三个拮抗菌株对辣椒青枯病的作用机制

对辣椒青枯病菌生物防治机制的研究中发现，J2菌株(沙雷氏菌)的无抑菌能力突变株只保留了15．5％的防病效果，比野生型J2菌株的防效降低了77．6％，推测其生物防治功能主要依赖于抑菌能力。未检测出其定殖的J3菌株(假单胞菌)突变株，对青枯病的防治效果只有7．7％，比野生型J3菌株下降了90．0％，推测J3菌株主要依赖于在植株根部的定殖竞争能力。分根试验表明，BB11菌株(芽孢杆菌)的防病功能主要依赖于诱导抗性作用，亦有抑菌作用的因素。菌株J2、J3和BB11在灭菌土和自然土中均有良好的定殖表现。     

拮抗青枯劳尔氏菌的荧光假单胞菌SN15-2分离鉴定及其生防能力分析

为了筛选出对番茄青枯病具有较好防效的生防菌,采用皿内测定法从上海地区的番茄青枯病自然衰退土壤中,分离到一株对番茄青枯病有很强抑制作用的菌株SN15-2,并进行了分子鉴定和对荧光假单胞菌SN15-2产抗生素能力和定殖能力测定。结果表明,菌株SN15-2为荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)。其菌株能产生2,4-二乙酰基间苯三酚(2,4-DAPG)、硝吡咯菌素(PRN)、藤黄绿脓菌素(PLT)。同时,可以产生HCN、噬铁素,能够形成生物膜。SN15-2在施入番茄根际后的前20 d定殖数量减少,20 d后基本稳定,60 d时,在干土中的定殖数量可达3.67×105cfu/g。盆栽防效分析表明,荧光假单胞菌SN15-2对番茄青枯病防效达到46.58%。     

烟草根际细菌铜绿假单胞菌swu31-2的定殖能力及其对烟草青枯病的防治作用

从重庆黔江烟草田间分离获得一株烟草青枯菌拮抗菌株Pseudomonas aeruginosa swu31 2（简称swu31 2）。采用逐步提高药物浓度的方法,筛选获得了抗链霉素300 μg/mL对烟草青枯病菌拮抗活性稳定的swu31 2突变菌株。采用灌根接种法,研究其在烟草根、茎和叶表面及内部的定殖能力及其对烟草青枯病的防治作用。结果表明,swu31 2能在烟草各组织的表面及内部定殖。该菌株在烟草各组织内部的数量均表现为“由增到减”的趋势。在接种后第8天定殖数量达到最高峰,随后有所下降;到第20天各组织内的数量仍然维持较高水平（105 cfu/g 以上）。同时,在接种20 d后,烟草的根、茎和叶的表面仍然可以检测到swu31 2的存在。盆栽试验结果表明,swu31 2的菌液和活性物质对烟草青枯病均有一定的防治效果。其中先施swu31 2菌液和活性物质粗提物的防效好于农用链霉素（51.25%）,分别为60.87%和 60.32%,而后施菌液和活性物质粗提物的防效也分别达39.50%和20.90%。     

青枯雷尔氏菌无致病力突变菌株的构建及其防效评价模型分析

 利用青枯雷尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)无致病力菌株防治番茄青枯病具有很好的应用潜力。作者通过分离筛选自然弱毒株、⁶⁰Co辐射诱变和EZ-Tn5插入诱变,分别获得3、12和40株青枯雷尔氏菌无致病力突变菌株。经盆栽番茄苗致病性检测,15 d后均未发病,证实均为无致病力青枯雷尔氏菌。进一步对番茄青枯病的防治试验表明,从番茄青枯病发病田块分离的无致病力突变菌株FJAT1458的防治效果最好,防效达100%。该菌株能定殖番茄植株根系土壤、根部和茎部,定殖数量均表现为“先增后减”的趋势,并且接种浓度越大、苗龄越小,定殖数量越大。从构建的防效模型可以看出,不同接种浓度条件下,植株发病率随时间变化符合的回归方程不同,相关系数R值也不同,接种浓度越大,R值越小。本研究获得的青枯雷尔氏菌无致病力突变菌株FJAT1458对番茄青枯病具有很好的防病效果。     

复合菌剂AR99防治辣椒青枯病

 从本实验室生防细菌库中选择5个功能互补性的菌株复配,制成防治辣椒青枯病的生防制剂AR99。温室实验中,AR99复合菌剂和5个单一菌株防病效果分别达到91.1%(AR99)、88.9%(R1)、57.0%(A6)、66.7%(R9)、80.5%(J3)、80.5%(A9),复合菌剂AR99的防治效果最为显著。2000、2001年在淮阴分别用拌菌堆肥法、灌根法进行生防实验。70 d后用AR99复合菌剂平均防效为94.0%(拌菌堆肥法)、77.0%(灌根法),平均增产效果分别为367.0%、57.8%。     

无致病力青枯菌株对番茄青枯病的防治效果

用紫外诱变法获得的青枯无致病力菌株ATm0 4 4和Asp0 6 1对致病菌没有直接的抑制作用 ;处理番茄后对青枯病产生抗性 ;两菌株可在番茄体内定殖并繁殖 ,移栽浸根是最佳的处理方法。盆栽试验结果表明 ,番茄经ATm0 4 4和Asp0 6 1处理后 ,分别较对照推迟 9和 7d发病 ,2 0d后的防效达 56 .7%和 53.4 %。田间小区试验结果表明 ,经ATm0 4 4和Asp0 6 1菌悬液浸根处理番茄 ,1 5d后对青枯病的防治效果分别为 53.8%和 37.7%。     

球囊霉属真菌与芽孢杆菌M3-4协同作用降低马铃薯青枯病的发生及其机制初探

 丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)和根围促生细菌(PGPR)能在一定程度上拮抗土传病原物、提高植物抗病性而降低病害。本研究旨在(1)确定不同AMF与PGPR组合中,菌间相互作用的关系;(2)评价不同AMF与PGPR组合促进马铃薯生长、降低青枯病(Ralstonia solanacearum)危害的效果;(3)初步探索最佳AMF与PGPR组合降低马铃薯青枯病的作用机制。结果表明,与单接种AMF或PGPR相比,一些AMF与PGPR组合能够促进AMF的侵染和PGPR在马铃薯根围的定殖; AMF与PGPR组合能显著促进马铃薯的生长(如株高、茎粗、地上鲜重、地上干重、薯块重),其中以AMF摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae, Gm)与PGPR芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.)M3-4菌株组合以及地表球囊霉(G. versiforme, Gv)与 M3-4菌株组合促生效果最好。另外,接种AMF和PGPR的组合不同程度降低了马铃薯青枯病的危害,其中也以Gm与M3-4和Gv与M3-4的组合防治效果最佳,防治效果分别为65.2%和69.5%。并且,后者处理的叶片中超氧化物歧化酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著高于其他处理,丙二醛含量则显著低于其他处理。实验结果表明,Gm与M3-4以及Gv与M3-4的AMF和PGPR组合能够协同作用大幅促进马铃薯的生长、诱导其防御反应而降低马铃薯青枯病危害。     

蜡样芽孢杆菌ANTI-8098A在番茄内的定殖和对青枯病的防治研究

本文研究了生防菌ANTI-8098A在番茄植株内的定殖及其对青枯病的生防特性,采用激光共聚焦显微技术观察了GFP标记菌株ANTI-8098A:pCM20在番茄根系的分布.ANTI-8098A及其标记菌株可很好地定殖于番茄植株内,在根内定殖浓度最高,达104～105cfu·g-1,茎部、叶片内次之,达103～104cfu·g-1;ANTI-8098A处理后番茄根系PPO活性显著提高,对番茄叶绿素含量有短期效应;处理后5～15d番茄根际微生物数量略低于对照,其后逐渐与对照趋于一致;ANTI-8098A及其标记菌株对青枯病的防效存在一定差异,平均防效为57.1%～100%.     

香蕉枯萎病生防菌AF11的鉴定及其定殖研究

从健康大豆根系内分离出一株对香蕉枯萎病病原菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense Race 4（FOC Race4）有强拮抗效果的内生细菌AF11。盆栽防病试验结果表明其对香蕉枯萎病的防效达71.5%。形态特征、生理生化测定和16S rDNA序列及其系统发育树分析初步确定该菌株为解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens。从菌株AF11中筛选出抗利福平（100μg.mL-1）且对FOC Race 4拮抗活性稳定的变异菌株AF11Rif,采用灌根接种方法,研究菌株AF11Rif在香蕉体内定殖分布规律。试验结果表明,菌株AF11Rif能定殖于香蕉根部和茎部,接种50 d后根部定殖量为118 cfu.mg-1,茎部为32 cfu.mg-1。     

青枯菌无致病力菌株FJAT-1458与强致病力株FJAT-91的竞争生长作用

为了明确青枯菌无致病力菌株FJAT-1458的生防竞争机制,本研究采用体外共培养方法研究了碳源、氮源和培养时间对菌株FJAT-1458和青枯菌强致病力菌株FJAT-91竞争生长的影响;同时,研究了菌株FJAT-1458和FJAT-91在番茄植株体内的竞争生长。结果表明,碳源含量低于20%时,菌株FJAT-1458不能生长,而菌株FJAT-91可生长;无氮源条件下,FJAT-1458和FJAT-91均不能生长;碳源和氮源含量达100%时,FJAT-1458的菌体浓度（2.16×10⁹ cfu/mL）显著低于FJAT-91的菌体浓度（3.24×10⁹ cfu/mL）。混合培养24 h前,FJAT-1458生长量大于FJAT-91,24 h后则相反。在单独接种或混合接种5 d后,FJAT-1458和FJAT-91均在番茄植株体内出现最大定殖量,随后迅速减少;FJAT-91在单独接种15 d时,定殖数量为0;两种菌株单独接种的定殖数量均大于混合接种（接种15 d除外）。先接种FJAT-1458,3 d后接种FJAT-91对番茄青枯病的防效（100%）显著高于同时接种FJAT-1458和FJAT-91（74.67%）。本研究表明,在体外无致病力菌株FJAT-1458对碳源和氮源的营养竞争能力弱于强致病力菌株FJAT-91;在体内无致病力菌株FJAT-1458会抑制强致病力菌株FJAT-91的生长;因此,FJAT-1458的生防竞争机制中,营养竞争起非主导作用,而位点竞争可能是主导因素。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.