Changes in bread-making quality attributes of bread wheat varieties cultivated in Spain during the 20th century

Genetic gains in quality traits were assessed in grain samples from 4 field experiments involving 16 bread wheat varieties representative of those most widely cultivated in Spain during the 20th century. The allelic composition at three glutenin loci (Glu-A1, Glu-B1, and Glu-D1) was obtained by PCR-based DNA markers and published references. From 1930 to 2000 grain protein content decreased by −0.030% y⁻¹, or in relative terms by −0.21% y⁻¹, but the protein produced per hectare increased by 0.39% y⁻¹. Alveographic tests revealed significant changes in dough rheological properties. Dough strength (W) and tenacity (P) increased at relative rates of 1.38% y⁻¹ and 0.99% y⁻¹, respectively, while dough extensibility (L) decreased by −0.46% y⁻¹, resulting in an increase of 1.45% y⁻¹in dough equilibrium (P/L). The rise in protein quality could be related to the replacement of the null allele by subunits 1 or 2* at Glu-A1 and the prevalence of subunits 7 + 8 and 5 + 10 at Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 loci, respectively, in the most recent varieties. Dough extensibility was affected by water input during the crop cycle, this relationship being partially explained by the presence of the 5 + 10 HMW glutenin subunit. Fermentation tolerance was improved in the most modern varieties. Collapse during fermentation was avoided only in doughs with a W ≥ 159 J × 10⁻⁴ and a P/L ≥ 0.56 mm H₂O mm⁻¹, levels achieved by most of the modern varieties. The over-strong and unbalanced rheological properties of some modern varieties resulted in highly porous doughs, and no clear advances in dough maximum height during fermentation were attained.     

Genetic changes in durum wheat yield components and associated traits in Italian and Spanish varieties during the 20th century

Twelve field experiments comparing 24 durum wheat varieties from three periods—old (<1945), intermediate (1950–1985) and modern (1988–2000)—were carried out in order to ascertain the advances made in durum wheat yield components and related traits in Italian and Spanish germplasm. Grain yield improvements were based on linear increases in the number of grains per m² and harvest index, while grain weight and biomass remained unchanged. Yield per plant increased at a rate of 0.36 and 0.44% y⁻¹ and the number of grains per m² improved by 39% and 55% in Italian and Spanish varieties, respectively. The mean rate of increase in the number of grains per m² was 0.55% y⁻¹. Plants per m², spikes per plant and grains per spike contributed 20%, 29% and 51%, respectively, to the increase in the number of grains per m². The enhance of the number of grains per m² was due to the greater grain set in the modern varieties, since the number of spikelets per spike remained unchanged. Harvest index increased overall by 0.48% y⁻¹ (0.40 and 0.53% y⁻¹ in Italian and Spanish varieties, respectively). Plant height was the trait that suffered the most dramatic changes (it decreased at a rate of −0.81% y⁻¹, with little difference between the varieties of the two countries), as consequence of the presence of the Rht-B1 dwarfing gene. Harvest index and plant height, which were the traits that most contributed to discriminating between periods, remained unchanged from 1980 to 2000. The higher rates of improvement in Spain are discussed in the context of the contrasting strategies followed to improve durum wheat yield in the two countries.     

Breeding progress in morpho-physiological,agronomical and qualitative traits of durum wheat cultivars released in Italy during the 20th century

Fourteen durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cultivars introduced in Italy between 1900 and 1990 were grown for 2 years (2001 and 2002) at Foggia (Italy) in field trials with three agronomic treatments in order to assess the genetic improvement in agronomic and qualitative parameters. The traits were measured in the field to describe the biomass production and its partitioning to the grain, the phenological behaviours and the photosynthetic properties. Grain protein content, alveograph's W-index, carotenoid pigments content, ash content and the glutenin and gliadin subunit compositions were then measured to assess grain quality. The results showed that differences in agronomic traits among durum wheat cultivars released in Italy in the last century are generally similar to differences observed in hexaploid wheat, with an annual genetic yield gain of 19.9 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The genetic gain was most clearly associated with a higher kernels number m⁻² indicating a larger grain-sink size and a higher number of spikes m⁻². The gradual reduction in plant height associated with an increased harvest index has represented the main breeding goal with an effect on the sink capacity and on the biomass partitioning. The progressive incorporation into recent cultivars, of favourable alleles (7 + 8 glutenin subunit composition) coding for superior quality subunits reflects the improvement in pasta making quality of the recent genotypes.     

氮素形态对小麦花后干物质积累与分配的影响

采用随机区组试验,研究了铵态氮、硝态氮和酰胺态氮3种氮素形态对小麦花后干物质积累与分配的影响,结果表明：（1）小麦花后籽粒干重及地上部总干重随生育进程不断增加,而旗叶、穗下节、穗下鞘、颖壳的干重均随着生育进程呈下降趋势;（2）氮素形态对小麦花后干物质积累与分配有显著影响。硝态氮处理下小麦花后地上部总干物质量最高,并且随着生育进程,干物质在旗叶、穗下节、穗下鞘、颖壳中分配比例降低,在籽粒中的分配比例高于其它2个处理。（3）铵态氮、硝态氮和酰胺态氮3种氮素形态处理下小麦产量分别为7250.5kg/hm2、7575.3kg/hm2和7156.2 kg/hm2。在本试验条件下,硝态氮处理增产效果最佳,较酰胺态氮处理增产5.8%。     

Genetic gain in yield and changes associated with physiological traits in Brazilian wheat during the 20th century

The objective of this study was to characterize physiologically wheat cultivars released in different decades and identify selection criteria for the continued genetic progress in Brazil. Ten cultivars released from 1940 up to 2009 were tested during 2010 and 2011 crop seasons. The following traits were evaluated: grain yield (GY), thousand-kernel weight (TKW), grain number per m⁻² (GN), plant height (PH), harvest index (HI), above-ground biomass (BIO), relative Chlorophyll content and leaf gas exchanges. The increase in grain yield was 29 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ a genetic gain of 0.92%, annually. Grain yield improvement was largely associated with HI (0.94^**), number of grains m⁻² (0.93^**), BIO (0.88^**) and reduced PH (−0.93^**). The post-anthesis Chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance and pre/post-anthesis photosynthetic rate were positively correlated with GY. Genetic gains of Brazilian wheat are mainly related to the increases of HI, GN, and BIO. These improvements were achieved by reducing PH and raising gas exchanges and chlorophyll content.     

Genetic improvement of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Argentina: relationships between nitrogen and dry matter

Summary Changes in nitrogen (N) economy and N to dry matter (DM) relationships were studied for six cultivars of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) released in Argentina at different times between 1912 and 1980. Experiments were performed on two successive years.N partitioning to reproductive organs was changed both at anthesis and at maturity. Grain N yield (GNY) was associated to both total N accumulated and N partitioning. Most of the changes produced by genetic improvement on N economy at maturity could be explained by parallel changes at anthesis. Neither biological N yield (BNY) at anthesis nor BNY at maturity showed any trend with the year of release of the cultivars.Grain N concentration (GNC) showed a negative trend with the year of release, and was inversely correlated to both grain yield (GY) and harvest index (HI). However, GNC was positively and significantly associated with NHI to HI ratio, indicating that the main reason for its behaviour along this century was the dilution of N on non N compounds.The N utilization efficiencies (NUE) for both GY and grain number were positively affected by breeding. Moreover, modern Argentinian cultivars are as efficient as the best cultivars showed by other authors.It is suggested that to increase GNC together with GY, breeders should improve N accumulation at anthesis maintaining high remobilization of vegetative N.     

怀地黄干物质增长过程与有效积温的关系

为初步探讨怀地黄干物质增长过程与有效积温的关系,通过田间试验对怀地黄品种皇后的干物质增长状况进行分析,应用生物统计方法,配合干物质的Logistic生长曲线方程。结果表明,在供试条件下,怀地黄植株地上部干物质（Wt1）以及地下部干物质（Wt2）的增长动态与有效积温的关系符合或基本符合Logistic 方程所描述的曲线,Wt1 和 Wt2 增长盛期的转捩点（起止点）所对应的有效积温值范围是：981.6~1745.0℃ 和1655.4~2381.0℃,最大瞬时增长速率（Vmax）分别为 0.01862 g/（d ℃·株）和0.05976 g/（d ℃·株）,分别出现在有效积温达1363.31 ℃和2018.22 ℃ 之时     

Grain yield, and dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and remobilization in durum wheat as affected by variety and seeding rate

The influence of crop density on the remobilization of dry matter and nitrogen from vegetative plant parts to the developing grain, was investigated in the durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) varieties Creso, Simeto and Svevo cultivated in the field at three seeding rates, 200, 250 and 400 seeds m⁻². Variety × seeding rate interaction was unsignificant for all recorded characters. Grain yield declined in the order Svevo > Simeto > Creso. Yield differences mainly depended on the different number of kernels per unit land and, secondly, on mean kernel weight. Spike components differed among varieties: Svevo and Simeto showed more kernels per spikelet and Creso more spikelets per spike. Grain yield was highest with 400 seeds m⁻² primarily due to the higher number of spikes per unit area, and secondly, to the higher mean kernel weight. Post-heading dry matter accumulation was highest in Svevo and lowest in Creso, but varieties showed a reverse order for dry matter remobilization and contribution of dry matter remobilization to grain yield. The increase of seeding rate increased both the post-heading dry matter accumulation and the dry matter remobilization from vegetative plant parts to grain. Nitrogen uptake of the whole crop and N content of grain was higher in Simeto and Svevo than in Creso. The N concentration of grain did not vary among varieties, but Svevo showed a markedly lower N concentration and N content of culms at maturity, which may be consequence of the high N remobilization efficiency performed by this variety. The N uptake by the crop was highest with 400 seeds m⁻², but the N concentration of culms, leaves and even grain was slightly lower than with the lower seed rates. The post-heading N accumulation was by far higher in Simeto and Svevo than in Creso, whereas remobilization was highest in Svevo and lowest in Simeto. The percentage contribution of N remobilization to grain N was by far higher in Creso than in the other two varieties. Post-heading N accumulation and N remobilization were highest with the highest plant density, but the contribution of N remobilization to N grain content did not differ between seeding rates.     

Dry matter partitioning and canopy traits in wheat and barley under varying N supply

The prediction of the allocation of carbon and nitrogen into the different organs, e.g., leaves, stems, roots of a growing plant is a pivotal part of mechanistic growth models. Based on 2 year (winter wheat) and 3 year (winter barley) field trials with different N treatments (0–240 kg N ha⁻¹), the objectives of this study were to verify currently used parameters for (i) specific leaf area, and (ii) allometric relationships between leaf and stem dry matter (DM).Green area index (GAI) differed between years and increased with N supply rate. The course of the specific leaf area (SLA) within the growth period after winter showed a large variation between the years as well as between the N treatments. During stem elongation, SLA positively correlated with GAI in both crops, indicating that leaves became thinner when the canopy was denser. The allometric relationships between stem and leaf dry DM clearly varied with the growth stages. Stem DM of wheat showed a higher proportion of the total above-ground biomass compared to barley. The effect of N fertilization on allometry remained small during early growth stages in barley, whereas in wheat, an increased N supply significantly decreased the proportion of stem DM.Our results suggest similar GAI and SLA patterns for wheat and barley, albeit depending on the N supply. Especially, using a constant SLA in plant growth models seems to be not suitable.     

大豆光谱反射率与地上干物重对数回归分析

摘要：研究目的：从统计学角度分析地上部干物重与叶片反射光谱特征的定量关系;方法：通过对近红外和可见光波段光谱反射率的分析, 确立不同时期大豆地上部干物重的敏感波段,计算出相应的植被指数,并建立植被指数与大豆地上部干物质量预测模型;结果表明：通过RDVI（1005,510nm）植被指数建立对数模型,方程为：y = -295.83Ln(x) - 123.05;结论：此模型能较好的描述大豆合农60光谱反射率与干物重的关系。     

Genetic effects of Vrn genes on heading date and agronomic traits in bread wheat

Summary The Vrn1, Vrn2 and Vrn3 genes have different values of effects on heading date and related yield components. The genetic background and environment do not affect the ranking of Vrn genotypes according to earliness within near-isogenic line sets; however, they do influence the level of differences between heading dates of particular genotypes and between effect values, respectively. The frequencies of defined Vrn genotypes in the global set of spring bread wheat cultivars are associated with grain weight per plant predicted on the basis of Vrn gene effects averaged over backgrounds and over environments. Peculiarities of backgrounds and environments alter the grain yield ranges of Vrn genotypes. For early photoperiod-insensitive wheats, planted in stress conditions at grain filling, the highest yield was predicted for double dominant Vrn genotypes with Vrn3. This gene is rarely used by the breeders in middle latitudes and its wider adoption is encouraged.     

间作种植模式对玉米和大豆干物质积累与产量组成的影响

玉米/大豆间作是中国北方地区常见的一种种植模式。本文通过2个生长季的大田试验,研究了间作种植模式对玉米和大豆的干物质积累与产量组成的影响。试验结果表明,生育前期（播后第79d以前）,不同种植模式下玉米的单株干物质量之间没有显著差异;生育后期,玉米/大豆1:3间作模式下（I1处理）玉米的单株干物质量高于单作玉米,达到极显著水平;玉米/大豆2:3间作模式下（I2处理）玉米的单株干物质量高于单作玉米,达到显著水平,1:3和2:3间作模式下玉米的单株干物质量也存在显著差异。生育期内不同种植模式下大豆的单株干物质量之间没有显著差异。利用Logistic方程拟合了单作和间作条件下玉米和大豆单株干物质积累的动态,相关性均达到极显著水平（P<0.01）。由于边际效应的影响,间作群体内玉米各器官干物质积累量高于单作。不同种植模式下大豆各器官的干物质积累差异不明显。间作玉米的干物质转换率高于单作,单作大豆的转换率高于间作。I1和I2处理间作总籽粒产量比单作玉米的籽粒产量增加约6%,比单作大豆的籽粒产量增加约320%。     

Genetic variation for dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and translocation in two-rowed spring barley: I. Dry matter translocation

A 4-year field study was carried out to determine dry matter and nitrogen accumulation until anthesis and at grain filling period and dry matter translocation and utilization in grain filling of barley. Twenty two-rowed spring barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. distichum L.) cultivars originated from different countries (Yugoslavia, Germany, Australia, the Czeck Republic, Netherlands, France and USA) were grown during 1995–1998 on a non-calcareous chernozem soil near Novi Sad (45° 20′N, 15° 51′E, 86 m asl). Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation depended on the cultivar and year. In a year with favorable weather conditions, 58% of dry matter was accumulated during pre-anthesis, while in a year with less favorable weather the amount was 48%. In the favorable year 91% and in unfavorable year 65% of nitrogen was accumulated until anthesis. The results indicated that the greater amount of dry matter and nitrogen accumulated before anthesis. Dry matter translocation efficiency depended on the cultivar and ranged from 3 to 16.4%, while the contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to kernel varied from 4 to 24.2%. Cultivars that have been developed for the growing conditions of the area where the experimental site was located, i.e. adapted ones, did not use pre-anthesis dry matter for grain filling. High positive correlations (P<0.01) were found between biomass at anthesis and biological yield, dry matter translocation efficiency, contribution of translocated dry matter to grain yield, and total plant nitrogen at maturity. Accumulated nitrogen at anthesis was positively correlated (P<0.01) with growing degree–days until anthesis, dry matter at anthesis and dry matter translocation parameters. Heritability for the investigated characters was rather high, over 0.60.     

滨海滩涂盐碱地甜高粱生长和地上部干物质积累特性的研究

摘 要：【研究目的】明确不同密肥水平下滨海滩涂盐碱地甜高粱生长特性、干物质积累特征,为盐碱地甜高粱高产栽培提供理论基础。【方法】以甜高粱ST008为试验材料,采用二因素随机区组设计,研究不同种植密度及氮肥用量水平对盐碱地甜高粱农艺性状、产量及茎秆糖锤度的影响,利用通径分析,对甜高粱不同生育阶段干物质积累与生物产量、糖锤度之间的相互关系进行了相关性分析。【结果】甜高粱ST008在种植密度120000株/hm2、氮肥用量300kg/hm2条件下获得的生物产量、籽粒产量和茎秆含糖量较高,株高、叶片数、茎粗等较为适宜。通径分析表明,拔节至抽穗期地上部干物积累量和生物产量、茎秆含糖锤度之间呈极显著的正相关关系,对提高生物产量、茎秆糖锤度的贡献最大。【结论】盐碱地甜高粱在密度120000株/hm2、施氮量300kg/hm2水平下生物产量最高。提高拔节至抽穗阶段甜高粱植株的光合生产是提高甜高粱产量、含糖量的关键。     

On the persistence of U.S. migration rates in the 20th century

The persistence or inertia of net migration rates in the United States during the twentieth century is measured. A set of basic migration data for states, counties, and state economic areas is described, and manipulations of these data are discussed. "The manipulated data are [then] analyzed graphically and by regression. The report concludes with a few remarks on the use of demographic extrapolations for planning and policy purposes."     

密度和施肥对旱地马铃薯干物质积累、产量和水肥利用的影响

It is important to increase potato production and the natural resource utilization efficiency in dryland farming system. A field experiment was conducted using Longshu 10 with three planting modes from 2017 to 2019, including farmer mode (CK), the mode with high yield and efficiency (YE), and higher yield mode (HY). The leaf area index (LAI), SPAD, photosynthetic rate, accumulation and remobilization of dry matter, water use efficiency (WUE) and fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) was investigated. The results showed that LAI and SPAD were increased in YE and HY compared to CK, and it was more significant in 2017 when there was less rainfall. Meanwhile, less reduction in LAI and SPAD after tubers enlargement resulted in an increase of canopy photosynthetic rate by 29.9%, 34.7% (in 2018 and 2019), and 40.2%, 50.5% (in 2018 and 2019) during the expanding stage and starch accumulation stage, respectively. Average aboveground dry matter in YE and HY was higher than CK by 123.1% and 118.5% in the enlargement stage due to higher LAI and photosynthetic rate. The contribution rate of assimilation after potato tuber enlargement in YE and HE was higher than CK by 22.56% and 19.29%, resulting in an average potato production increase of 47.93% and 47.78%, and average water use efficiency increased by 77.59% and 75.85%, respectively. YE and HY advantaged in tuber production and income improvement. Compared with CK, the net income increased by 7330.3 Yuan hm^-2 and 6024.6 Yuan hm^-2 in 2017 to 2019, respectively. The accumulation of N, P, and K was significantly enhanced due to large population canopy and high plant biomass accumulation. Compared to CK, N and P use efficiency, and the harvest index of N and P was increased under YE mode by 15.21%, 17.20% and 3.85%, 7.79%, respectively, and the N use efficiency was increased by 12.37% under HY mode. WUE, N, and P use efficiency of YE mode was higher than HY by 2.05%, 2.53%, and 23.41%, respectively, and the net income increased by 1305.7 Yuan hm^-2. Therefore, replacement of slow-release urea with organic manure by 40% and improvement of planting density with 60,000 plants hm^-2 in YE mode potentially increased in water use efficiency, nutrient use efficiency, high canopy photosynthetic rate maintenances, and remobilization of dry matter from stem and leaf to tubers. In conclusion, YE as a high tuber production and resource use efficiency planting mode, is recommended in semi-arid areas with black-film mulched potato cultivation regime.     

密度和施肥对旱地马铃薯干物质积累、产量和水肥利用的影响

协同提高产量和资源利用效率,是旱作马铃薯高产高效的基础。本研究以陇薯10号为材料,于2017-2019年进行大田试验,设置当地农民习惯栽培(CK)、高产高效栽培(YE)和超高产栽培(HY)3种栽培模式,测定旱地马铃薯叶面积指数(LAI)、叶片SPAD值、冠层光合能力、干物质积累转运、块茎产量、水肥利用效率等指标。结果表明,与CK相比,YE和HY均提高了马铃薯LAI和叶片SPAD值,YE在降雨较少的2017年增幅更明显;二者均减慢了马铃薯块茎膨大后的LAI和叶片SPAD降低幅度,使其冠层光合能力在块茎膨大期和淀粉积累期2年平均提高29.9%、34.7%和40.2%、50.5%。基于较高的LAI和冠层光合能力,YE和HY的地上干物质在块茎膨大期较CK 3年平均增加123.05%和118.53%;同时块茎膨大后同化物对块茎的贡献率增加22.56%和19.29%,使马铃薯产量在2017-2019年平均增加47.93%和47.78%,水分利用效率平均增加77.59%和75.85%,均达到显著差异水平。YE和HY使马铃薯商品薯产量显著增加,收益显著提高,在2017-2019年分别较CK新增纯收益7330.3元hm^-2和6024.6元hm^-2。较大的群体冠层和较高的物质生产促进了植株对N、P、K的积累,YE的N、P利用效率较CK分别提高15.21%和17.20%,N、K收获指数分别提高3.85%和7.79%;HY的N利用效率提高12.37%。YE的WUE、N和P利用效率较HY提高2.05%、2.53%和23.41%,新增纯收益1305.7元hm-2。因此,YE减施缓释尿素40%并有机替代、密度60,000株hm^-2,能够提高水分和养分利用效率,维持马铃薯花后较高的冠层光合能力,促进茎叶干物质向块茎转运,实现作物增产和资源高效利用协同发展,是半干旱区黑膜覆盖马铃薯种植推荐的高产高效模式。     

Genetic variation for dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and translocation in two-rowed spring barley II. Nitrogen translocation

An understanding of the partition between pre-anthesis and post-anthesis N uptake and their contribution to total grain N and protein content in spring two-rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare spp. distichum L.) is important to achieve additional breeding progress for both fodder and malting barley. N translocation from the vegetative tissues at anthesis to the kernel, N translocation efficiency, and N harvest index (NHI) were studied in field experiments during 4 years (1995–1998). Plants were harvested at anthesis and maturity and divided into leaf+culm, chaff and grain. Significant cultivar differences in N translocation, N translocation efficiency and NHI were determined. Across cultivars, the highest N translocation was in a favorable year (93 kg ha⁻¹) and the lowest in a year with poor growing conditions (40 kg ha⁻¹). Cultivar differences in N translocation were related to dry matter and pre-anthesis N accumulation (R²>0.70). N translocation efficiency varied more among the cultivars (0.27–0.66) than years (0.47–0.52). Post-anthesis N uptake was negatively correlated (P<0.01) with N translocation. NHI ranged among the cultivars from 0.49 to 0.73 and among the years from 0.57 to 0.74. The cultivars Arapiles, Schooner, Cantala, Kaskade and Pek stored in the grain more than 70% and Hiproly less than 50% of above-ground N at maturity. Translocated N participated with 85, 56, 42, and 61% in grain N in 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998, respectively. The ratio of translocated N to grain N could be an indicator of growing conditions; a higher ratio indicates good growing conditions over the entire growth period, a lower ratio indicates poor conditions during pre-anthesis, and a medium ratio indicates some temperature and water deviations from the long-term average. Straw N concentration was in significant positive (P<0.01) correlation with N translocation and translocation efficiency. Straw N concentration adequately represents N efficiency utilization for synthesis of grain protein, and because it saves time and money compared to N harvest index determination, it can be used for the testing of breeding materials for the development of new barley cultivars.     

滴灌模式和水分调控对夏玉米干物质和氮素积累与分配及水分利用的影响

采用裂区试验设计探究了地下滴灌和地表滴灌(drip underground, DU; drip surface, DS)模式下土壤水分调控(分别为田间持水量的40%～50%、60%～70%和80%～90%,记为W40、W60和W80)对夏玉米干物质和氮素积累与分配及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,DU处理的吐丝后氮素积累量及水分利用效率分别较DS显著提高了6.18%和4.85%～8.61%。夏玉米的干物质、氮素指标及产量对滴灌模式的响应依赖于土壤水分调控水平,在W40和W60处理条件下,DU处理显著增加夏玉米的净光合速率,提高了吐丝后干物质和氮素的积累量及向籽粒的转运,最终DU处理的干物质积累量、籽粒氮素积累量、产量及氮肥偏生产力分别提高了3.29%～19.94%、?1.10%～20.65%、3.29%～19.94%和3.31%～23.64%。而在W80处理条件下, DS处理的干物质积累量、吐丝后氮素积累量、产量及蒸散量比DU处理分别提高了6.80%～12.24%、5.93%、8.39%～14.91%和9.73%～14.57%。综上所述,在限水灌溉条件下,地下滴灌能够增加吐丝后干物质积累量、氮素积累量及其对籽粒氮素的贡献率,最终增加产量。在充分供水条件下,地表滴灌更有利于干物质及氮素的积累,但由于消耗过多的水分,因此水分利用效率未显著增加。     

滨海盐碱地棉花秸秆还田和深松对棉花干物质积累、养分吸收及产量的影响

以鲁棉研36号为试验材料,在滨海盐碱地设置常规耕作(CT)、深松(ST)、秸秆还田(SR)、秸秆还田+深松(SRT)4个处理,研究棉花秸秆还田和深松对棉花产量、0～40 cm土层含盐量、棉花干物质积累动态、氮(N)磷(P)钾(K)养分积累和分配特性的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田在2年试验内均可增加棉花产量, SR产量比CT增加33.9%, SRT比ST增加32.1%;深松在2017年增加了棉花产量, 2018年对产量无影响。秸秆还田在2年试验中均降低0～40 cm土层含盐量, SR的含盐量在棉花生育后期比CT降低22.4%, SRT的土壤含盐量比ST降低20.7%;深松在2年试验内对20～40cm土层含盐量的影响不一致,ST含盐量在2017年棉花生育后期比CT降低16.5%,但在2018年深松对土壤含盐量无影响。棉花干物质和N、P、K积累动态均符合Logistic生长曲线。棉花秸秆还田后增加了棉花干物质和N、P、K的最大积累量, SR的干物质、N、P、K最大积累量比CT分别提高35.5%、38.3%、53.4%和55.0%, SRT比ST分别提高27.0%、30.7%、21.2%和42.4...