歙县枇杷产业化的发展及对策

主要介绍了枇杷的生物学特性和营养价值、药用价值,在分析了歙县枇杷生产现状的基础上,指出了歙县枇杷产业化发展存在的问题,并提出了发展枇杷产业需要通过采取适度规模化生产、合理品种组成、加强产后服务、实现产品深加工和综合利用等对策。     

歙县枇杷产业化的发展与对策

主要介绍了枇杷的生物学特性和营养价值、药用价值,在分析了歙县枇杷生产现状的基础上,指出了歙县枇杷产业化发展存在的问题,并提出了发展枇杷产业需要通过采取适度规模化生产、合理品种组成、加强产后服务、实现产品深加工和综合利用等对策。     

Analysis of loquat germplasm (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl) by RAPD molecular markers

The loquat’s adaptation to Spain has proved very successful. In the Valencia area, the crop has met with very good environmental conditions for its development. Many new cultivars have been selected by growers and a European loquat germplasm collection has been established in Valencia at IVIA. An efficient sampling as well as implementation of germplasm resources requires the accurate identification of plant material. Molecular markers offer an effective tool for cultivar fingerprinting, estimation of genetic similarity and relationships. In this study, as a tool for germplasm management, RAPD markers were tested. Thirty-six primers were used to screen 33 cultivars. Twenty-three primers proved polymorphic. These primers generated 29 polymorphic amplification fragments that were selected as markers. Twenty-two cultivars out of 33 were identified by unique combinations of RAPD markers. Four different combinations were shared by two or more cultivars each. Cluster analysis based on the similarity matrix obtained from Nei’s coefficient among cultivars showed groupings that agreed according to geographical and genetic origin. RAPD technology was useful in distinguishing those cultivars obtained through hybridization but could not be used to distinguish those obtained by selection of mutations. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

枇杷种质资源SSR标记指纹图谱的构建

为构建枇杷种质资源指纹图谱,采用SSR标记技术对国家枇杷种质资源圃33份品种进行多态性分析,从近缘属苹果属和梨属的51对SSR引物中筛选出能够稳定扩增,多态性好的7对引物,Hi01d05F、Hi12f04F、CH02B10F、Hi03a03、Hi03e04、Hi04a05和Hi02c07来构建指纹图谱。结果表明,应用这7对引物可100%区别33个枇杷种质。这种SSR标记构建的枇杷种质资源指纹图谱对于品种分类及鉴定具有重要的应用价值。     

Seed formation in triploid loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) through cross-hybridization with pollen of diploid cultivars

As the fruits of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica, 2n = 2x = 34) carry large seeds, the breeding of seedless loquat has long been a goal. The recent creation of triploid cultivars (2n = 3x = 51) and the application of gibberellins allow commercial production of seedless loquat, but the possibility of seed formation in triploid loquats has not been carefully investigated. Through crossing experiments and cytological observations of meiosis and pollen tube growth, we found that the triploid line 3N-N28 was essentially self-sterile, but developed seeds on pollination with pollen from diploid cultivars at rates of up to 5.5%. Almost half of the seedlings survived to 5 months, and carried diploid (2n = 34), tetraploid (2n = 68), or aneuploid chromosome numbers. Our results suggest that triploid loquat cultivars might retain the risk of seed formation. Protection from pollination by diploid cultivars or the development of new triploid cultivars will be necessary to ensure the production of seedless loquat fruits.     

枇杷叶总黄酮超高压提取及抗氧化活性

为研究超高压提取的枇杷叶总黄酮的抗氧化能力。选用L9(34) 正交实验对枇杷叶总黄酮的提取工艺条件进行优选,以总黄酮得率为指标,考察乙醇浓度、超高压压力、超高压提取时间、固液比(g：mL)对总黄酮得率的影响。并且测定了总黄酮对DPPH自由基的清除作用。结果表明：总黄酮提取最佳工艺条件为：乙醇浓度50%、超高压压力400Mpa、超高压提取时间4.5min、固液比1：18。该条件下总黄酮的得率可达0.693%,总黄酮浓度和对DPPH自由基的清除作用呈现线性相关。超高压提取的总黄酮具有较强的抗氧化能力,具有较高的应用价值。     

Plant regeneration from anther culture in Canadian cultivars of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)

The effect of culture of anthers at 35 °C for one to four days prior to culture at 25 °C in darkness, genotype, anther orientation on callus induction and shoot regeneration in anther culture of flax was investigated. The influence of type and concentrations of cytokinins in the regeneration medium on shoot regeneration was also investigated. The results suggested that culture of anthers at 35 °C prior to continuous culture at 25 °C in darkness did not significantly improve the percentage of anthers producing calli. However, culture of anthers at 35 °C for one day significantly increased the overall efficiency of regeneration compared to no culture temperature treatment. Genotypic effects were significant for the percentage of anthers producing calli and the overall efficiency of regeneration. Anther orientation showed no significant differences. The regeneration medium containing 4.5 μM zeatin had significantly higher percentage of calli forming shoots than the same basal medium containing 0.01 μM TDZ. The importance of these findings for flax breeding was discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

枇杷ISSR扩增反应体系的优化

采用正交设计对影响枇杷ISSR-PCR的模板DNA、dNTPs、Primer、Taq酶及Buffer(含Mg2+)进行优化。试验结果表明:20μL反应体系中,含模板DNA5ng、dNTPs0.25mmol/L、Primer0.25μmol/L、Taq酶0.5U和10×Buffer(含Mg2+)3μL。此外,从95条ISSR引物中筛选出11条具有丰富的多态性位点的引物,同时优化各引物退火温度。     

不同处理方法对枇杷贮藏品质的影响

以许昌地区广泛栽培的普通枇杷为试材,研究不同浓度(1.0%、1.5%、2.0%)壳聚糖涂膜处理、热激处理(45℃热水浸泡5 min、50℃热水浸泡2 min)、10%女贞子浸提液处理和0.5%虫蜡涂膜处理对枇杷果实贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,2.0%壳聚糖和0.5%虫蜡涂膜处理可有效抑制采后普通枇杷果实的失重和腐烂,延缓可溶性固形物含量的下降,激发过氧化物酶活性的上升,抑制纤维素酶活性,延缓果实软化进程,具有较好的保鲜效果。     

Spike pretreatments, anther culture conditions, and anther culture response of 17 German varieties of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The aim of this work was to establish an in vitro regeneration system from anther cultures of different German varieties of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Using ‘Nandu’ the most widely grown spring wheat cultivar in Germany, different culture conditions were investigated with regard to their influence on anther culture response. The best results were obtained when applying a cold pretreatment to the donor spikes and using the synthetic L3 induction medium, liquid or solidified with gelrite. The highest rates obtained in these experiments with ‘Nandu’ were 8.6% responding anthers, 22.3% embryoid induction, 15.3% albino regeneration and 5.5% green plant regeneration (all rates related to the number of cultured anthers). Of the ‘Nandu’ plants analysed, 51.1% were haploid and 44.3% were diploid, probably as a consequence of spontaneous chromosome doubling. When screening a further 16 commercial German varieties of spring wheat, 10 exhibited good anther culture response and four of these (‘Eta’‘Jondolar’, ‘Mieka’, and ‘Star’) proved to be highly responsive, reaching embryoid induction rates between 4.3 and 10.3% and rates of green plant regeneration between 5.4 and 10.7%.     

基于枇杷果实的加工研究进展

枇杷作为一种具有药用价值的水果,既可鲜食也可用于加工。总结了以枇杷果肉为原料的枇杷饮料、枇杷果酒及枇杷罐头等目前现有的枇杷食品的加工,以及以枇杷果核为原料的功能性成分的加工,阐述了枇杷果实的加工研究进展,并且对未来的加工方向提出了几点建议,为枇杷加工的进一步发展提供了参考。     

Relationship between anther culture response and aluminium tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A combination of in vivo and in vitro selection methods were used to increase aluminium tolerance in wheat using wheat x triticale crosses. Both in vivo and in vitro aluminium treatments significantly influenced the anther culture response. In vivo selection at the seedling stage resulted in significantly higher embryo induction. On induction media containing aluminium, the embryoid induction frequency dropped significantly, but there was an increase in the green plant regeneration frequency. In spite of this effect, all doubled haploid (DH) lines were more tolerant to aluminium in seedling tests than the winter wheat parent. The application of in vivo aluminium selection, before the start of anther culture, increased the probability of obtaining DH lines with significantly higher tolerance, compared to the original population. After three selection cycles of the original populations, there was a significant difference in the root regrowth rate of tolerant and sensitive plants. Both sensitive and tolerant plants showed a decrease due to the presence of aluminium in the induction media, with a greater decrease occurring in sensitive plants. Correlation between the rate of root regrowth in the seedling test and the change in embryo induction was positive, but moderate, emphasising the fact that plants with higher root regrowth tended to be more tolerant of the presence of aluminium in the induction medium. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

枇杷脂类相关质体蛋白基因PAP的克隆及表达分析

本研究以‘大五星’(红肉)和‘川农159’(白肉)枇杷不同发育阶段的果皮、果肉为试验材料,采用同源克隆法从枇杷中分离PAP基因后采用qRT-PCR对两种材料不同时期的皮和肉进行定量分析。结果如下:该基因的CDS区具有一个长744 bp的开放阅读框,编码247个氨基酸。氨基酸序列的同源性分析表明,枇杷PAP蛋白与白梨(Pyrus bretschneideri)相似性高达97%。进化树也进一步说明,枇杷与白梨的进化关系最近。定量分析表明:白肉枇杷果肉中PAP基因的表达量平均水平较低,成熟的果皮果肉中PAP基因的表达量都表现为红肉枇杷显著高于白肉枇杷,表明PAP影响枇杷色素形成。本试验结果更清晰地呈现出了EjPAP基因的序列结构以及PAPs蛋白在枇杷果实呈色过程中的重要作用。     

A Mediterranean japonica rice (Oryza sativa) cultivar improvement through anther culture

Certified seed producers systematically select and propagate registered varieties year after year in order to maintain their uniformity and the original registered cultivar traits. However, natural mutations, spontaneous breeding between varieties and alien grain contamination can introduce undesirable variability. NRVC 980385 is a temperate japonica rice cultivar (Oryza sativa ssp. japonica) first registered in Spain in 2002. In 2005 certification tests detected a plot differing from the original traits in terms of uniformity and height suggesting the presence of a certain heterozygosis. This material was therefore seen as an opportunity to obtain newly stabilized doubled haploid (DH) lines which could compete in the Spanish short grain seed market. In this study, an in vitro anther culture protocol is defined which also covers the field tests selection to obtain four new, improved and stabilized DH derived lines ready to be registered for commercial proposes. This took just 4 years from the initial anther collection until new lines were grown in large scale field trials. Consequently, this protocol reduces the time for obtaining field assessed DH lines thereby having considerable advantages over other techniques by both maintaining the original registered cultivars and/or generating new derived varieties.     

Analysis of anther culture response in hexaploid triticale

The androgenic response of five varieties and 10 F₁ intervarietal hybrids of 6 × triticale was analysed. The overall response involved three independent phenomena: the production of embryoids, the capability of embryoids to regenerate plants, and the production of green plants. Each of these factors appeared to be controlled by independent genetic systems. From a practical point of view, the product of these three factors, the number of green haploid plants per anther (GPA), is the most reliable variable for the evaluation of genotypes. Positive heterotic effects on GPA were observed in the hybrids, which may indicate that GPA is controlled predominantly by additive genes. No correlation was found between the number of green haploid plants produced by hybrids and that yielded by the best parental line. Therefore, it is difficult to predict the yield of green haploid plants that can be produced by a hybrid simply from the number produced by its parents.     

铁在寒地早粳花药培养中的效应研究

摘要：铁是水稻花培培养基的重要成分。通过对7份寒地早粳组合F1（或品系）花药在不同Fe2+含量培养基上离体培养,发现培养基中的Fe2+的含量对诱导率、绿苗分化率影响较大。结果表明在N6培养基中将Fe2+提高到32-40mg/kg诱导率最大,高于N6培养基（Fe2+含量为5.6mg/kg）1.4倍以上。在此以内随着Fe2+含量的增加诱导率增加,大于此含量诱导率降低,呈单峰曲线分布。分化培养基中Fe2+含量增加到40mg/kg分化率显著降低。但在32-40mg/kgFe2+培养基上诱导出的愈伤组织在MS培养基上的绿苗分化率差异明显,71.4%材料可使绿苗生产率提高到9.2%左右。因此适当提高诱导培养基中Fe2+含量可提高寒地早粳的花培效率。     

金桔提取及其喷雾干燥工艺优化

以金桔提取率为考察指标,在单因素试验的基础上通过响应面分析法优化金桔提取的工艺条件,通过正交试验优化金桔粉的最佳喷雾干燥工艺参数.结果表明,金桔的最佳提取工艺为:料液比1:6(g/mL),提取温度96℃,提取时间51 min,提取次数4次,在此优化工艺条件下,金桔提取率为15.48％,与理论预测值15.56％较为接近.金桔粉的最佳喷雾干燥工艺条件为:助干剂添加量120％,进风温度120℃,进样流量20％,雾化空气流量500 L/h,该工艺条件下出粉率达84.80％,可较大程度地保持金桔的营养和风味,为金桔产品的批量化生产提供参考依据.     

Efficient application of in vitro anther culture for different European winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding programmes

The efficiency of our anther culture protocol was tested with high‐ and low‐responding genotypes, ‘Svilena’ and ‘Berengar’, and 93 F₁ winter wheat crosses in 2010 and 2011. Based on data for these genotypes, the effect of genotype influenced the number of embryo‐like structures, regenerated plantlets and green plantlets, while the number of albino plantlets was affected by genotype, year and environmental factors. Although genotype also influenced the production of green plantlets from breeding crosses, with green plantlets per 100 anthers ranging from 0.04 to 28.67, the average regeneration rate over all crosses was 5.3 green plantlets/100 anthers, which resulted in a total of 11 416 well‐rooted green plantlets. The survival rate of green plantlets following acclimatization was 97.21% in 2010 and 96.34% in 2011. In this study, the phenomenon of albinism and genotype dependency did not hinder the production of more than five thousand green plantlets each year. In our experiments, anther culture proved to be an efficient method in winter wheat breeding programmes with lower costs than alternative technologies.     

Sex and ploidy of anther culture derived papaya (Carica papaya L.) plants

Summary To improve the efficiency of papaya anther culture, we investigated (1) hormonal medium conditions for inducing haploids or dihaploids; (2) identified the sex of established plantlets using a sex-specific DNA molecular marker and (3) estimated their ploidy by flow cytometry analysis of DNA content. Anthers with a mixture of uninucleate, mitotic, and binucleate microspores were collected from a male plant, and cultured on MS agar medium with different concentrations of CPPU and NAA. An embryo induction rate of 13.8% was attained on MS agar medium with 0.01 mg l⁻¹ CPPU and 0.1 mg l⁻¹ NAA. The induced embryos were subcultured on medium with 0.0025 mg l⁻¹ CPPU. Rooting of the developed shoots was promoted by treating their basal parts with 1500 mg l⁻¹ IBA in a 50% ethanol solution for about 10 seconds. All the embryo-derived plantlets (27 plants) were identified as female, implying that they were derived from microspores. In addition, 26 plants were determined to be triploids and one to be tetraploids. We also observed a wide range of morphological variation (e.g., in tree height and fruit size) among the established plants. Based on the results, we discussed a potential value of anther culture techniques for the breeding of papaya.