多粘类芽孢杆菌抗菌物质和防病机制之研究进展

多粘类芽孢杆菌是一种具有防病和促生作用的生防菌,在植物病害防治方面具有很大的应用潜力。笔者对多粘类芽孢杆菌所产生的抗菌物质及其对病害生防机制的研究进展进行了综述,并对多粘类芽孢杆菌在农业中的应用前景进行了展望。     

生物药剂和化学药剂对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑制效应

为研究不同生物药剂和化学药剂对苹果树腐烂病的影响,分别以多粘类芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、多抗霉素、苦参碱4种生物药剂和戊唑醇、咪鲜胺2种化学药剂为材料,采用培养皿离体培养方式,研究单一药剂和不同药剂组合对苹果腐烂病病原菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的抑制效应。结果表明：在培养基中添加单一药剂时,多粘类芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌浓度为180 mg /L、多抗霉素浓度为225 mg /L、苦参碱浓度为5 mL/L和戊唑醇、咪鲜胺浓度为0.75 mL/L时,抑菌率均可达100%。另外,0.02 mL/L咪鲜胺分别与45 mg/L枯草芽孢杆菌、45 mg/L多粘类芽孢杆菌、0.045 mg/L多抗霉素以及0.02 mL/L戊唑醇与45 mg/L多粘类芽孢杆菌组合,4种组合的菌丝抑菌率与孢子抑制率都达到100%,抑菌效果明显好于其他药剂组合。说明这4种生物药剂和化学药剂组合可作为高效、低毒的混合型药剂来防治苹果树腐烂病的发生。     

枯草芽孢杆菌ON-6菌株抑制荔枝炭疽菌活性物质的初步研究

为了探索枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）对广西重要的药食两用水果--荔枝采后病害的防治效果及其机制,本文在进行采集、分离、筛选和鉴定的基础上,对枯草芽孢杆菌ON-6菌株发酵液提取拮抗物质方法、拮抗物质的理化性质等方面进行了研究。对ON-6菌株发酵液采用浓盐酸沉淀法及硫酸铵沉淀法,得到的提取液均有抑菌活性,表明ON-6菌株能产生能蛋白类和脂肽类抗生物质。对该菌株的蛋白粗提液进行30~60℃处理30 min,其活性保持不变,121℃处理20 min,活性丧失不足原有的40%;作用活性pH值在5.0~8.0范围内;对胰蛋白酶不敏感,对蛋白酶K和胃蛋白酶部分敏感;对紫外线不敏感。     

贝莱斯芽孢杆菌HN-1突变体文库的构建及Arp基因的鉴定

贝莱斯芽孢杆菌HN-1是一株对香蕉枯萎病4号生理小种尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense race 4)具有良好抑制活性的生防芽孢杆菌。本研究旨在构建生防菌HN-1的突变体库,在突变体库的基础上深入研究生防芽孢杆菌的抑菌机理,针对香蕉枯萎病的生物防治夯实理论基础。将携带转座子TnYLB-1的温敏型质粒载体pMarA质粒利用化学法转化进入贝莱斯芽孢杆菌HN-1中,通过50℃高温诱导后构建了由1 800个HN-1突变体组成的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌HN-1突变体文库,质粒消除率达99.7%。通过平板抑菌法筛选得到一株对尖孢镰刀菌Foc4的抑制活性降低的突变体,利用反向PCR技术确定插入破坏的基因与贝莱斯芽孢杆菌模式菌株FZB42 arsenic resistance protein (RBAM-550730)基因同源性为99%,在系统进化树中与贝莱斯芽孢杆菌模式菌株FZB42中的该基因属于同一分支。通过筛选鉴定HN-1突变体文库中抑菌活性丧失突变体发现HN-1中Arp基因与生防芽孢杆菌HN-1抑制尖孢镰刀菌的活性有密切的关系。     

植物显色物质研究进展

对植物显色物质的种类,在自然界中的分布,结构特征及药理活性等方面的研究进展进行了综述。指出酚类和醌类色素在自然界分布广泛,是植物重要的显色物质,由于其结构易被氧化所以其药理活性主要表现为抗氧化和自由基清除。目前对这类物质的研究不仅限于对其提取,分离及功能的研究,而且已深入到对其代谢途径及其作用机理的研究。笔者还指出通过植物转基因及细胞培养来生产这类物质是新的发展趋势。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌肠毒素的研究进展

苏云金杆菌含有多种毒素,与人畜条件病原菌—蜡质芽孢杆菌有紧密的联系。研究表明用PCR等方法可检测到很多苏云金杆菌含有与蜡质芽孢杆菌类似的多种肠毒素基因,而且,商用肠毒素试剂盒也能检测到有些苏云金杆菌肠毒素的产生,基因核苷酸序列分析表明苏云金杆菌肠毒素基因同蜡质芽孢杆菌肠毒素基因有较高的相似性。该文对苏云金杆菌毒素的基因检测、基因序列分析、活性检测及其安全性方面进行了综述。     

不同分子量壳聚糖抑菌作用的研究

随着壳聚糖研究的不断深入,其不同寻常的抑菌活性引起了学者们的广泛关注。为了获得壳聚糖对桉树青枯病病原菌极其拮抗菌的抑制活性,在研究中考察了不同分子量的壳聚糖对桉树青枯病的生防菌302-多粘类芽孢杆菌、199-蜡状芽孢杆菌及桉树白枯病的病原菌76-茄青枯拉尔氏菌、RS-桉树青枯病原菌的抑制效果。采用琼脂扩散纸片法研究了不同浓度和分子量的壳聚糖对上述4种菌的抑制效果,利用了系列稀释法研究了不同分子量的壳聚糖的最小抑菌浓度。同时研究了分子量为2200的壳聚糖在不同pH条件下的抑菌效果。结果表明,5种不同分子量的壳聚糖对76-茄青枯拉尔氏菌和RS-桉树青枯病病原菌有明显的抑制作用,其中分子量为2200和5万的壳聚糖对青枯病原菌的抑菌效果最好,且随壳聚糖浓度的增大,壳聚糖的抑菌作用逐渐增强,最小抑菌浓度在0.05%以上。而这2种分子量的壳聚糖对302-多粘类芽孢杆菌和199-蜡状芽孢杆菌的抑菌效果较上述2种病原菌要明显弱很多,最小抑菌浓度在0.1%以上。在上述试验的基础上,本试验进一步探讨了分子量为2200的壳聚糖在不同pH条件下对4种受试菌的抑制效果。结果表明,当pH在5.5~6.5时,对受试菌具有最佳的抑制效果。壳聚糖对上述4种菌的作用效果尚未见文献报道。     

侧孢短芽孢杆菌的研究进展

侧孢短芽孢杆菌具有抗菌、杀虫、抗肿瘤等功能,其伴孢体和代谢产物则是影响其功能的关键因素。为了推进侧孢短芽孢杆菌在各领域的产品开发和应用进程,文章回顾了侧孢短芽孢杆菌的独木舟状伴孢体(CSPB)、均质伴孢体(hoPB)、条纹状伴孢体(stPB)和晶状伴孢体的特征和功能,介绍了侧孢短芽孢杆菌产生的侧孢菌胺、聚酮化合物、抗菌肽、酶类、免疫抑制剂、凝血酶抑制剂、氨肽酶抑制剂等多种代谢产物的结构和性质,对相关功能基因的研究现状进行了概述。并在此基础上对其在各领域的应用概况及存在的问题进行了总结和分析,对其研究前景和发展趋势进行了展望。     

多粘类芽孢杆菌对油菜中硝酸盐含量的影响

蔬菜中硝酸盐含量超标危害人体健康,有效降低蔬菜中硝酸盐含量是提高蔬菜品质的主要目标之一。本研究考察了多粘类芽孢杆菌对降低油菜中硝酸盐含量的作用。结果表明,在种植油菜的基质中施加尿素后,油菜中硝酸盐含量显著提高,远超出国家标准限值（3000 mg/kg）;而施加尿素后再施加多粘类芽孢杆菌发酵液,油菜中硝酸盐的含量保持在较低的水平,与不施尿素的对照相当;将发酵液高温灭活后,减少油菜中硝酸盐积累的作用消失。施用100倍至10000倍稀释的多粘类芽孢杆菌发酵液（3×105~3×107 CFU/mL）,对油菜中硝酸盐的积累都有明显降低作用,浓度越高效果越明显。     

芽孢杆菌高产活性物质与诱变育种

芽孢杆菌属细菌在农业、工业、医药、环境等各个领域发挥重要作用。本综述介绍了芽孢杆菌的主要活性物质和选育方法。分别从酶类物质、抗菌脂肽类物质、其他类型物质3个方面对芽孢杆菌主要活性产物的基本特征和功能做了详细介绍。概述了自然选育、诱变选育、原生质体选育、基因组改组选育和杂交选育5种常见的选育方法和基本原理。提供了15种芽孢杆菌菌株获得高产活性物质的诱变方法,其中1株芽孢杆菌经2次紫外诱变和1次DES处理后,产中性蛋白酶的能力提高到7 307 U/m L。这些诱变方法为今后快速获得相关活性物质提供了理论指导。     

Molecular functions of genes related to grain shape in rice

Because grain shape is an important component of rice grain yield, the discovery of genes related to rice grain shape has attracted much attention of rice breeding programs. In recent years, some of these genes have been cloned and studied. They have been found not only regulate grain shape by changing the shape of the spikelet hull, but also regulate endosperm development through control of cell division using different molecular mechanisms. In this paper, we review the recent research on genes related to rice grain shape and their possible regulatory mechanisms.     

甘草内生菌研究概况

甘草内生菌能够产生与宿主植物相同、相似或全新的活性代谢物。采用内生菌发酵法生产甘草次生代谢物对可持续利用甘草资源及筛选新型活性代谢产物具有重要意义。在过去的几十年,尽管人们对甘草内生菌多样性、分离和鉴定、药理作用、次生代谢产物等方面进行了研究,并取得了一定的成果,但还远远不能满足生产的需要,甘草内生菌作为微生物资源是天然产物的重要来源。本研究综述了甘草内生菌及其次生代谢产物的相关研究,归纳出甘草内生菌可产甘草苷、甘草次酸、甘草素等次生代谢产物,并针对甘草内生菌次生代谢产物研究中存在的问题进行了展望,为合理利用甘草内生菌及进一步开发应用提供参考。     

链霉菌及其代谢产物防治水稻稻瘟病的研究进展

稻瘟病是对水稻最具破坏性的疾病之一,研发出稻瘟病有效的生物防治剂,对实现水稻产业可持续发展具有重要意义。在过去的几十年里,已有一些微生物活体制剂及代谢产物在水稻生产过程中得到了应用,并取得了一定的成效,但还远远不能满足生产的需要。链霉菌作为一种重要的拮抗微生物,是人们挖掘抗稻瘟病生防制剂的重要资源。近些年来,人们已通过室内抑菌试验、温室盆栽和小区防效等方法挖掘出一些对稻瘟病有良好防效的链霉菌活体制剂和代谢产物,为开发新型的抗稻瘟病生物农药奠定了良好的基础。本文主要对链霉菌及其代谢产物在防治稻瘟病方面的研究进行综述,为开发新型的抗稻瘟病生物农药提供科学依据。     

Counteracting virulence mechanisms of grain legume pathogens

Summary Grain legumes, in common with all other plants, are subject to biotic constraints of which pathogens form an important group. They are variable in type, number, space and time and, most insidiously, in genetic constitution. Consequently, resistance in the plant to a given pathogen may be quickly nullified by genetic alteration of the pathogen, particularly where this is conferred by a single resistance gene. The products of such resistance genes usually recognise, directly or indirectly, a component of the pathogen, which is encoded by a corresponding avirulence gene. Thus resistance and avirulence genes are specific and complementary and the arrangement is referred to as a gene-for-gene relationship. It follows that alteration of the avirulence gene of the pathogen to give a product that is no longer recognised by the product of the resistance gene of the plant gives rise to a susceptible reaction. A possible solution to this problem is to pyramid several resistance genes, a procedure now facilitated by the techniques of genetic modification. In other interactions genes that reduce susceptibility rather than confer complete resistance have been found and in some cases the loci (quantitative trait loci) responsible have been mapped to specific regions of particular chromosomes. The mechanisms by which these genes limit the virulence of the pathogen are generally unknown. However, by gaining an understanding of the fundamental properties of a pathogen that are necessary for pathogenicity or virulence it may be possible to counteract them. Candidates for such properties are toxins, enzymes and mechanisms that interfere with constitutive or active defence of the plant. Reciprocally, understanding the properties of the plant that confer susceptibility may allow selection of germplasm that lacks such properties. Among the candidates here are germination stimulants of pathogen propagules and signals that promote the formation of infection structures.     

Potato Breeding for Nitrogen-Use Efficiency: Constraints,Achievements, and Future Prospects

In this review, the genetic potential and efforts made on different aspects of potato breeding for nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) and the possible physiological and genetic mechanisms determining NUE in potato in relation to other model crops are presented. Strategies to utilize the diverse gene pool of potato and improve the NUE in contrasting N environments are currently evaluated under field conditions using different selection approaches. So far, focused efforts have been made on the identification of potato genotypic differences which will allow for the analysis of specific components of nitrogen-use efficiency and the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on a range of physiological processes and morphological traits of potato. To my knowledge, despite the availability of genome sequence and QTLs identified for NUE and related agronomic and physiological traits in potato, and genomic information from other model crops, candidate genes on NUE have not yet been identified in potato. To maximize the success rate of potato breeding for NUE, basic knowledge how plants respond to different N regimes and other environmental conditions and use of DNA marker technology are vital.     

马蓝次生代谢产物研究进展

马蓝是一种常用的道地药材,地下根茎与根常作为生产板蓝根及制剂的原料,具有多种药效功能。药用植物中有效成分大多数为植物次生代谢产物,但当前就马蓝次生代谢方面的研究却鲜有报道。本研究以植物的次生代谢为出发点,结合马蓝目前已经报道的药效成分研究现状,着重从酚类、萜类、含氮化合物3种次生代谢产物对马蓝次生代谢产物研究概况进行阐述,旨在为马蓝药效成分形成的分子机制研究提供理论基础,为进一步开展马蓝种质创新工作奠定基础。     

水稻第11染色体抗稻瘟病基因研究进展

随着稻瘟病抗性基因的不断发掘与分离克隆,抗病基因在水稻基因组遗传图谱和物理图谱的分布及不同类型抗病基因的结构特点逐渐明了。目前鉴定的水稻抗稻瘟病基因主要分布在除第3染色体以外的其余染色体上,其中第11染色体上分布的稻瘟病抗性基因数目至少有24个。此文概述了水稻抗瘟病基因在基因组的分布和抗性基因的结构特点,重点介绍了水稻基因组第11染色体稻瘟病抗性基因的定位、克隆以及抗病基因类似物和抗性基因在该染色体上的分布特点,并对稻瘟病抗性基因在水稻育种中的应用提出了展望。     

RNA干扰及其对昆虫抗药性相关基因的沉默研究

以不同农药为主的防治策略对棉铃虫和小菜蛾等农业害虫的控制卓有成效,但易产生害虫抗药性问题。害虫抗药性与细胞色素P450酶系、酯酶、钙粘蛋白等酶或受体的生化与分子机理相关。RNA干扰(RNA in-terference,简称RNAi)作为分子生物学领域中功能基因及基因组研究的一种强有力工具,已逐渐用于昆虫抗药性相关基因的敲除研究并鉴定其功能。本文围绕RNAi的作用机理及其对昆虫抗药性相关基因的沉默研究展开综述,旨在为农业害虫及其抗药性治理提供新思路与新途径。     

甜玉米胚乳突变基因的研究进展及其在育种中应用的策略

甜玉米受一个或多个隐性基因控制的胚乳突变体.到目前为止,已发现至少有14个甜玉米胚乳隐性突变基因,其中有8个胚乳突变基因（su1,sh2,bt1,bt2,ae1,du1,wx1,se1）已应用于商业化育种.目前,已定出了与甜玉米有关的主要胚乳突变基因在玉米染色体上的确切位置,这些胚乳突变基因大多数已经被克隆和测序,而且对这些基因在胚乳碳水化合物合成途径中的作用也有了较深入的了解.本文综述了8个已应用于商业化育种的甜玉米胚乳突变基因的染色体位点、编码的产物及其表现型,介绍这8个甜玉米胚乳突变基因的分类、遗传效应及其互作效应,并提出其在我国甜玉米育种中的应用策略,旨在为甜玉米的深入研究和开发利用提供参考.     

Breeding drought tolerant cowpea: constraints,accomplishments, and future prospects

This review presents an overview of accomplishments on different aspects of cowpea breeding for drought tolerance. Furthermore it provides options to enhance the genetic potential of the crop by minimizing yield loss due to drought stress. Recent efforts have focused on the genetic dissection of drought tolerance through identification of markers defining quantitative trait loci (QTL) with effects on specific traits related to drought tolerance. Others have studied the relationship of the drought response and yield components, morphological traits and physiological parameters. To our knowledge, QTLs with effects on drought tolerance have not yet been identified in cowpea. The main reason is that very few researchers are working on drought tolerance in cowpea. Some other reasons might be related to the complex nature of the drought stress response, and partly to the difficulties associated with reliable and reproducible measurements of a single trait linked to specific molecular markers to be used for marker assisted breeding. Despite the fact that extensive research has been conducted on the screening aspects for drought tolerance in cowpea only very few—like the ‘wooden box’ technique—have been successfully used to select parental genotypes exhibiting different mechanisms of drought tolerance. Field and pot testing of these genotypes demonstrated a close correspondence between drought tolerance at seedling and reproductive stages. Some researchers selected a variety of candidate genes and used differential screening methods to identify cDNAs from genes that may underlie different drought tolerance pathways in cowpea. Reverse genetic analysis still needs to be done to confirm the functions of these genes in cowpea. Understanding the genetics of drought tolerance and identification of DNA markers linked to QTLs, with a clear path towards localizing chromosomal regions or candidate genes involved in drought tolerance will help cowpea breeders to develop improved varieties that combine drought tolerance with other desired traits using marker assisted selection.

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