继承与发展——试论中国现代园林的植物配置

植物是园林中的重要组成部分,以植物创造园林景观也逐渐成为今后园林发展的趋势。本文在对古代园林植物配置的特点进行分析的基础上,总结了现代园林植物配置的新特点及其对传统植物配置理论的继承,并对其前景进行了展望。     

保定东方家园小区植物配置与造景分析

为了探究适益于北方居住区的植物配置与造景技法,对保定市东方家园小区的植物配置进行了实地考察与分析,归纳了居住区的植物选择特点和配置方式,并就居住区在植物种类的选择、配置方式、造景技法、养护管理等方面存在的问题,提出在北方居住区植物造景上应大量运用乡土植物、适当增加新优品种、增加特色植物景观营造、加强养护管理措施的对策。     

校园绿化中的植物配置研究

指出了校园绿化是学校建设的重要组成部分,应依据校园绿化的特点指导植物的配置,并采用不同的配置手法和技巧实现景观效果和相应的教育目的。采用典型抽样的方式对校园内不同区域的植物配置进行了调查,分析了校园不同区域植物的结构特点。结果表明：校园不同区域具有不同的植物配置方式,且其结构特点也不同,各区域在树种选择和配置方面也存在着不足。     

城市公园园林植物与置石配置初探——以长沙市为例

置石与植物进行艺术组合能丰富园林景观类型,满足人们更高的观赏需求和精神享受.文章从置石的美学特点出发,以长沙市城市公园置石为研究对象,对其植物选择配置现状展开调查,总结了用于置石配置的植物种类,分析了其选择配置特点,并针对现实存在问题提出了相应的配置优化建议,以期为对置石进行植物配置造景并充分发挥其观赏作用提供理论参考...     

广州市公园滨水植物及其景观应用

以广州市16个城市公园中的滨水绿地为主要研究对象,对滨水植物种类、出现频率、配置方式和生境特点等进行调查分析。共记录了广州公园滨水园林植物372种,分属107科264属,其中,水生植物78种;将广州滨水植物景观按不同营造特点及效果划分为人工式驳岸水景、自然式驳岸水景、与建筑小品结合式水景、可亲水式水景、绿岛式水景及小型面状水景等6种配置方式,并分析了这些配置模式常用的植物及其配置特点;分析了广州市公园滨水绿地植物应用中存在的问题,并提出促进优良滨水植物在城市公园景观应用的建议。     

北京园林绿地竹类植物配置调查

竹子是北京常见的园林植物。竹子与其他植物相配置、共同构成一组植物景观,是其在北京园林绿地中最主要的园林应用形式。工作实践中,北京的竹子植物景观形成了一系列独有的特点。文章通过实地调查,总结了竹子在植物景观中的配置手法和景观作用;分析了与竹子配置的植物种类、类型、观赏特点等;探讨了北京竹子植物景观的特点与不足。经过对北京竹子植物景观的全面梳理,有助于了解竹子的园林应用现状,为进一步提高相关工作水平提供了基础资料。     

南京滨水景区植物景观调查研究

分析了南京滨水景区植物配置的现状及问题,对重点景区通过普查和详查结合的方法明确了其植物种类、频度等信息,在此基础上总结植物配置特点,为下一阶段南京滨水景区植物景观建设提出了优化建议及措施,以期提高植物造景综合水平。     

城市园林绿化中植物生态配置研究

从分析我国城市园林植物配置的现状出发,阐述了园林植物生态配置的内涵、特点和原则,提出了园林植物生态配置应以构建人工顶级植物群落为园林设计"立意在先"的基础、以地带性植物作为绿化植物材料选择的依据、以模仿植物的自然组合作为园林植物的主要配置形式等三个方面来合理地配置植物,使城市园林绿化达到最佳的综合效果。     

浅谈福建省绿色通道与城乡一体化工程建设中的树种选择和植物配置

分析了福建省绿色通道与城乡一体化工程建设的主要类型、建设特点、树种选择和植物配置的基本原则,提出了工程建设树种选择和植物配置。     

云南省昌宁县迎宾广场绿化植物配置分析

以云南省昌宁县迎宾广场的植物配置为分析重点,归纳、总结了该广场植物配置的7个特点和4个配置模式,可供云南省北亚热带地区的城市绿化和城市森林建设借鉴。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.