草畜能量平衡模型在典型草原家庭牧场中的应用

于2011年对内蒙古锡林郭勒盟正镶白旗额里图牧场典型草原3户家庭牧场进行了关于草畜生产情况的调研。结果表明,所调查的3户家庭牧场均超载放牧,其载畜率分别为1.01、0.73和1.17头/hm2。通过运用草畜能量平衡模型对3户家庭牧场现有载畜率进行优化:牧户1应淘汰所有羯羊,淘汰母羊12.5%,载畜率优化调整为0.82头/hm2;牧户2淘汰所有羯羊,淘汰母羊15.0%,载畜率优化调整为0.50头/hm2,同时,启动品种改良计划;牧户3淘汰所有羯羊,淘汰母羊28.8%,载畜率优化调整为0.77头/hm2。调研结果表明,草畜能量平衡模型的应用可以有效地提高牧民们的经济效益。     

基于OMMLP模拟研究不同载畜率水平家庭牧场的经济效益

为探究在不同载畜率水平下家庭牧场经济收益变化,本研究基于2021年四子王旗荒漠草原89户牧户的半结构调研问卷,根据载畜率水平划分为低载畜率牧场(0.61 SE·hm^-2)、中载畜率牧场(0.91 SE·hm^-2)、高载畜率牧场(1.34 SE·hm^-2),利用草畜平衡以及家畜生产优化管理模型(Optimized management models for household pasture livestock farm production, OMMLP)进行模拟分析。结果显示,四子王旗家庭牧场的草地利用水平均存在差异,不同载畜率水平家庭牧场草地能量夏富冬亏,同时高载畜率牧场在进入冬季后能量亏损相对较高。此外,牧户净收益随载畜率增加先增加后降低。通过对牧户载畜率模拟调整,发现中载畜率牧场和高载畜率牧场分别降低载畜率至0.68 SE·hm^-2和0.96 SE·hm^-2时,可达到最优净收益12.3万元和30.6万元;当低载畜率牧场的载畜率提高至0.81 SE·hm^-2     

荒漠草原区家庭牧场草畜优化模拟研究

本研究旨在通过建立草畜平衡模型和优化生产模型,分析内蒙古乌拉特中旗荒漠草原区家庭牧场在不同载畜率下的草畜平衡、草地生物量、甲烷排放量和经济收支情况,以期为该地区的家庭牧场生产经营提供科学依据和决策支持。本研究采用了实地调查和模拟分析相结合的方法,收集了相关的数据和参数,建立草畜平衡模型和优化生产模型,并对模型进行了验证和分析。研究结果表明,在该地区,家庭牧场的草畜平衡和经济收益与载畜率密切相关,随着牧场载畜率的增大,家畜实际摄入能量与维持需要的能量之间存在供不应求的状态,仅在0.1羊单位/hm²、0.33羊单位/hm²载畜率水平下草地能量有剩余。其次,甲烷排放量随着牧场载畜率的增大而增加,而草地生物量则逐渐降低。适当的载畜率可以提高经济收益,结合生态和经济效益以及当地实际情况,建议将牧场载畜率维持在0.33羊单位/hm²～0.55羊单位/hm²之间。合理调整牧场载畜率对促进草原生态环境的可持续发展和畜牧业的健康发展具有重要意义。     

北方草原牧户心理载畜率与草畜平衡模式转移研究

从牧户角度出发,以草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原中3个典型旗县的典型牧户为对象,运用入户调研、野外试验及模型模拟的方法,研究了北方草原牧户草畜平衡决策行为。结果表明:牧户存在心理载畜率,其主导着牧户的草畜平衡决策行为;不同经济水平的牧户在畜牧业生产中表现出不同的草场流转等调整适应行为,但不同经济水平牧户草场生态状况趋同,反映了不同经济水平牧户心理载畜率趋同;距最近公路距离、户主年龄、是否嘎查干部、民族属性及现有存栏数等因素是显著影响牧户心理载畜率的因素,决定着牧户是否继续扩大牲畜规模的意向;基于以上分析,提出分段式实现减畜目标、规模化联合降低心理载畜率、辨识和选择心理载畜率影响因素和牧户等途径,实现牧户心理载畜率模式向生态优化载畜率模式的转移,并提出必要的政策支持和科技支撑建议,为我国草原退化治理和实现草畜平衡提供系统、切实的理论基础和现实依据。     

中国北方草原退化治理和草畜平衡模式转移研究

我国北方草原面积广大,但退化严重,针对草原退化实施的草畜平衡政策。本文从牧户角度出发,以草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原中3个典型旗县的典型牧户为对象,运用入户调研、野外试验及模型模拟的方法,研究了北方草原牧户草畜平衡决策行为。结果表明,牧户存在心理载畜率,其主导着牧户的草畜平衡决策行为;不同经济水平的牧户在畜牧业生产中表现不同的草场流转等调整适应行为,但不同经济水平牧户草场生态状况趋同,反映了不同经济水平牧户心理载畜率趋同;距最近公路距离、户主年龄,是否嘎查干部、民族属性及现有存栏数等因素是显著影响牧户心理载畜率的因素,决定牧户的是否继续扩大牲畜规模的意向;基于以上分析,提出分段式实现减畜目标、规模化联合降低心理载畜率、辨识和选择心理载畜率影响因素和牧户等途径,实现牧户心理载畜率模式向生态优化载畜率模式的转移,并提出必要的政策支持和科技支撑建议,为我国草原退化治理和实现草畜平衡提供系统、切实的理论基础和现实依据。     

基于静态模拟模型的青藏高原东缘高寒草甸区草畜平衡研究

以澳大利亚反刍动物营养标准为参考,Stage one模型为框架,家庭牧场为研究尺度,从家畜营养角度出发,将代谢能(Metabolisable energy,ME)和氮维持需要量作为放牧家畜的营养单位,建立营养模型,模拟该地区典型家庭牧场欧拉型藏羊能、氮需求的月际变化及冬季暖棚利用对于藏羊体况维持的作用,研究青藏高原东缘高寒草甸区典型藏羊生产体系下的草畜平衡问题。结果表明:高寒草甸草地牧草消化率高,能量浓度高,高放牧强度(3.5头/hm~2)下,藏羊仍能获得足够的代谢能用于增重,而冷季由于草地消化率低,能量浓度差,在低放牧强度(3.5头/hm~2)即使放牧率低于暖季藏羊摄取能量仍不足以满足维持代谢,表现为减重(成年母羊平均5kg/头)。冷季低温造成典型牧户藏羊畜群维持代谢能每羊单位提高22%,且怀孕后期(1到2月)母羊能量需求高,草畜能量不平衡严重,因此,冷季补饲应以精饲料为主。暖棚可降低家畜御寒代谢能消耗,并降低冷季维持代谢能水平,有助于减少家畜掉膘,典型牧户藏羊畜群维持代谢能1到4月可分别降低1.08、1.23、1.28、1.26 MJ/(头/d)。冷季精饲料补饲+暖棚是较为可行的管理方式。     

草畜平衡奖励对荒漠草原家庭牧场的影响

基于四子王旗荒漠草原家庭牧场的调研数据和植被监测数据,通过植物群落数量特征计算植物多样性指数,构建草畜平衡模型和多元线性回归模型,比较第一轮、第二轮草畜平衡奖励在草地植被、草畜能量平衡和经济收入层面的实施效果。结果表明：四子王旗草畜平衡区载畜率显著下降,植被高度、盖度、物种数、生物量和Margalef丰富度指数显著增加;草畜能量呈夏季能量充足,冬季能量不足的不均衡态,但全年草畜能量趋于平衡;影响牧民收入的主要因素由成本类逐渐转变为牧业规模类和收入类,补贴收入开始显著影响牧民收入。草畜平衡奖励有利于当地植被的生长与恢复,缓解了草畜能量供需不平衡的矛盾,并改变了牧民收入的经济结构,促进牧民增收和收入结构多元化,补贴收入成为一项重要的收入来源。整体而言,草畜平衡奖励在当地已有一定成效。未来草畜平衡奖励政策的制定与实施应加强对草畜能量季节不平衡等问题的研究,精细化补助方案,以促进家庭牧场的可持续发展。     

荒漠草原不同家庭牧场生产效率评价研究——以四子王旗为例

家庭牧场是草原牧区的主要生产经营单元，生产效率直接影响着牧场的经济效益，同时也是评价畜牧业可持续发展的重要指标之一。本研究基于四子王旗89户牧户的半结构调研问卷，依据草场面积划分为小型牧户(SH)、中型牧户(MH)、较大型牧户(RLH)和大型牧户(LH)，通过构建以投入为导向、规模报酬可变的DEA-BCC模型、DEA-ost模型以及Tobit模型进行效率测算和影响因素分析。结果显示，内蒙古荒漠草原牧户的综合技术效率(0.764)处于较低水平，尤其是中小牧户的综合技术效率相对偏低，即在当前的技术及管理水平下，荒漠草原牧户的综合技术效率具有很大的提升空间；根据Tobit模型的回归结果，影响生产效率的主要因素是畜牧业支出比例和牧户载畜率，且畜牧业支出比例和牧户载畜率与技术效率和成本效率呈现显著负相关关系，因此，建议牧户通过减少家畜养殖成本投入、发展适度规模养殖、合理增加人工草地面积等方式提升牧场生产效率，以期实现家庭牧场的可持续发展。     

外购干草是否缓解了天然草原的生态压力?——来自内蒙古的回顾性调查

外购干草在牧民载畜行为及生产方式转型中扮演着重要角色。本文利用内蒙古450户的牧户调研数据,通过核减干草效用计算牧户实际载畜率值,探究核减前后牧户载畜率的变化趋势,剖析核减干草后在新一轮草原补奖政策标准下牧户超载情况。结果表明：三类草原区牧户在核减外购干草效用后的载畜率较核减前均有不同程度下降,其中草甸草原区降幅最大,为35.09%,然后是荒漠草原区和典型草原区,分别下降31.82%,23.23%;依据第二轮草原补奖政策标准,区域内草甸草原区牧户未表现出超载行为,县域内新巴尔虎左旗牧户未呈现超载;区域内典型草原区牧户心理载畜率值最高,为0.86羊单位·hm^-2,较典型草原区牧户核减干草效用后的实际载畜率值高出11.63%;县域内新巴尔虎左旗牧户心理载畜率值最高,为1.28羊单位·hm^-2,较新巴尔虎左旗牧户核减干草效用后的实际载畜率值高出36.72%。     

青藏高原牧区典型家庭牧场选择方法研究——以甘肃省玛曲县为例

青藏高原草原牧区典型家庭牧场选择对牧区畜牧业科研成果推广具有重要意义。以甘肃省玛曲县20户家庭牧场为基础,以户均草地面积、家畜数量、经济收入和支出4个因素作为典型牧户的选择依据,并分别对以生产资料为依据的典型家庭牧场、以经营水平为依据的典型家庭牧场和以生产资料和经营水平综合的典型家庭牧场进行了分析,选出牧户2、12、13和19为研究区典型家庭牧场,其户均草地面积、家畜数量、经济收入和支出分别为195.0 hm2、452.5羊单位、5.08万元和4.18万元。分析结果表明,这些家庭牧场能代表调查区多数家庭牧场草畜生产经营状况和牧民生活水平。     

补饲与不补饲条件下3种放牧率对高寒草地牧草与家畜生产的影响

通过补饲和不补饲条件下放牧率对高寒草地牧草和家畜生产影响的研究,结果表明,3种放牧率对草地牧草产量影响不大,组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。放牧率影响羯羊体重。在补饲条件下,羯羊日增长量随放牧率减小而增加,组间差异显著(P<0.05);不补饲使羯羊减重,羯羊日减重量随放牧率减小而降低。同时,放牧率影响羯羊肉用性能和肉的品质。在补饲条件下,草地生物学效率明显高于不补饲组,且中组比低、高组高,草地生产能力最大。由此得出,高寒草地以中等放牧率为最佳,即1.8只/hm~2,且补饲效果最明显。     

Modeling Large Carnivore and Ranch Attribute Effects on Livestock Predation and Nonlethal Losses

Predator-livestock interactions are a major concern for both agriculture and conservation globally. Using retrospective survey data from 274 ranches in Wyoming, United States, we used information theory to model how ranch attributes and large carnivores influenced the timing, duration, and severity of livestock predation. We then used constrained ordination to understand how 1) landscape, weather, and animal features influence predation and 2) how livestock behavior and nonlethal loss relate to ranch attributes and large carnivores. Timing, duration, and severity of livestock predation were generally not explained by ranch size or number of counties but were explained by livestock type, livestock parturition (either timing or duration), and documented large carnivore loss. Addition of the large carnivore loss variable to global models always improved Akaike information criterion scores. Rangelands characterized as rough, forested, shrubby, or a public grazing allotment reportedly increased predation risk, in part, due to large carnivore exposure. Approximately two-thirds of participants noticed livestock nervousness if a predator was nearby, half of participants noted changes in livestock distribution patterns, and a quarter of participants noted a reduction in livestock grazing time. Nonlethal losses such as lower weight gains, lower conception rates, lower birth rates, and delayed birth season were reported by 27%, 19%, 12%, and 11% of participants, respectively. Ordination revealed separation between behavioral changes and nonlethal losses, attributed to large carnivore exposure. Parturition relative to livestock type was also strongly correlated to timing and duration of predation for cattle-only operations but not for operations with sheep. The predictive cattle predation-parturition model suggests that for each additional month of calving, producers should anticipate 21 additional d of predation. Understanding predator-livestock interactions relative to ranch and rangeland features, parturition, large carnivore exposure, and losses that extend beyond mortalities can assist in developing novel strategies to mitigate lethal and nonlethal losses.     

Economic Risks of Cheatgrass Invasion on a Simulated Eastern Oregon Ranch

The potential of invasive plants to alter fuel properties over time has implications for the ranchers of semiarid rangelands throughout the world. A prime example of this phenomenon is the cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) invasion of the native shrub-steppe lands in Great Basin of the western United States. The purpose of this study is to develop a bioeconomic model that optimizes simulated ranch behavior given the beginning stages of cheatgrass invasion on a public forage allotment. The bioeconomic model is applied to a typical eastern Oregon 300 cow-calf ranch. Livestock production decisions are simulated over a 40-yr planning horizon using a multiperiod linear programming model. Results showed changes in profit-maximizing ranch management strategies in the form of decreased optimal stocking rates and forage substitution. The net present value of the simulated ranch’s income stream declined, and the probability that the ranch cannot meet its full costs of livestock production and would exit the industry increased as a result. These economic impacts were more pronounced with decreased sale price. Sensitivity analysis showed that overall results in terms of ranch behavior were specific neither to the assumed discount rate nor to the assumed percentage of cheatgrass cover (as long as this percentage is within the reference state) on the public grazing allotment. This study introduces a method for managers to quantify impacts on ranches from fuel-altering invasive plants on public lands, emphasizing the importance of including information about native and invasive forage production characteristics and wildfire frequency as a function of the state of invasion.     

Cattle herd vulnerability to rainfall variability: responses to two management scenarios in southern Ethiopia

We examine how the system of grazing management of cattle in savanna rangelands affects the herd response to drought. We have used long-term time series data to evaluate the effects of management on drought-induced cattle mortality using traditional livestock management practices. There was no control of stocking densities, as compared to a government ranch where stocking densities would be adjusted in accordance with available pasture. We tested the responses under two scenarios. Scenario 1: Response of cattle herds to inter-annual rainfall variability (IRV) under a regulated grazing management system; this provides more reliable predictions of cattle population and performance in terms of herd mortality and calving rates than does the communal land use system. Scenario 2: Regardless of the management system, similar trends in cattle populations will be observed in response to IRV. The results of the study showed that fluctuations in cattle numbers, herd mortality and calving rates were highly correlated with IRV, with stronger linear impacts in accordance with scenario 2. In both management systems, cattle herd sizes and calving rates declined during periods of drought, followed by slow recovery. Cattle populations in Borana rangelands in southern Ethiopia did not recover for a period of two decades. We conclude that a management system based on control of stocking densities did not improve herd survival, as compared with traditional drought management strategies. This contradicts common expectations. Increased drought frequencies aggravated cattle mortality and lowered calving rates. The implication of the findings is that regardless of adjusted stocking density, livestock populations in the arid savanna ecosystems of southern Ethiopia remain at risk from climate change.     

短花针茅草原五个载畜率水平绵羊活重变化规律

在内蒙古高原短花针茅荒漠草原采用5个不同载畜率水平进行的绵羊放牧试验结果表明,绵羊活重均以10月份为最大,中等载畜率有利于绵羊生产;随着载畜率增大,单位面积的绵羊增重逐渐增加,单个绵羊的增重逐渐减少,两者的交点为绵羊生产的适宜载畜率,即每半年 2.2只羊/hm2.     

Longitudinal monitoring of two commercial layer flocks and their environments for Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis and other Salmonellae

Between August 20, 2001, and September 17, 2002, 1429 samples including drag swabs, egg belt or egg rollout swabs, fan-blade swabs, rodent organ and intestinal pools, beetle (Alphitobius diaperinus) pools, housefly (Musca domestica) pools, chicken organ and intestinal pools, and egg pools were obtained for Salmonella culture from two flocks from two different commercial layer ranches. The two ranches were purposefully selected for the study based on their previous status of Salmonella Enteritidis isolation using environmental drag swabs in cooperation with practicing veterinarians. Salmonella sp. was isolated from 337 out of 979 (34.42%) non-egg samples. No Salmonella was isolated from 450 egg pools collected from either ranch. S. enteritidis was isolated from samples obtained from ranch 1 from manure drag swabs, 4/284 (1.4%); rodent organs, 1/24 (4.2%); and housefly pool cultures 1/21 (4.8%). Salmonella Enteritidis was isolated from ranch 2 from mouse organ and intestinal pool samples, 1/24 (4.2%). Salmonella group B was isolated from all sample types except the insects. There was a statistically significant difference in isolation rates among seven serogroups of Salmonella: groups B, C1, C2, D, E, K, and untypeable (Pearson chi-square 18.96, P = 0.002). Overall, statistically significant differences were observed with respect to Salmonella isolation among the types of samples taken (Pearson chi-square 118.54, P < 0.0001). Intensive monitoring for Salmonella Enteritidis can be used to optimize a Salmonella reduction program for an individual poultry biosecurity unit.     

甘肃马鹿冬季牧场牧草再生性对刈割的短期响应

在肃南裕固族自治县甘肃马鹿(Cervus elaphus kansuensis)不同放牧率(1.00、1.45、2.45、3.45、4.85、6.90AUM·hm-2)的冬季牧场,研究草原生产力与群落结构对牧草最佳生长期刈割的短期响应。结果表明,1)随放牧强度增加,刈割群落物种丰富度呈先增加后减少趋势,其中4.85 AUM·hm-2放牧率下的群落物种丰富度最高;刈割显著增加草地地上生物量。2)刈割群落的牧草株高和地上生物量均表现为超补偿生长,补偿指数分别以3.45、6.90AUM·hm-2放牧样地最高;各优势种变化趋势不同。3)刈割群落的Simpson优势度指数、Pielou均匀度指数在放牧较重样地最高;随放牧强度增加,群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数呈先增加后减少趋势,以4.85 AUM·hm-2群落最高;且除4.85 AUM·hm-2群落外,刈割后的群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显著高于刈割前的(P0.05)。4)各功能群植物对不同放牧强度响应不同。因此,适宜放牧强度下,刈割能发挥草地最大生产潜力并维持群落结构稳定性。     

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of Mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates from turkeys from the central valley of California.

Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to investigate the molecular epidemiology of 26 Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) isolates obtained from turkeys located in the central valley of California. The MG isolates were recovered from 5 different companies and 13 ranches. Each company had unique MG strains. No evidence of spread of MG between companies was detected. RAPD analysis of MG isolates within a ranch during an outbreak revealed only a single strain involved in each outbreak. RAPD analysis identified an isolate from 1 ranch with a banding pattern identical to that of the 6/85 vaccine strain, which had been used on that particular ranch. Similar RAPD banding patterns of isolates from different ranches within the same company suggested horizontal spread of MG between ranches. The use of 2 primer sets in RAPD analysis was critical to prevent misinterpretation of relationships between different isolates.     

Disease incidence in ranch and pastoral livestock herds around Lake Mburo National Park,in South Western Uganda

A longitudinal study was done to monitor incidence of livestock diseases in ranch and pastoral herds around Lake Mburo National Park, in South-western Uganda with a high level of wildlife (impala and zebra) and livestock (cattle and goats) interactions. East Coast Fever (ECF), abortions, helminthosis and starvation due to drought were major livestock disease problems encountered. ECF was a major disease affecting mainly calves, causing mortality both in ranch (8.5%) and pastoral (8.2%) herds. Meanwhile, drought was a more serious in pastoral than ranch herds (p < 0.05), killing 28.5 % and 5.8% of adult female cattle in respective production systems. Other endemic diseases found and controlled by vaccination were FMD, CBPP and blackquarter. In both cattle and goats helminthosis was causing mortalities, 3.3% and 0.8% among calves in pastoral and ranches respectively; and 4.8% and 6.9% among kids and sub-adult goats respectively. Many cases of abortions occurred among pastoral herds. In conclusion, the disease incidence among livestock was the same or relatively low as compared to other areas without wildlife.