抗草甘膦转基因大豆对根际和非根际土壤酶活性的影响

以抗草甘膦转基因大豆AZ04及其受体亲本非转基因大豆A04为材料,研究抗草甘膦转基因大豆对根际与非根际土壤酶活性的影响,为抗除草剂转基因大豆对土壤生态系统及安全性评价提供理论依据。研究结果表明,抗草甘膦转基因与受体亲本非转基因大豆根际与非根际土壤酶活性变化趋势相似,并且根际土壤酶活性均高于同一时期非根际土壤酶活性。转基因大豆与其受体亲本非转基因大豆根际和非根际土壤中,土壤脲酶活性随时间增长而逐渐增加,大豆出苗后整个生育期大多数时间内转基因大豆根际土壤脲酶活性极显著高于非转基因大豆。转基因、非转基因大豆根际和非根际土壤中的过氧化物酶呈现先增长后波动的趋势,蛋白酶和多酚氧化酶呈现先增加后降低的趋势。相关性分析表明转基因大豆对根际及非根际土壤酶活性具有一定的影响。     

不同种植密度对小麦根际土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响

研究了不同种植密度对小麦豫麦49-198根际土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响,结果表明,根际土壤细菌在拔节和抽穗期数量较多,而放线菌、真菌在开花期数量最多。根际细菌数量、放线菌数量及土壤蛋白酶活性、脲酶活性随着群体密度的增加呈单峰曲线变化,以基本苗150×104株/hm2或225×104株/hm2处理最高;真菌数量则随密度的增加而减少。随着种植密度的增加,微生物数量及酶活性与产量的变化趋势相一致,表明微生物和酶活性增加一定程度上有助于提高作物产量。     

转基因棉花种植对根际土壤酶活性的影响

采用大田试验方法研究了转基因棉花种植对根际土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,转基因棉花种植对其根际土壤酶活性的影响依棉花品种、生育期、土壤酶种类不同而略有不同,但是均在花铃期、衰老期表现出一致的影响.种植两种转基因棉花在花铃期对根际土壤脲酶活性的影响表现出显著抑制作用,对土壤磷酸单脂酶活性表现出显著促进作用,而衰老期对磷酸单脂酶活性则表现抑制作用显著,对根际土壤转化酶活性的影响表现为显著抑制作用.     

不同施肥条件对鱼腥草根际土壤酶活性及根系活力的影响

【研究目的】探讨5种肥料（人粪尿、猪粪、鸭粪、化肥和常规肥）在3种施肥水平下对鱼腥草的生长的影响；【方法】以福建建阳小湖镇鱼腥草GAP示范基地主栽鱼腥草品种为材料，采用单因子随机区组设计进行施肥实验，测定鱼腥草土壤酶活性和根系活力；【结果】施用有机肥鱼腥草有利于提高土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶的活性，施用化肥有利于提高土壤蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性的。施用有机肥和常规肥有利于提高鱼腥草根系活力。土壤脲酶活性以施用72000 kg/hm2人粪尿的处理最高（296.8 mgNH3-N/g DW），蛋白酶以施用鸭粪36000 kg/hm2的处理最高（5.15 mg NH2-N/g DW），纤维素酶以猪粪36000 kg/hm2的处理最高（0.869 mg葡萄糖/g DW），蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性均以施用1320 kg/hm2尿素、2400 kg/hm2 Ca3(PO4) 和870 kg/hm2K2SO4的处理最高，分别达到13.10 mg葡萄糖/g DW和44.46 mg P2O5/100g DW。施用有机肥和常规肥的鱼腥草的根系活力比较高，在147.5~183.2 mgTTF/g FW/h之间；【结论】施用有机肥鱼腥草有利于提高土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶的活性，提高鱼腥草根系活力,促进鱼腥草的生长发育和产量形成。     

喷放稀土对甘蔗植株ATP酶和根际土壤酶活性的影响

本文研究了在甘蔗分蘖末期喷施稀土对甘蔗植株ATP酶和根际土壤酶活性以及根际细菌数量的影响。结果表明，分蘖末期喷施稀土提高了甘蔗叶片的Mg2+-ATP酶、Ca2+-ATP酶和根细胞的Na+-K+ATP酶的活性。提高了叶绿素含量、光合还礼经和根系活力，使土壤中有益的根际细菌数量增加，土壤酶活性提高，促进了甘蔗生长，提高了甘蔗产量。     

不同间作形式对玉米根际土壤酶活性的影响

为了探究间作群体地下部土壤生物化学环境,采用田间试验法研究了不同间作群体玉米关键生育时期3种主要根际土壤酶活性的变化特征,结果表明:（1）随着玉米生育时期的推进,玉米单作、玉米‖向日葵、玉米‖花生、玉米‖红薯4个处理的根际土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶均在喇叭口期出现活性高峰;（2）玉米整个生育期,各处理脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性大小顺序均表现为玉米‖花生＞玉米‖红薯＞玉米‖向日葵＞玉米单作,且在喇叭口期差异较显著（P＜0.05)。玉米‖花生碱性磷酸酶活性在整个玉米生长期一直高于玉米单作,玉米‖红薯除喇叭口期外均低于玉米单作、玉米‖向日葵在喇叭口期和开花授粉期也均低于玉米单作;（3）间作群体有明显的产量优势。     

药用植物白芷根际AM真菌与土壤因子调查

研究白芷根际AM真菌时空分布和土壤因子之间的相关性,结果表明,白芷能与AM真菌形成良好的共生关系.AM真菌菌丝定殖率、丛枝定殖率与土壤速效磷呈显著正相关;AM真菌菌丝定殖率、总定殖率与土壤有机质呈显著正相关;AM真菌总定殖率、菌丝定殖率、丛枝定殖率与土壤pH值呈显著负相关.     

连作对广藿香根际土壤理化性状和土壤酶活性的影响

为阐明连作障碍中广藿香根际土壤理化性状和土壤酶活性的改变,本研究对头茬(FP)、连作一年(SP)和连作两年(TP)广藿香的4个关键生长时期的根际土壤进行检测,分析了广藿香根际土壤pH值、有效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)、碱解氮(AN)、以及有机质(OM)等物质含量的变化情况,并对包括过氧化氢酶(CAT)、脲酶(URE)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、蔗糖酶(SUC)在内的多种土壤酶活性进行测定,结合两方面探讨了连作问题对广藿香根际土壤微环境的影响。研究发现,土壤pH值、OM含量随着连作年限的增加而不断降低,AN含量随连作年限的延长下降显著,AP和AK的含量则随连作年限的延长而显著升高。广藿香根际土壤中ALP、URE、CAT和SUC活性均下降且逐渐显著,表明连作显著抑制了土壤酶活。本研究探索了连作广藿香土壤中理化特性的动态变化,为科学合理地制定消减连作障碍的措施和施肥策略提供理论支持。     

不同施肥处理对辣椒根际土壤微生物区系和酶活性的影响

以单施有机肥(CK)为对照,研究了单施生物菌肥、单施化肥及化肥+生物菌肥混合施用等3种不同处理对辣椒根际土壤微生物组成和酶活性变化的影响。结果表明,单施菌肥处理中,辣椒根际土壤细菌和真菌数量较CK显著增加,增幅分别达到49.46%和40.25%,放线菌数量有所下降;菌肥+化肥处理中,细菌数量较CK增加了16.55%,放线菌和真菌数量有所减少;纯化肥处理中,细菌、真菌和放线菌数量均显著下降。施用菌肥后土壤过氧化氢酶、脉酶、蛋白酶和磷酸酶活性均较CK显著增加。其中单施菌肥处理土壤中,过氧化氢酶、腥酶和蛋白酶活性均较CK大幅增加,分别增加了33.9%,396.4%和30.1%。施用生物菌肥可增加土壤微生物功能群数量,改善土壤微生态环境和土壤氮素营养循环,提高土壤酶活性和土壤肥力。     

低温对小麦幼苗根际土壤酶活性的影响

以4个小麦品种(兰考矮早8、偃展4110、豫麦49-198、周麦18)为材料,采用室内盆栽方法分析了低温对小麦幼苗根际土壤及非根际土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和淀粉酶活性的影响。结果表明,温度显著影响了根际土壤酶的活性,随处理温度的降低和处理时间的延长,根际土壤脲酶、淀粉酶活性逐渐下降,非根际土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶和淀粉酶活性变化幅度较小。小麦幼苗根际土壤酶活性高于非根际土壤,二者的差异随温度的降低和处理时间的增加逐渐缩小。T3条件下,小麦幼苗土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和淀粉酶的活性较高,表明适当的低温促进了土壤酶活性的增加。方差分析结果表明,供试的4个品种,土壤酶活性之间的差异不显著。     

Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation and production of semilooper resistant transgenic castor (Ricinus communis L.)

Summary Semilooper resistant transgenic castor plants were produced through Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation method. Two castor cultivars, Jyothi and VP1 were transformed using the super-binary vector pTOK233 carrying gus A and hpt genes. Putative transformants were regenerated following selection on the hygromycin containing medium. GUS positive primary transformants, when subjected to Southern analysis, revealed stable integration of gus A into their genomes. In the T₁ generation, a monogenic segregation ratio of 3 GUS positive: 1 GUS negative plants was observed. Furthermore, transformation experiments were carried out with the Agrobacterium pSB111 super-binary vector carrying a synthetic delta endotoxin gene cryIAb and the herbicide resistance gene bar both driven by cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Putative transformants were regenerated through selection on the phosphinothricin containing medium and Basta tolerant transformants were subjected to molecular analysis. PCR analysis revealed the presence of both bar and cryIAb genes in the Basta tolerant primary transformants. Southern analysis of PCR positive plants with cryIAb probe showed a 3 Kb band upon HindIII digestion and a > 6 Kb band with BamHI digestion, thus suggesting stable integration of cryIAb intact expression cassette and independent nature of the transformants. The primary transformants subjected to ELISA disclosed varied levels of Cry protein. These transgenics expressing cryIAb – when bioassayed against freshly hatched semilooper larvae – induced substantial (> 88%) insect mortality. Southern analysis of 2T₁ plants revealed the presence of cryIAb gene, indicating stable inheritance of the transgene into the next generation. In T₁, all the Southern-positive plants for cryIAb invariably exhibited tolerance to Basta, denoting co-segregation of both bar and cryIAb genes. Transgenics, expressing cryIAb exhibited ample resistance against the castor semilooper.     

不同咸水利用方式对棉花叶绿素荧光参数及土壤盐分的影响

【目的】本研究旨在科学合理地利用浅层咸水资源。【方法】依托短期定位试验开展了在第3年和第4年不同咸水利用方式下(CK:造墒和蕾期灌淡水;T1:造墒和蕾期灌咸淡混配矿化度3 g·L^-1的微咸水;T2:淡水造墒蕾期灌矿化度5 g·L^-1咸水;T3:造墒和蕾期灌矿化度5 g·L^-1咸水;T4:淡水造墒蕾期不灌水)棉花长势、叶绿素荧光参数、土壤盐分累积及其运移的变化。【结果】T1和T2处理的齐苗率、株高、干物质质量、叶面积指数、叶绿素荧光参数、产量及霜前花率与CK无显著差异,土壤盐分含量较CK有所增加,但未对棉花生长产生明显抑制。T3处理的棉花长势指标、叶绿素荧光参数较CK显著降低,0~100 cm土壤盐分含量较CK明显增加。【结论】从土壤质量安全和咸水高效利用的角度考虑,连续4年用3 g·L^-1的咸淡混合水灌溉或用淡水与5 g·L^-1的咸水轮灌不仅能节约淡水,且不影响棉花产量。本研究结果为当地在棉花生产中安全利用咸水提供技术参考。     

Isolation and characterization of 28 polymorphic SSR loci from castor bean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ricinus communis</Emphasis> L.)

Castor bean (Ricinus communis) is cultivated for seed oil throughout tropical and subtropical regions but the understanding of its genetic variability is limited. Because applicable microsatellite markers are not sufficient, we isolated and characterized polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci acquired from a microsatellite-enriched genomic DNA library of castor bean. Finally, 28 SSR loci revealed polymorphisms in a castor bean collection consisting of 72 accessions. A total of 73 alleles were detected, with an average of 3.18 alleles per locus, and the polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.03 to 0.47 (mean = 0.26). Values for observed (H_O) and expected (H_E) heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 to 0.19 (mean = 0.11) and from 0.04 to 0.54 (mean = 0.31), respectively. To understand genetic relationships within the castor bean collection, a dendrogram was constructed based on profiles of the 28 SSR loci. These newly developed SSRs will be useful tools for assessing genetic diversity and population structure in castor bean.     

绿肥稻秆协同还田下氮肥减量的增产和培肥短期效应

稻田绿肥秸秆协同还田是稻田培肥地力的有效措施,本文基于2年田间试验研究了绿肥稻秆协同还田下氮肥减量对水稻产量、产量构成要素及土壤养分含量的影响。试验于2018—2020年在陕西省汉中市汉台区进行,设置5个处理:(1)冬闲+水稻秸秆不还田+不施肥(CK);(2)冬闲+水稻秸秆不还田+常规施氮(NPK);(3)冬种紫云英+水稻秸秆还田+常规施氮(GRN1);(4)冬种紫云英+水稻秸秆还田+减氮20%(GRN2);(5)冬种紫云英+水稻秸秆还田+减氮30%(GRN3)。结果表明:水稻产量方面,年际间差异较大, 2019年度GRN1处理‘荃香优1521’产量最高为10,047 kg hm–2,显著高于NPK处理,增幅为6.7%;其次为GRN2和GRN3,但与NPK差异不显著;2020年度GRN2和GRN3处理‘黄华占’产量较NPK处理显著增加,增幅分别为6.6%和5.8%。绿肥稻秆协同还田处理均可以显著提高水稻产量,较CK和NPK增幅分别为67.9%～83.0%和2.8%～6.7%。土壤养分方面,紫云英稻秆协同还田提高了耕层0～20 cm土壤有机碳和速效磷, GRN2处理较NPK处理分别提高了...     

Effects of soil drought during the vegetative phase of seedling growth on the uptake of 14co2 and the accumulation and translocation of 14C in cultivars of field bean (vicia faba L. Var. Minor) and field pea (pisum sativum L.) Of different drought tolerance

During the vegetative phase of growth of two field bean and two field pea cultivars of different drought tolerance, the effect of short and prolonged soil drought on gas exchange (CO₂ i H₂O), leaf water potential (ψ), stomatal diffusive resistance (r_S), uptake of CO₂, and the distribution and accumulation of ¹⁴C was studied. Differences in the response to drought conditions between resistant and susceptible cultivars were marked. After 5 days of soil drought, the decrease in net photosynthesis and transpiration rate and the increase of stomatal resistance were greater in the drought-resistant cultivars than in the drought-susceptible ones. In contrast, after 10 days of drought the decrease of leaf P_N (CO₂ assimilation rate), E (rate of transpiration) and ψ (water potential) was greater in the susceptible cultivars than in the resistant ones. Significant differences between the resistant and the susceptible cultivars were also observed in the assimilation and translocation of ¹⁴C by the green parts of the plant. The amount of carbon accumulation in roots in drought-susceptible cultivars increased less than in the drought-resistant cultivars. For treatments in which optimal soil watering was resumed after 5 or 10 days of drought there was no evidence of effects of drought on the majority of measurements, but the drought-resistant cultivars showed a general tendency for a more rapid recovery. Our results confirm the existence of genetic variability in drought tolerance among the cultivars of field bean and field pea. The recorded differences in the response to drought of experimental cultivars may indicate that, under water deficit in the soil and in plant tissues, they may use different strategies to avoid the damaging effects of temporary limitation of water supply; for example, the drought-resistant cultivars may more effectively conserve tissue hydration through effective stomatal closure. Also, the observed changes in carbon assimilation and accumulation might be the reason for their different responses to drought. The change in radioactivity losses in the control and stressed plants may result from the differences in demand for energy to maintain cell structure and function. Similarly, the less intense carbon accumulation in the roots of the sensitive cultivars could be caused by more harmful effects of drought on root growth.