河北省奶业科技创新效率比较研究

科技创新对推动奶业高质量发展具有决定性作用,比较京津冀奶业科技创新效率,可以明确河北省未来的奶业发展路径。本文基于统计数据采用数据包络分析法对京津冀奶业技术效率进行测算、比较,揭示河北省奶业要素配置的短板。研究表明,京津冀协同发展战略促进了京津冀奶业整体效率的提升;河北省奶业在京津冀地区处于主导地位,出现了规模效率下降;天津奶业规模较小,要素配置未达到最优状态。据此提出河北省奶业高质量发展对策,加快奶业技术效率提升。     

我国奶业关键技术研发取得系列重大突破

2006年1月20日，“十五”国家重大科技专项“奶业重大关键技术研究与产业化技术集成示范”，在北京通过专家验收。该专项实施，体现了我国奶业科技创新能力显著提高，奶业共性关键技术研发取得一系列重大突破，标志着我国现代奶业产业化科技支撑体系初步形成。     

中国西部奶业发展对策与研究

纵观中国农业，几年来发展最为迅猛的产业莫过于奶业。中国奶业已经连续四、五年以超过20％的速度快速发展，全国年人均占奶量从1999年的5公斤，增至去年的12公斤，翻了一番多。曾有社会学者对此评论说，中国奶业的第二个春天已经来临。中国奶业能取得这样的辉煌成就，究其原因，主要是得益于我国农业生产结构的调整和各级政府对奶业的大力支持。中国奶业的崛起，少不了西部奶业的贡献。伊利、蒙牛、新希望和德隆等这几个生机勃勃、非常年青的中国奶业娇子，就是在这几年当中茁壮成长起来的。蒙牛乳业已经创下了连续三年保持中国奶业第一发展速度的超高速、超常规的记录，经营业绩从创业初期的三、四千万元到去年的四十多亿元，它的发展速度已经不适宜用百分数来计算了，而要用倍数来计算。如果再多十来个像伊利、蒙牛这样的企业，中国人的饮奶量也许很快就会翻几番。然而，由四川、云南等12个省市自治区组成的西部奶业，从整体上说，还不很发达，发展也很不平衡。虽然该地区奶牛总存栏量已接近全国总量的一半，奶业资源也十分丰富，但它无论是在生产经营理念、生产技术与管理水平、奶业的总投入、奶牛生产机械化程度、奶品加工、奶源、产品质量，还是奶品的消费和生产经济效益等方面，与东部地区或奶业发达地区相比较，还有一定差距，还有许多有待提高、改善的东西。西部奶业有它的优势和不足，其发展前景又是非常广阔的，潜力是巨大的。要发展好西部奶业，关键在于如何培育和扩大当地消费市场，要立足于就地取材、就地生产、就地加工和就地消费的原则；关键在于资源的合理利用和经济效益最大化的获取，以及如何确保奶业朝健康、有序、良性和可持续的方向发展。牧草、奶源、奶品加工、市场消费和生态环境的协调发展甚为重要。笔者现就西部奶业如何协调发展，以及针对发展中存在的一些问题应该采取一些对策和措施等问题，提出自己的看法和建议。     

中国奶业可持续发展的必由之路--生态奶业

从分析生态奶业的由来入手，论述了生态奶业的内涵、特点和优势；分析了在中国发展生态奶业的客观必然性和重大的现实意义；最后对如何在中国发展生态奶业提出了一些发展模式、对策与建议。     

加快江苏省徐州地区奶业发展的思考

在全面分析并总结了当前徐州地区奶业发展的现状、优势和制约因素的基础上,针对性地提出了奶业发展的思路、对策和政策建议,以进一步加快徐州地区奶业的发展。     

我国将投入4亿多元启动奶业重大科技专项

从科技部、农业部获悉，“十五”期间（２００１～２００５年），总投资近２００亿元的１２个国家重大关键技术攻关与产业化示范科技专项，现已通过可行性专家论证，进入全面启动实施阶段，其中包括“主要农产品深加工”、“奶业发展”、“食品安全”、“节水农业”等科技专项。科技部、农业部已与奶业发展项目示范区所在的北京、黑龙江、内蒙古等７个省自治区、直辖市签订了执行协议。据了解，“十五”期间我国奶业发展项目将投入４亿多元，立足攻克制约奶业发展的共性关键技术瓶颈，使我国奶业总体发展速度提高２～３个百分点，奶业发展的…     

新疆乌昌地区奶业经济一体化刍议

新疆维吾尔自治区党委、人民政府作出了推进乌鲁木齐市和昌吉回族自治州两地紧密联合，实施以规划统一、市场统一、财政统一为主要内容的乌昌经济一体化发展战略，为乌昌两地乃至新疆奶业发展提供了新的契机。本文介绍了乌昌地区奶业发展的现状和优势，目前存在的问题和矛盾，分析了乌昌奶业经济一体化的意义，并对两地奶业一体化进程、内容、步骤提出了意见和建议。     

江西奶业发展现状及可持续发展对策研究

介绍江西2012年奶业发展现状,就江西奶业快速发展转型中存在的问题进行了分析,就江西奶业可持续发展提出了新的对策,就以"5个重要指标"为指导的奶业科技创新进行了阐述。     

努力打造奶业航空母舰--江苏省铜山县畜牧业发展经验

江苏省铜山县为苏北典型的农业大县,是全国畜牧百强县,全国秸秆养牛示范县,也是奶业发展的重点地区.在农业产业结构调整中,铜山县委、县政府通过认真调查研究,认为发展奶业具有明显的生产、加工、市场和区位优势:一有发展奶牛生产的基础,农民素有养牛的传统和习惯;二有发展奶牛生产的资源条件,全县拥有充足的秸秆资源每年约 50万吨,青贮、氨化等秸秆处理技术得到普遍推广;三有发展奶牛生产的加工龙头企业--维维集团,产品畅销全国,供不应求.为此,县委、县政府提出了"发展奶业,富民强县"的大战略,全面启动万头奶牛工程,加快推进奶业产业化进程,奶业出现前所未有的发展势头. 2000年,全县奶业总产值 58.35亿元,占工农业总产值的 1/4,实现利税 5.2万元,成为铜山经济的支柱产业.他们的具体做法如下.     

加快发展方式转变实现中国奶业可持续发展

本文以调整发展思路，优化产业结构，转变发展方式为主线，在对我国奶业发展基本状况进行客观辩证分析和对奶业发展时段做出基本判断后，提出了加快奶业发展方式转变刻不容缓的论点。本文强调了地方各级人民政府在奶业发展方式转变过程中的主导地位和作用；提出了通过构建消费型奶业、科技型奶业、诚信型奶业和法制型奶业，实现中国奶业可持续发展。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.