关关系,表明光合速率的下降可能与油菜叶片衰老过程中N含量、叶绿素降解及蛋白质合成受抑制相关;SOD和CAT水平逐渐降低及MDA含量升高也表明,叶片衰老过程中氧自由基胁迫抑制光合作用。叶片光合作用与油菜单株产量的相关关系分析结果表明,油菜短柄叶光合速率,特别是短柄叶衰退的中后期光合速率是影响油菜产量的重要因素。     

氮肥施用量对盐粳水稻蚜虫发生及产量的影响

为探明施氮量对辽河稻区盐粳系列品种(系)上蚜虫种群发生量及稻米产量的影响,探讨减施氮肥对水稻麦长管蚜的控害效果,比较不同氮肥水平下粳稻的产量关系。结果表明,蚜虫的种群数量随着氮肥水平的提高而增加,减氮25%可有效降低蚜虫种群数量,降低其危害。同时施氮量可显著影响水稻产量构成因素和产量值,减氮25%对水稻产量降低影响不显著。综合评估氮肥用量对水稻产量的影响和蚜虫危害程度,本研究明确氮肥最佳施用量为135 kg/hm²水平,各粳稻品种(系)的蚜虫种群数量均值较常规施肥田可降低46.33%,各粳稻品种(系)的水稻理论产量均值稳定在718.12 kg/667 m²,兼顾了虫害防控,稳定了水稻产量和优化了生态效益。     

陕西关中油菜蚜虫发生和消长规律

油菜蚜虫是油菜和十字花科蔬菜的重要害虫,其危害不但降低了菜籽产量和品质,且可传播油菜芜菁花叶病毒(TuMV)等多种病毒,引起病毒病,后者造成的损失更为严重。因此研究油菜蚜虫发生和消长规律,对进一步协调和完善油菜及十字花科蔬菜的病、虫综合治理措施具有重要意义。作者于1983年和1984年对陕西关中油菜蚜虫的发生和消长进行了初步调查和研究,报道如下。     

冬油菜短柄叶光合衰退生理及其对产量的影响

以中双9号、中油杂11号和华油杂14号油菜为材料,测定花后短柄叶光合速率及生理指标的变化,探讨短柄叶光合衰退与叶绿素含量等因素之间的关系及其对油菜产量的影响。结果表明,油菜短柄叶光合速率随叶片衰老而逐渐降低,1,5-二磷酸羧化酶（RuBPCase）、可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量,以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均呈现出下降趋势,膜脂过氧化作用产物丙二醛(MDA)在叶片光合功能衰退过程中含量逐渐上升。油菜叶片光合衰退与RuBPCase含量、可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素含量和SOD活性存在显著相关关系,表明光合速率的下降可能与油菜叶片衰老过程中N含量、叶绿素降解及蛋白质合成受抑制相关;SOD和CAT水平逐渐降低及MDA含量升高也表明,叶片衰老过程中氧自由基胁迫抑制光合作用。叶片光合作用与油菜单株产量的相关关系分析结果表明,油菜短柄叶光合速率,特别是短柄叶衰退的中后期光合速率是影响油菜产量的重要因素。     

花生病毒病发生规律和预测预报研究

1984～1990年,通过调查和研究,得出花生病毒病的主要流行规律是;病害的发生与花生播种期、苗期降雨量呈负相关,与5～6月气温、蚜虫迁飞量呈正相关,花生不同品种发病差异极显著。     

贵阳地区油菜蚜虫田间消长简报

贵州省油菜蚜虫主要有三种,甘蓝蚜Brevicoryne brassicae(L)、桃蚜Myzns Persicae(Sulzer.)和萝卜蚜Lipaphis erysimi (kaltenbach),尤以甘蓝蚜危害最为严重。作者于1980—1982年在我省中部的贵阳地区和兴仁等地调查了油菜蚜虫的田间发生情况,现整理于后:     

棉田间作绿肥对棉花苗期主要害虫和天敌消长的影响

研究结果表明,棉花间作油菜或柽麻对天敌有一定的诱集作用,其中瓢虫发生时间早且数量多,在棉苗期(5～6月)天敌可有效控制蚜虫发生,两间作区蚜虫发生第一次高峰期比对照提前2～3d,且蚜量也小于对照;棉花-油菜间作区蚜虫第二次高峰期虫口数量远小于对照,棉花-柽麻间作区无第二次高峰期;药剂拌种可有效地控制棉苗早期蚜虫的危害,持效期为30d左右.     

世界油菜病害研究概述

论述国内外首次发现油菜病害以来，约一百多年的主要历史概况、油菜病害在世界各地的分布情况和经济重要性，以及油菜菌核病、病毒病、霜霉病、白锈病、黑胫病和黑斑病等重要病害的发病条件和防治方法及效果。     

芸薹属油菜种质资源抗(耐)菌核病、病毒病的鉴定

芸薹属油菜种质资源抗(耐)菌核病、病毒病的鉴定结果表明:1.抗菌核病的基因主要存在于B和C染色体组,抗芜菁花叶病毒(TuMV)的基因主要存在于C染色体组。2,农艺性状与抗菌核病性存在相关;B.campestris有效分枝点高度、B.carinata的株高、有效分枝点高度与抗性指标RRA分别呈显著和极显著正相关,B.juncea二次有效分枝数与RRA呈显著负相关,B.napus的上述性状与RRA相关不显著。3.油菜单株产籽量和产油量随病情加重而下降,达显著或极显著程度。     

Reflective mulches for management of aphids and aphid-borne virus diseases in late-season cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L. var. cantalupensis)

A complex of aphids and several mosaic virus diseases can cause major losses in cucurbitaceous crops grown in the inland valleys of California. Three field experiments were conducted to test and compare the effectiveness of reflective polyethylene and biodegradable, synthetic latex spray mulches for management of aphids and aphid-borne virus diseases of late-season cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L. var. cantalupensis cv. Primo) in the San Joaquin Valley. Beneficial responses were obtained from the reflective mulches, under conditions of high aphid populations and virus inoculum potential, during each of the experiments. Aphid numbers on leaves of plants growing over mulches were consistently lower than on those growing over bare soil. Onset of symptoms of cucumber mosaic cucumovirus, and watermelon mosaic and zucchini yellow mosaic potyviruses, were delayed 3–6 weeks in plants growing over the mulches, which was critical for initiation of normal flowering and fruiting. High virus disease incidence (100% incidence of foliar symptoms) reduced cumulative, marketable melon yields (number of fruit, fresh weight, and size) in the control plots to near zero in two of the three experiments. In each of the experiments, polyethylene or spray mulch treatments which completely covered each planting bed provided at least 9.5- and 2.5-fold increases in marketable yield, respectively. In the first two experiments, reflective mulches would have provided the difference between salable crops and total crop loss. Partial bed coverage with spray mulch, and alternate row applications of polyethylene film mulches, were less effective than complete coverage of every planted row.     

花生病毒病流行程度与相关因子灰色关联度分析

在1986-2000年连续15年田间系统调查研究的基础上,利用灰色关联度分析法对花生病毒病年度流行程度(发病率)与相关因子进行了关联性分析。结果表明,花生病毒病年度流行程度与相关因子的关联度大小排列顺序依次为:蚜量>平均温度>降雨量>平均湿度,明确了各相关因子对花生病毒病年度流行程度影响的主次关系。花生苗期(5-6月份)蚜量与花生病毒病流行程度的关联度最大,是花生病毒病流行程度的主导因子,生产上可以花生苗期的蚜量为主要依据,及时提出必要的措施,控制花生病毒病的流行程度。     

Impact of Honey Bee Migratory Management on Pathogen Loads and Immune Gene Expression is Affected by Complex Interactions With Environment,Worker Life History,and Season

The effects of honey bee management, such as intensive migratory beekeeping, are part of the ongoing debate concerning causes of colony health problems. Even though comparisons of disease and pathogen loads among differently managed colonies indicate some effects, the direct impact of migratory practices on honey bee pathogens is poorly understood. To test long- and short-term impacts of managed migration on pathogen loads and immunity, experimental honey bee colonies were maintained with or without migratory movement. Individuals that experienced migration as juveniles (e.g., larval and pupal development), as adults, or both were compared to control colonies that remained stationary and therefore did not experience migratory relocation. Samples at different ages and life-history stages (hive bees or foragers), taken at the beginning and end of the active season, were analyzed for pathogen loads and physiological markers of health. Bees exposed to migratory management during adulthood had increased levels of the AKI virus complex (Acute bee paralysis, Kashmir bee, and Israeli acute bee paralysis viruses) and decreased levels of antiviral gene expression (dicer-like). However, those in stationary management as adults had elevated gut parasites (i.e. trypanosomes). Effects of environment during juvenile development were more complex and interacted with life-history stage and season. Age at collection, life-history stage, and season all influenced numerous factors from viral load to immune gene expression. Although the factors that we examined are not independent, the results illuminate potential factors in both migratory and nonmigratory beekeeping that are likely to contribute to colony stress, and also indicate potential mitigation measures.     

Acquisition of potato leafroll virus byMyzus persicae from secondarily-infected potato plants of different genotypes

Summary The acquisition of potato leafroll virus (PLRV) byMyzus persicae nymphs from the top leaves of potato plants was studied throughout a growing season in relation to the antigen titre in those leaves and the feeding behaviour of the aphid. Secondarily-infected plants of eight potato genotypes with different levels of field resistance served as virus sources. Early in the growing season, plants were efficient sources for virus acquisition. The amount of viral antigen detected inM. persicae nymphs fed on the top leaves was strongly correlated with the titres of viral antigen in these leaves. Virus acquisition from the top leaves of older potato plants was markedly impaired and could not be correlated with their virus titre. With increasing age of the potato plants and the development of virus symptoms, the virus titre in the leaves declined and the initial weak correlation between the virus titre and field resistance ratings disappeared. Thus, screening secondarily-infected potato plants for field resistance to PLRV based on the concentration of viral antigen in leaves or in aphids fed on them should be avoided later in the growing season. The feeding rate ofM. persicae, measured by the number of honeydew droplets excreted, did not account for the reduced uptake of virus from older plants since it was not influenced by the age of the plant. Throughout the growing season, the feeding rate ofM. persicae nymphs on PLRV-infected plants was higher on genotypes with low levels of field resistance to PLRV than on genotypes with high ones.     

播种量对双季稻套播油菜群体生长的影响

为研究稻田三熟制双季稻套播油菜高产栽培技术,筛选适宜的播种量,2016-2017年以丰油730油菜品种为材料,设置3.75kg /hm2、4.50kg /hm2、5.25kg /hm2、6.00kg /hm2和6.75kg/hm2 5个播种量处理,采用大田试验,比较不同播种量对双季稻套播油菜生育进程、密度、成苗率、成株率、个体生长发育、抗病性、产量及产量构成的影响。结果发现：（1）套播油菜密度随着播种量增加而增加,但成苗率和成株率随着播种量的增加而下降。（2）播种量显著影响套播油菜个体生长发育,油菜总叶数、绿叶数、最大叶片叶长和叶宽、根颈粗、单株干重等个体指标随播种量增加而下降,叶面积指数和群体干重等群体指标随着播种量的增加表现先增加后逐渐下降的趋势,以播种量5.25 kg /hm2处理叶面积指数和群体干重最大。（3）菌核病发病率和病情指数均随着播种量的增加而增加。播种量6.75kg/hm2处理比播种量3.75kg/hm2处理发病率和病情指数分别增加了19.83%和9.92%。（4）播种量与分枝高度极显著正相关,与株高、一次分枝数、单株角果数、每角粒数达到极显著负相关水平。（5）产量随着播种量的增加表现出先增加后下降趋势,播种量5.25 kg /hm2处理产量最高,显著高于3.75和4.50kg /hm2的处理,分别增产16.72%和9.36%。可见播种量不足或过大均不利于套播油菜高产群体的构建,本区域内稻田三熟制双季稻套播油菜适宜播种量为5.25~6.00 kg /hm2。     

大麦黄矮病毒运动蛋白及其介导的小麦抗病性研究进展

麦黄矮病毒依靠介体蚜虫传播引起小麦黄矮病,对我国麦类作物生产造成严重威胁。本文结合本课题组的研究,对大麦黄矮病毒编码的运动蛋白的生化特性、生物学功能及其介导小麦的抗病性等方面的研究进展进行了综述。该运动蛋白在病毒构成中能够结合病毒核酸,并与宿主细胞膜系统相互作用,是一个与黄矮病毒系统侵染相关的致病因子。     

Comparative analysis of aphid vector behavior in response to potato plants grown from field tubers, minitubers or plantlets

The greater sensitivity to aphid vectored diseases of potato plants originating from plantlets or minitubers compared to plants originating from field grown tubers could not be explained by changes in probing behavior, by increased aphid movement between plants or by greater levels of aphid colonization favorable to virus spread. The number of seconds to first probe, the duration and number of seconds before the long probe and the duration of the long probe were statistically similar on all plant types. The average residency time of green peach aphids on each plant type was also statistically the same. WingedMyzus persicae (Sulzer) (green peach aphid) landed in greater numbers on older than on younger plants regardless of plant type. This suggests that the level of aphid colonization is determined by a combination of factors such as height, surface and age of plants but not by plant origin. Where virus vectors are present early in the season, the greater number of aphids landing on the relatively older and larger transplants may contribute to higher infection levels, but later in the season plant physiological factors favorable to virus multiplication or translocation are more likely factors     

2001-2010年国家审定冬油菜品种的产量与主要性状分析

对2001—2010年间全国审定的205份冬油菜品种按十五和十一五两个时期,进行产量性状、品质性状与农艺性状统计和对比分析,并对14个性状与产量之间的关系进行相关分析和通径分析。调查品种的各个性状发现：种子产量由十五期间平均2 388.78kg/hm2增加到十一五期间2 670.13kg/hm2,增幅达11.12%,单株角果数、每角粒数和千粒重3个产量因子的增幅分别为4.03%、0.36%和7.10%,表明单株角果数和千粒重的增加是油菜产量提高的主要原因。相关性分析发现,十五期间油菜产量与每角粒数、分枝数、增产点率和生育期呈显著或极显著正相关,另外,十一五期间油菜产量还与单株角果数（r=0.38）达到极显著正相关。通径分析发现,十五期间对产量的直接作用较强的性状分别为：菌核病病株率、菌核病指数、病毒病指数、病毒病病株率、每角粒数和单株角果数。十一五期间对产量的直接作用较高的性状分别为：每角粒数、菌核病病株率、株高、生育期、单株角果数和千粒重。     

依据土壤环境因子对油菜根肿病发生的风险评估

为了解土壤环境因子对根肿病发生的影响,2012年-2013年从我国油菜主产区采集土样12份,在实验室接种根肿菌(Plasmodiophora brassicae)后播种北京新三号(高感白菜品种)。实验结果发现:湖北随州和安徽巢湖土壤样品在根肿菌孢子接种量(按每克土壤中的孢子数量计算)为103接种时发病率达到76.7%;而湖北武昌和阳逻、青海西宁和互助、甘肃民乐等地土样在接种浓度为105时发病率仅为0~3.3%。说明湖北随州和安徽巢湖根肿病发生风险高,湖北阳逻和武昌、青海西宁和互助以及甘肃民乐根肿病发生风险小。土样灭菌后进行接种实验和对土样的理化性质和营养成分进行分析,初步明确在一些土壤中存在土壤生物因子抑制根肿病发生;使用SPSS软件进行路径分析发现,p H、速效钙、全磷、全钾和阳离子交换量(CEC)等因素对根肿病发病率具有抑制作用。