The mode of seed formation in Allium senescens and two Korean Allium species

The genus Allium includes several important vegetable and ornamental species, and is an economically important crop. The objective of this study was to determine the mode of reproduction in A. senescens L. (2n=6x= 48) and two Allium species collected in Korea. Chromosome numbers of embryo sac mother cells (EMCs) at diplotene of meiosis were 2n = 48 and unreduced in A. senescens. However, normal sexual reproduction was observed at diplotene in both A. senescens var. minor (2n = 2x= 16) and A. nutans L. (2n=4x= 32). Parthenogenetic embryogenesis also occurred in A. senescens at high frequencies among the three Allium species. Antipodal embryos in A. nutans were formed in unpollinated flowers. Normal seeds were not formed in flowers of A. senescens that had been emasculated and kept in sealed conditions. However, normal seeds were formed in the flowers that were pollinated 2 days after anthesis. In conclusion, diplospory, parthenogenesis, and pseudogamy occur in A. senescens.     

切花葱的再生

切花葱种球价格昂贵,目前通常一个种球的市场售价在20~38元之间。为了建立切花葱高效再生体系,以Lucy Ball和His Excellency两个切花葱品种为试验材料,研究了灭菌时间及灭菌剂浓度、外植体的选择、不同激素配比等因素对切花葱再生的影响。结果表明,最佳的灭菌方法为4%次氯酸钠处理20 min,污染率仅为18.2%,利用率达到了81.8%;最佳外植体为幼叶尖端,平均诱导率为92.6%;诱导不定芽直接再生效果最好的培养基为MS+NAA 1.0 mg/L+6-BA 0.2 mg/L,两个切花葱品种的诱导率分别为His Excellency85.71%,Lucy Ball 90.00%;最佳的生根培养基为1/2MS+0.2 mg/L NAA+0.2 mg/L IBA,生根率为41.67%。通过该方法即可利用切花葱幼叶尖端经直接再生途径诱导出新植株。     

An interspecific cross between Allium roylei Stearn and Allium cepa L., and its backcross to A. cepa

Summary Alloplasmic lines of B. napus with the cytoplasm of B. campestris, B. juncea, B. carinata and B. oleracea var. alboglabra were developed with the backcross substitution method. Cytoplasmic influence for different morphological and physiological attributes were absent. This suggests a common origin of the Brassica species concerned.     

藠头与日本肯定列表略论

通过调查分析,结合实地考查,对藠头产业应对日本"肯定列表制度"进行了系统的分析和总结,并提出了相关建议。     

洋葱通用型愈伤组织诱导的建立

为研究洋葱愈伤诱导体系建立问题,对洋葱种子幼苗、鳞茎盘、幼嫩花序不同组织进行愈伤诱导,同时对愈伤组织进行继代培养和发芽诱导筛选。结果表明,12份洋葱种子材料未诱导出愈伤组织,12份洋葱球的鳞茎盘只有‘早春黄3号（不育系）’诱导出愈伤组织;22份洋葱花序在黑暗条件进行愈伤诱导,诱导率为100%,说明洋葱不同组织对愈伤的诱导发生存在差异,洋葱幼嫩花序培养基诱导率100%,说明洋葱最佳诱导愈伤的组织为幼嫩花序。对不同材料愈伤进行继代培养,‘早春黄3号（不育系）’和‘黄金大玉葱’愈伤生长最快;利用液体培养基进行继代培养,能够快速、高效扩繁愈伤组织。选用27份不同梯度组合的培养基对愈伤组织进行出苗诱导,在光照条件下,开始会有绿色组织形成,全部诱导出根,均未诱导出苗。石蜡切片观察外植体诱导愈伤和继代培养愈伤无差异,再生培养基诱导后有根形态形成。说明不同成分的培养基诱导洋葱愈伤组织,其内部促进生根的激素增加,导致根的诱导发生。通用型洋葱愈伤组织的诱导形成,为不同基因型的洋葱诱导出苗、生根奠定材料基础,对洋葱基因编辑等技术应用具有促进作用。     

Polyembryony in species of the genus Allium

Polyembryony has been detected in 26 Allium species during a series of germination tests. Additionally to those species already known for their polyembryonic tendency, high rates (up to 32%) of twin seedlings have been found in A. splendens and some other species. Genotype effects were obvious between several accessions within the species A. tuberosum. In A. tuberosum, enzymatic embryo sac isolation has been used for demonstration of polyembryonic development in early stages. Genotype and ploidy dependence of the polyembryonic process and ploidy alterations in plants derived from polyembryony are discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

洋葱愈伤原生质体分离和纯化研究

建立高效原生质体分离和植株再生体系是进行体细胞杂交的基础性工作。以洋葱多次继代的愈伤组织为研究试材,对原生质体分离纯化技术进行研究。结果表明：2.0%纤维素酶Onozuka R-10+0.1%果胶酶Y-23+0.5%离析酶 R-10+0.60 mol/L甘露醇+CPW+0.1% MES的酶液,酶解6 h,洋葱原生质体分离效果最好。纯化时,适当降低离心力的短时间离心有利于原生质体纯化过程中产量和活力的保持,以600 r/min离心5 min效果为好。     

不同品种洋葱营养品质分析与评价

为评价不同来源洋葱品种的营养品质,筛选出营养物质含量丰富的种质资源,对30份洋葱品种进行紧实度、干物质含量、可溶性固形物含量和丙酮酸含量测定,利用相关性分析和模糊数学的隶属函数法对不同的洋葱品种进行营养品质的综合分析。结果表明,30份洋葱材料紧实度、干物质含量、可溶性固形物含量和丙酮酸含量存在一定的差异性,其中紧实度的变异系数最小,丙酮酸含量的变异系数最大。另外,发现干物质含量与可溶性固形物含量和丙酮酸含量存在着极显著或显著的关系。在30份洋葱材料中,‘不育系A1’的综合品质最优,为洋葱品质育种提供了材料基础。     

大蒜原生质体游离和纯化的研究

以大蒜胚性悬浮细胞系为研究试材,对原生质体分离纯化技术进行了研究。结果表明：2.0%纤维素酶Onozuka R-10+0.2%果胶酶Pectolgase+0.55 mol/L甘露醇+5mM Cacl2+5mM MES的酶液,酶解时间5h,大蒜原生质体分离效果最好。纯化时,适当提高离心力的短时间离心有利于原生质体纯化过程中产量和活力的保持,以1000 r/min离心5min,效果为好。     

葱和韭菜种子发芽试验条件的研究

一前言葱和韭菜是广泛种植于全国各地的2种常用的蔬菜作物,其种子数量虽然不多,种子批量倒不少。据反映葱和韭菜种子一般较难发芽,发芽条件难于掌握和控制,发芽率往往较低,这对于蔬菜种子质量检验及蔬菜生产都会造成不良后果。     

Mitochondrial genome variation in Allium ampeloprasum and its wild relatives

Limitation in mitochondrial genome diversity of leek, revealed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses with mitochondrial gene probes, prevent a cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system in elite populations. However, mitochondrial genome diversity was detected in Allium ampeloprasum L. wild accession and landraces, as well as in pearl onion. Within this plant material, nine mitotypes were distinguished and could be used in order to broaden the genetic basis of leek. A chimeric mitochondrial gene configuration is usable as a marker for the sterility inducing cytoplasms (S₁) in chives (Allium schoenoprasum L.) and in onion (Allium cepa L.) for (S) and (T) cytoplasm. This chimeric mitochondrial gene configuration is also present in the subgenus Allium, revealed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, only a faint amplicon was observed in a few accessions investigated herein, suggesting that this fragment might be present to a lesser level in mitochondrial DNA, as a sublimon.     

光照对沙葱种子萌发及抗氧化代谢的影响

研究了光照对沙葱种子萌发及抗氧化代谢的影响,结果表明,12h光照和24 h光照下的沙葱种子发芽率仅为对照的20.8％和8.8％,表明沙葱存在光休眠现象,为需暗种子;在12 h和24 h光照处理下,催芽前期SOD、POD活性及Vc含量水平较高,MDA和CAT含量低于0h;而在种子萌发后期,SOD、POD活性降低,MDA和CAT含量升高,说明在光胁迫下,沙葱种子萌发后期的膜脂过氧化作用增强.     

野生蔬菜高葶韭种子形态特征及发芽条件研究

高葶韭是新疆野生葱属蔬菜中具有重要开发利用潜力的种质资源.本试验以高葶韭为材料,对其种子形态及其在不同温度和光照条件下的萌发特性进行了观测.结果表明,高葶韭种子黑色、倒卵形,表面纹饰呈现斑块状,具明显的颗粒状突起,大小为3.49 mm×1.88 mm×1.40 mm.在15℃/25℃变温条件下,种子发芽较快、较整齐,其发芽率、发芽势及发芽指数分别可达到81.33%、80%和4.37,与0,5、10、15、20、25、30℃恒温处理以及0℃/10℃、5℃/15℃、10℃/20℃和20℃/30 ℃变温处理下种子的发芽率、发芽势及发芽指数间存在极显著差异;光照对高葶韭种子萌发的促进或抑制作用在各处理间差异不显著.     

玉竹与茖葱种子的发育形态学观察

2008～2011年,观察了田间播种的东北产玉竹种子与吉林辽源产圆叶茖葱种子的形态及发芽-出苗过程.表明:2种植物种子发芽-出苗过程极为相似.秋播后第2年夏季胚根萌动蹬出,萌动后下胚轴膨大,向下产生教条须根,到入冬前根系长度可达6～8cm;均为子叶留土形;胚芽在冬前有生长,但茖葱幼芽不长出地面,而玉竹个别幼芽长出地面.第3年早春地上部分出苗展叶.     

Culture of unpollinated ovules,ovaries, and flower buds in some species of the genus Allium and haploid induction via gynogenesis in onion (Allium cepa L.)

Summary Induction of haploid plants is of great importance for breeding purposes because of the possibility to obtain from haploids homozygous material by artificial chromosome doubling in relatively short times. The present study reports the first evidence of successfull haploid induction in onion. Isolated ovules, ovaries, or whole flower buds of different Allium species were cultured on BDS agar medium. Testa browning in the ovules and an extensive growth of the latter were observed. In cultures of ovaries and flower buds, development of callus and subsequent regeneration of plantlets from the region of the nectaries were observed. In leek, sometimes supernumerary flower organs like ovules were formed in this callus. In onion (Allium cepa L.), plantlets developed from the ovules in all culture methods. Chromosome numbers of these plantlets were counted in root tip squash preparations. They were found to be haploid. Haploid plants were significantly smaller than diploid ones. They were transferred to soil and developed until bulb formation. Because of their importance for breeding, haploid plants obtained by gynogenesis are further stored in vitro.     

大蒜茎尖脱毒技术及组织培养研究

采用山西栽培的５个地方名蒜茎尖离体培养，获得了无病毒蒜种。结果表明，茎尖大小为０．２￣０．５ｍｍ，不定芽增殖培养基以Ｂ５或ＭＳ４，附加１￣２ｍｇ／Ｌ细胞分裂素和０．０１￣０．１ｍｇ／ＬＮＡＡ，效果最佳。根系诱导在原培养基中加入０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ ＮＡＡ，出根率可达９０％以上。成苗后于１２月份移栽到节能日光温室，成活率达９０％以上。经对脱毒苗形态观察和染色体检测，没有发生异常变化。植株生长健壮，遗传性稳     

新疆5种野生葱属植物叶片解剖比较

实验旨在比较新疆5种野生葱属植物叶片解剖,分析其适应环境能力,筛选出适宜推广的野生葱属植物。本实验以引种在新疆农业大学试验基地的5种野生葱属植物叶片为实验材料,通过石蜡切片法,在光学显微镜下观察叶片解剖结构。实验结果显示,1号、4号和6号的大维管束数越多,叶片长势越好,适应能力强。2号和3号的大维管束数越少,叶片长势越弱,适应能力差。1号、4号和6号的适应环境的能力比2号、3号强,可在适宜区域进行推广。