塔里木河灌区滴灌海岛棉田土壤微生物活性的变化初探

对不同灌溉方式下土壤微生物活性的初步研究结果表明：滴灌方式下棉田的微生物数量及根际、根外微生物数量均多于沟灌；两种滴灌方式都具有明显的根际效应；滴灌使土壤处于厌气条件，土壤酶活性没有明显增加，但由于滴灌可随水滴肥，适时适量供给棉花生长所需肥水，仍能满足作物生长需求。     

不同生态区水稻根际微生物数量分析

选择3个不同生态区的高产水稻(产量500~1200kg/667m2)根际土壤为对象,对水稻根际微生物类群数量进行了比较研究。结果表明,在水稻生长过程中,不同生态区水稻根际细菌、真菌、放线菌数量大都表现为永胜县涛源乡>昆明>宜良。涛源乡各种高产田水稻根际细菌、真菌、放线菌数量大都与昆明和宜良之间呈显著差异,而宜良与昆明的水稻根际细菌、真菌、放线菌数量之间也分别呈不同的显著水平。不同生态区水稻根际细菌数量随生育期的变化大都表现为幼穗分化期>穗期>成熟期,而水稻根际真菌和放线菌数量随着生育期的变化是不一致的。从三大微生物总数的平均状况来看,涛源>昆明>宜良,表明永胜县涛源乡丰富的水稻根际微生物类群数量是涛源生态区比昆明和宜良生态区水稻高产优越的原因之一。     

玉米/大豆间作条件下作物根系对氮素的吸收利用

通过田间栽培试验,研究玉米/大豆间作及相应单作不同时期作物地上部干质量、作物吸氮量、作物根际土壤脲酶活性、作物根际土壤细菌数量动态变化差异。结果表明:间作玉米吸氮量、根际脲酶活性、根际细菌数量、地上部干质量分别比单作玉米显著增加37.61%,33.54%,55.76%,27.92%。间作大豆根际脲酶活性、根际细菌数量分别比单作大豆显著增加41.3%,43.08%。间作大豆吸氮量、地上部干质量比单作大豆降低11.93%,11.19%,差异不显著。说明间作促进玉米生长。     

超高产水稻根际微生物类群数量初探

笔者以云南永胜县涛源乡选择水稻超高产生态区土壤为对象,对水稻根际微生物主要类群量数量进行了探讨。结果表明,在水稻生长过程中,不同产量田块水稻根际的细菌和放线菌数量为组合II优28﹥甬优6号﹥汕优63﹥II优725(cK),水稻的产量情况与其变化一致,真菌数量为组合甬优6号﹥II优28﹥汕优63﹥II优725(cK)。水稻根际细菌、真菌和放线菌数量随着生育期的变化是不一致的。而在同一生育期,不同的水稻产量田块根际细菌、真菌和放线菌之间存在显著不同的差异。根际微生物数量大的其不同水稻田块的产量也高。     

不同施肥处理对高粱根际土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

根际土壤微生物在调控土壤根际环境和养分转化中发挥着重要的作用。高粱已被广泛用作饲料且耐瘠薄性较强,探明根际微生物对不同养分的生态响应,可为不同土壤养分条件下高粱的养分管理提供理论依据。以高粱/玉米轮作的长期定位大田试验为基础,结合人工温室的盆栽试验,采用BIOLOG微平板法研究了NPK、PK、NK、NP、CK(无肥处理) 5种长期不同施肥条件对高粱根际土壤微生物功能多样性的影响。结果表明,大田试验与盆栽试验的结果一致,PK处理提高了根际微生物的代谢活性,提高了微生物对氨基酸类、羧酸类、胺类、糖类和聚合物的利用,降低了对双亲化合物的利用,其多样性指数、丰富度指数和Simpson(优势度指数)均高于其他处理; NK和NP处理对根际微生物功能多样性的影响不显著,但NK处理降低了培养后期根际微生物代谢活性; CK处理显著降低了根际微生物对碳源的利用能力,其多样性指数、丰富度指数和优势度指数均低于其他处理,均匀度指数高于其他处理。主成分分析表明,大田试验中,NPK和NP处理根际土壤微生物碳源利用能力和类型差异不显著,其余处理间差异显著;盆栽试验中施氮处理NPK、NK和NP利用碳源能力和类型差异不显著,其余处理间差异显著。综上所述,施肥有利于改善土壤微生物特性。高粱根际微生物对氮、磷、钾胁迫的响应不同,氮胁迫时,微生物活性的增强可能是高粱耐氮的原因。     

盐碱胁迫对芸豆根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响

为了探究芸豆根际微生态环境对盐胁迫的响应机制,以HYD和JW为试验材料,采用盆栽法,将2种碱性盐Na2CO3、Na HCO3按摩尔比1∶9混合,按混合后占土壤质量分数0(S0),0. 4%(S1),0. 8%(S2),1. 2%(S3)设计4个浓度梯度,研究不同程度盐碱胁迫对芸豆根际土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,在盐碱胁迫下,HYD在株高、根长和地上、下生物量等优于JW。在盐碱胁迫处理下根际土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量差异显著,细菌数量高于真菌和放线菌数量。两芸豆品种根际土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶活性与土壤微生物数量均在S1处理下达到最大值,且差异显著。在相同处理下,HYD的株高、根长和地上、地下生物量等生长特性与根际土壤微生物数量、酶活性均显著高于JW。相关分析表明,脲酶活性与细菌数量、真菌数量、放线菌数量和微生物总量呈显著或极显著正相关,磷酸酶活性与放线菌数量、过氧化氢酶活性与真菌数量均呈显著正相关。在盐碱胁迫条件下,p H值上升,微生物数量发生变化,导致酶活性改变,间接改变根际土壤微环境。一定量的盐碱胁迫有利于提高芸豆根际土壤微生物数量及酶活性,促进芸豆生长。     

甘蔗/花生间作对土壤微生物和土壤酶活性的影响

为了研究甘蔗/花生间作对土壤微生物和土壤酶活性的影响,采用大田试验的方法,以花生和甘蔗为试验材料,研究了华南地区甘蔗/花生间作对土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性以及土壤养分状况的影响。结果表明:与甘蔗和花生单作相比,甘蔗/花生间作系统能够显著提高甘蔗和花生根际的土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量,改善根际土壤脉酶和磷酸酶活性,不同程度提高整个间作系统作物根际土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷以及速效钾的含量,可见,甘蔗/花生间作可以明显地改善两种作物根际土壤微生物数量、酶活性和养分状况。     

控释掺混肥对大蒜根际土壤微生物的影响

通过大田试验系统研究了控释掺混肥对大蒜根际土壤微生物数量的变化。结果显示：（1）大蒜根际土壤中细菌、放线菌数量和微生物总量随控释掺混肥施入量的增加而增多,而真菌数量减少。控释掺混肥与习惯施肥（CCF）相比,等量（CRF1）和减量20％（CRF2）时大蒜根际土壤中细菌、放线菌数量和微生物总量极显著地高于CCF,真菌数量极显著地低于CCF。（2）CRF1和CRF2处理土壤生理功能微生物（自生固氮菌、氨化细菌、硝化细菌和纤维素分解菌）的数量不仅显著高于不施肥处理,而且还显著高于CCF,60%控释掺混肥用量处理（CRF3）略低于CCF,但差异不显著。研究表明控释掺混肥可通过促进细菌、放线菌和生理功能微生物的繁殖来提高土壤速效养分含量,进而提高大蒜鳞茎产量。     

不同种植密度对小麦根际土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响

研究了不同种植密度对小麦豫麦49-198根际土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响,结果表明,根际土壤细菌在拔节和抽穗期数量较多,而放线菌、真菌在开花期数量最多。根际细菌数量、放线菌数量及土壤蛋白酶活性、脲酶活性随着群体密度的增加呈单峰曲线变化,以基本苗150×104株/hm2或225×104株/hm2处理最高;真菌数量则随密度的增加而减少。随着种植密度的增加,微生物数量及酶活性与产量的变化趋势相一致,表明微生物和酶活性增加一定程度上有助于提高作物产量。     

玉米品种对根际微生物特性的影响

旨在研究不同玉米品种对根际微生物的活性及其群落组成的影响;选取品种‘郑单958’、‘陕单8806’、‘中单909’、‘农华101’做温室盆栽试验,开花期收获并测定作物生物量和根际微生物特性;作物生物量、根际β-葡糖苷酶活性、易提态球囊霉素蛋白、总球囊霉素蛋白含量、革兰氏阳性细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌、真菌生物量均按品种‘郑单958’、‘陕单8806’、‘中单909’、‘农华101’的顺序增加,不同品种的根际微生物磷脂脂肪酸的含量和成分不同,不同品种的根际丛枝菌根真菌群落结构存在差异,作物生物量（尤其是冠部生物量）与大多数微生物性质之间存在明显正相关关系;本研究表明不同玉米品种之间形态学上的差异可能会导致根际土壤微生物活性和群落组成上的分异。     

增施有机肥提升作物耐盐能力研究

旨在找到提升作物耐盐能力的技术方法。应用桶栽实验研究4 种有机肥于不同水分条件下对盐渍土栽培冬小麦和夏玉米生长发育、生理生态及产量的影响。施用有机肥可有效改善土壤环境,其中禾宜佳有机肥使土壤中总氮、有机质、总菌数分别提高了8.4%、16.7%、55.8%,效果最佳。在土壤含水量高时,施用有机肥可使盐胁迫下小麦、玉米叶片叶绿素含量分别提高约6.9%、5.1%左右;使小麦、玉米生物量最高分别增加60.0%和51.2%;不同有机肥使冬小麦净光合作用最大提高20.8%;冬小麦穗粒数提高了44.4%、千粒重增加24.9%,产量提高61.9%。在土壤含水量低时,以上指标也均有所增加,但增幅不及高含水量下明显。土壤含水量高时,增施有机肥有利于作物在高盐土壤中生长;水分含量低时,增施某些含盐量高的有机肥可能造成土壤盐浓度增加反而增大了对作物危害。在高水分条件下增施有机肥增产效果更佳。     

Effect of Alley Cropping on Crops and Arthropod Diversity in Duzce, Turkey

The influence of alley cropping practices on trees, agricultural crops and arthropod diversity was studied in Duzce, Turkey. Six replications of three crops, maize (Zea mays L. var. rugosa), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.), were planted in the alleyways between rows of hybrid poplar [Populus euramericana (Dode) Guinier] in a plantation setting. Control plots included a poplar plot without crops and the three crops planted in plots without trees near the plantation. Sweep netting, sticky traps, pitfall traps, and cloth shaking were used four times throughout a growing season to sample arthropods in the research area. Alley cropping practices had both negative and positive effects on crop yield and a significant negative effect on poplar growth. A total of 10 284 arthropod specimens (15 orders and 122 families) were collected, 118 families in the agroforestry plots, 57 families in the treeless plots and 44 families in the poplar control plot. Diversity indices did not differ among plots, except for the Shannon index, for all dates and sampling methods combined. Evenness indices and family richness measures did not differ significantly among plots, but significant differences were found among collection dates and sampling methods. The tree canopy had a greater arthropod diversity than the ground vegetation. Beneficial arthropods were found in significantly greater numbers in the agroforestry plots compared to the monocrop plots. This suggests that trees provided a more favourable habitat for beneficial arthropods than herbaceous plants. We conclude that agroforestry may contribute to increasing arthropod diversity compared with monocrops.     

Direct and Residual Effect of Different Organic Fertilizers on Potato and Cereals

Field experiment with 8 different organic fertilizers (cattle dung with and without litter, pig slurry, peat compost formed from hen and pig slurry, sawdust-duck manure, noncomposted peat and straw litter with pig slurry) was carried out on loamy brown podzoluvisol since 1985.
The organic fertilizers were applied in the spring of 1985 on two backgrounds: with and without mineral fertilizers. The material is based on the data of four years (1985–1988). The arrangement of crops was the following: potato, spring wheat, barley and early barley.
On both backgrounds cattle dung with litter turned out to be the best organic fertilizer, while noncomposted peat manure had a low direct and residual effect. However, before the application it must be composted with pig or hen slurry. The effect of peat composts was dependent on the background of mineral fertilizers. Pig slurry had a low residual effect and acted only as a liquid nitrogen fertilizer. The joint application of straw and pig slurry can be a suitable opportunity for diminishing their undesirable effects.     

长期施入不同量有机肥对侵蚀农田黑土土壤养分、产量的影响

为了阐明不同量有机肥施入对东北黑土区不同侵蚀深度农田黑土作物产量及土壤养分的影响,笔者以5 个侵蚀深度0、5、10、20、30 cm农田黑土为研究对象,对比研究长期施用化肥、化肥配施不同量有机肥对农田侵蚀黑土土壤碳、氮、磷及作物产量的影响。结果表明：与单施化肥相比,化肥配施中量有机肥、化肥配施高量有机肥对0、5、10、20、30 cm 5 个侵蚀深度农田黑土作物产量有明显的增产及提高土壤C、N、P 养分的作用,化肥配施高量有机肥处理显著高于其他2 个处理(P<0.05),其中,侵蚀深度0、5 cm土壤增加的幅度最大,侵蚀深度20 cm土壤增加的幅度最小。所有施肥处理土壤C、N、P养分含量均表现出随土壤侵蚀深度的增加而降低的趋势。     

转基因作物安全研究进展及南繁转基因生物安全管理对策

本文从生物多样性、生态系统和人畜安全三方面概述了转基因作物生物安全研究进展,并介绍了全世界转基因生物安全评价原则与方法和我国转基因作物安全管理法规.表明转基因作物存在潜在的生物安全风险,全世界正在积极构建转基因生物安全管理体系.通过对我国南繁转基因环境安全问题和情况进行分析,认为南繁地区有成为染缸的潜在威胁.为保护南繁...     

大豆荚而不实发生机理及预防措施研究

夏大豆荚而不实是阻碍黄淮平原生态类型区大豆生产发展的一大障碍,为了解决这一问题,进行了10多年研究,基本弄清了该症发生的机理,形成了一套行之有效的防治措施,并在生产中得到推广应用。其结果是：大豆荚而不实大致可分为矮缩、徒长和中间三种类型,这主要是一种因土壤缺硼而引起的生理性病害。据相关分析,土壤有效硼含量与大豆单株空秕荚率呈显著负相关（r=-0.4628*）,籽粒含硼量与单株空秕荚率呈极显著负相关（r=-0.7597**）,无论何种质地的土壤,其有效硼含量与籽粒含硼量均呈极显著正相关（r=0.8295**）。发生荚而不实的环境因素有土壤缺硼、迎茬栽培、施肥不当、气候条件和品种原因等。其主要防治措施为增施硼肥、合理轮作倒茬、应用植物生长调节剂、优化施肥技术及病虫害综合防治等。     

Evaluation of Intercropping Cassava/Corn/Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Northeast Brazil

Cassava, corn and drybeans were tested under sole cropping and under all possible intercropping combinations in Paraiba State, Northeast Brazil. The crops were planted with and without fertilizer (N, P, K), which generated fourteen cropping systems. Yields of beans were not affected by either intercropping systems or fertilization. Yields of corn and cassava were affected by intercropping systems, fertilizer, and cropping systems fertilizer interaction. LER values were significantly different among cropping systems but were not affected by fertilization. This indicates that the advantage of intercropping was not improved by the addition of nutrients.     

Organic fertilizer effects on pea yield,nutrient uptake,microbial root colonization and soil microbial biomass indices in organic farming systems

In the present field experiment, horse manure and compost derived from shrub and garden cuttings were supplied at nearly equivalent N amounts but different C amounts to field peas (Pisum sativum L.), either as a sole crop or intercropped with oat (Avena sativa L.). The objectives were: (1) to evaluate the beneficial effects of C-rich manure and compost on pea productivity in different cropping systems (2) to investigate whether these effects were reflected by microbial root colonization, microbial biomass and CO₂ production and (3) to study the residual effects of the organic fertilizers on the yield of succeeding crop. Short term application of horse manure and compost greatly stimulated soil microbial biomass C, N, P, fungal ergosterol and CO₂ evolution, but failed to stimulate productivity of the current crops. However, significant positive residual effects of organic fertilizer, especially horse manure were observed on the grain yield of the succeeding winter wheat. Mycorrhizal colonization and ergosterol concentration were significantly higher in pea than in oat roots. Intercropping is an important tool for controlling weeds on pea plots under organic farming conditions, but did not affect microbial root colonization, soil microbial biomass indices or CO₂ evolution from the soil surface. According to the extrapolation of the CO₂ evolution rates into amounts per hectare, approximately 40% of the manure C and 24% of the compost C were mineralized to CO₂ during the 124-day experimental period. There were close relationships between grain N and P concentrations in both crops and microbial biomass C, N and P, suggesting that soil microbial biomass can be used as an indicator of nutrient availability to plants.     

连作马铃薯光合特性与土壤速效氮含量的关系研究

马铃薯作为乌兰察布市主要农作物,连作障碍问题日益突出,已然影响产业可持续发展,减轻或消除连作障碍对马铃薯生产意义重大。以当地主栽品种“后期红”为试验材料,设置轮作、一年连作、二年连作等处理,从出苗后33天开始,每隔15d,测定叶片光合性能相关指标、土壤速效氮含量。结果表明,随着生育进程的推进,三种种植模式下的马铃薯叶面积指数LAI、相对叶绿素含量SPAD、光合速率Pn、蒸腾速率Tr等指标变化趋势相同;与对照轮作相比,二年连作会使马铃薯LAI、SPAD、Pn、Tr在某些生育期明显降低,而一年连作马铃薯的大部分指标无显著变化;二年连作土壤中的速效氮含量明显低于对照,一年连作与对照无明显差异;相关分析表明土壤速效氮含量与光合特性指标呈显著正相关。因此,适当增加马铃薯连作土壤中氮肥投入,尤其是中后期合理施肥,有助于提高光合特性。     

Radio Tracer Studies on P Use Efficiency in a Rice Based Cropping System

Tracer studies using ³²P labelled superphosphate and rock phosphate were conducted in microplots in a field experiment on rice-rice-greengram cropping system. The trial revealed that in all the rice crops studied, P uptake and P use efficiency were higher in superphosphate treated plots than in rock phosphate applied ones. P uptake was improved with organic manuring through application of green manure or crop residues like long rice stubbles. While superphosphate performed well either with or without organic manuring, rock phosphate performed fairly well only with organic manuring. Fairly good P use efficiency could be obtained in the system when green manuring and rock phosphate application in the first crop was followed by superphosphate and long stubble incorporation in the second crop. Apparent recovery values also showed nearly the same results. But tracer studies were found to be definitely superior in the evaluation of fertilizers.