天山北坡4种栽培杨树的功能性状分析

植物功能性状可以用来推断植物生活史策略,反映生态系统功能。为了研究天山北坡4种栽培杨树适应环境的生态策略差异,对其主要功能性状进行比较分析。结果表明,4种杨树的叶片大小、叶片厚度、叶干物质含量、茎皮厚度、木材密度和根、茎、叶全N,P,K含量均差异显著;但4种杨树间比叶面积差异不显著;新疆杨单叶面积和干物质量最大,胡杨叶片厚度和木材密度最大,钻天杨茎皮厚度最大;4种杨树的叶片N含量均显著高于茎和根,茎和根的N和P含量差异均不显著,除胡杨外,其他3种杨树叶片P含量均显著高于茎和根,K含量在4种杨树的根、茎、叶器官中表现不一致;钻天杨根、茎、叶的N,P,K养分含量都相对较高,俄罗斯杨的根、茎、叶的N,P,K养分含量都相对较低。4种杨树功能性状不同反映了植物对环境的适应性差异。     

Anatomical and morphological characteristics of Populus euphratica in the lower reaches of Tarim River under extreme drought environment

Populus euphratica Oliv.is an old desert tree species that has been naturalized and invades zones along the watercourses in many arid and semiarid regions.The plant species developed some plasticity to adapt to the gradual environmental gradients.The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the changes in leaf morphology of P.euphratica reflect the adaptability of the plant to the unique environment of the lower reaches of Tarim River in China.The foliar architecture,blade epidermal and internal anatomies of P.euphratica were analyzed at different sites along the Tarim River.Compared with the abaxial surface of the leaves,their adaxial surface has more hairs,a greater stomatal density and opening,higher mesophyll proportion,and increased blade thickness,palisade width,and epidermal thickness.The long trichome of the roots found at site 6 in the Yinsu section may be an adapted structure of the plants in arid areas.The mature leaves of P.euphratica have comparatively more epidermis and cuticles,well developed palisades and more chloroplasts at different sites compared to the young leaves.Foliar morphological and anatomical variability in P.euphratica may be considered an adaptive advantage that enables leaves to develop and function in different habitats,marked by strong variations in solar radiation,air temperature,humidity and water table.     

光照对胡杨幼苗定居初期生长状况和生物量分配的影响

在自然条件下通过全自然光和遮光（20%自然光）处理研究胡杨（Populus euphratica Olivier)小幼苗生物和生物量分配对光因子的响应，实验表明光照对根冠比，叶面积比率和根重比率没有显著影响，光因子不改变胡杨幼苗生物量的分配状况，高光照能明显促进根的伸长，叶面积的增加和生物量的积累，遮荫环境则会阻碍胡杨幼苗的生长。     

Gas exchange of Populus euphratica leaves in a riparian zone

Riparian vegetation belts in arid regions of Central Asia are endangered to lose their ecosystem services due to intensified land use.For the development of sustained land use,management knowledge of plant performance in relation to resource supply is needed.We estimated productivity related functional traits at the edges of the habitat of Populus euphratica Oliv.Specific leaf area(SLA) and carbon/nitrogen(C/N) ratio of P.euphratica leaves growing near a former river bank and close to moving sand dunes in the Ebinur Lake National Nature Reserve in Xinjiang,Northwest China(near Kazakhstan) were determined and daily courses of CO2 net assimilation(PN),transpiration(E),and stomatal conductance(gs) of two consecutive seasons were measured during July-August 2007 and June-July 2008.Groundwater level was high(1.5-2.5 m below ground) throughout the years and no flooding occurred at the two tree stands.SLA was slightly lower near the desert than at the former river bank and leaves contained less N in relation to C.Highest E and g s of P.euphratica were reached in the morning before noon on both stands and a second low maximum occurred in the afternoon despite of the unchanged high levels of air to leaf water vapor pressure deficit(ALVPD).Decline of g s in P.euphratica was followed by decrease of E.Water use efficiency(WUE) of leaves near the desert were higher in the morning and the evening,in contrast to leaves from the former river bank that maintained an almost stable level throughout the day.High light compensation points and high light saturation levels of PN indicated the characteristics of leaves well-adapted to intensive irradiation at both stands.In general,leaves of P.euphratica decreased their g s beyond 20 Pa/kPa ALVPD in order to limit water losses.Decrease of E did not occur in both stands until 40 Pa/kPa ALVPD was reached.Full stomatal closure of P.euphratica was achieved at 60 Pa/kPa ALVPD in both stands.E through the leaf surface amounted up to 30% of the highest E rates,indicating dependence on water recharge from the ground despite of obviously closed stomata.A distinct leaf surface temperature(Tleaf) threshold of around 30℃ also existed before stomata started to close.Generally,the differences in gas exchange between both stands were small,which led to the conclusion that micro-climatic constraints to E and photosynthesis were not the major factors for declining tree density with increasing distance from the river.     

酒泉绿洲天然胡杨林主要生长季对全球气候变化的响应

利用酒泉绿洲胡杨林分布区所辖4个气象站点1955-2010年的平均气温观测资料,采用气候倾向率、ArcGIS反距离加权差值、Mann-Kendall非参数统计检验等方法,对该区天然胡杨林主要生长季的时空变化特征及其对全球气候变化的响应进行分析。结果表明：近56 a来,研究区胡杨有生长期初日提前,终日推后,年生长期延长以及叶黄初日推后的趋势,且提前和推后幅度自20世纪90年代以来变化明显。空间分析表明：胡杨林主要生长季变化有一定规律性,生长期初日提前幅度依次为：鼎新＞玉门＞瓜州＞敦煌;生长期终日推迟的幅度为：鼎新＞玉门＞敦煌＞瓜州;年生长期延长的幅度为：鼎新＞玉门＞敦煌＞瓜州;叶黄期初日推迟幅度依次为：鼎新＞敦煌＞玉门＞瓜州。Mann-Kendall突变表明：研究区胡杨的生长期初日、终日以及叶黄期初日均存在多个突变,且突变年份多滞后气温突变年份。由此可见,研究区胡杨对气候变化响应较为敏感。     

Stand structure and height-diameter relationship of a degraded Populus euphratica forest in the lower reaches of the Tarim River,Northwest China

Understanding stand structure and height-diameter relationship of trees provides very useful information to establish appropriate countermeasures for sustainable management of endangered forests. Populus euphratica, a dominant tree species along the Tarim River watershed, plays an irreplaceable role in the sustainable development of regional ecology, economy and society. However, as the result of climate changes and human activities, the natural riparian ecosystems within the whole river basin were degraded enormously, particularly in the lower reaches of the river where about 320 km of the riparian forests were either highly degraded or dead. In this study, we presented one of the main criteria for the assessment of vitality of P. euphratica forests by estimating the defoliation level, and analyzed forest structure and determined the height-diameter(height means the height of a tree and diameter means the diameter at breast height(DBH) of a tree) relationship of trees in different vitality classes(i.e. healthy, good, medium, senesced, dying, dead and fallen). Trees classified as healthy and good accounted for approximately 40% of all sample trees, while slightly and highly degraded trees took up nearly 60% of total sample trees. The values of TH(tree height) and DBH ranged from 0–19 m and 0–125 cm, respectively. Trees more than 15 m in TH and 60 cm in DBH appeared sporadically. Trees in different vitality classes had different distribution patterns. Healthy trees were mainly composed more of relatively younger trees than of degraded tress. The height-diameter relationships differed greatly among tress in different vitality classes, with the coefficients ranging from 0.1653 to 0.6942. Correlation coefficients of TH and DBH in healthy and good trees were higher than those in trees of other vitality classes. The correlation between TH and DBH decreased with the decline of tree vitality. Our results suggested that it might be able to differentiate degraded P. euphratica trees from healthy trees by determining the height-diameter correlation coefficient, and the coefficient would be a new parameter for detecting degradation and assessing sustainable management of floodplain forests in arid regions. In addition, tree vitality should be taken into account to make an accurate height-diameter model for tree height prediction.     

旺长期烤烟对不同程度干旱胁迫的光谱响应

基于不同时长和程度的干旱胁迫试验,采用ASD光谱仪,研究了不同干旱胁迫处理下不同基因型烤烟叶片水分含量与光谱特征的变化规律,分析不同烤烟叶片水分指标FMC(叶片相对含水量)、LEWT(叶片等效水厚度)与光谱特征参数间的相关关系,构建烤烟叶片水分指标的高光谱特征参数模型。结果表明:不同程度干旱胁迫下烤烟叶片含水量和光谱反射率均随干旱程度的加重而降低,在不同干旱时长下,FMC的变化并不明显,而LEWT对其较为敏感,说明不同干旱胁迫处理间EWT的差异要比FMC显著,不同基因型烤烟品种表现一致,表明LEWT比FMC更适合反映旺长期烤烟叶片水分状况。利用光谱参数建立FMC和LEWT的一元及多元线性模型和BP神经网络模型中,均以BP神经模型网络模型效果最好,其模型R2(决定系数)分别为0.8650、0.9464,RMSE(均方根误差)分别达到0.0049、0.0047,表明模型的精度和稳定性均较好。     

Water transport and water use efficiency differ among Populus euphratica Oliv. saplings exposed to saline water irrigation

Populus euphratica Oliv. is a unique woody tree that can be utilized for vegetation restoration in arid and semi-arid areas. The effects of saline water irrigation (0.00, 2.93, 8.78 and 17.55 g/L NaCl solutions) on water transport and water use efficiency (WUE) of P. euphratica saplings were researched for improving the survival of P. euphratica saplings and vegetation restoration in arid and semi-arid areas of Xinjiang, China in 2011. Results showed that hydraulic conductivity and vulnerability to cavitation of P. euphratica saplings were more sensitive in root xylem than in twig xylem when irrigation water salinity increased. Irrigation with saline water concentration less than 8.78 g/L did not affect the growth of P. euphratica saplings, under which they maintained normal water transport in twig xylem through adjustment of anatomical structure of vessels and kept higher WUE and photosynthesis in leaves through adjustment of stomata. However, irrigation with saline water concentration up to 17.55 g/L severely inhibited the photochemical process and WUE of P. euphratica saplings, resulting in severe water-deficit in leaves and a sharp reduction in water transport in xylem. Thus, it is feasible to irrigate P. euphratica forest by using saline groundwater for improving the survival of P. euphratica saplings and vegetation restoration in arid and semi-arid areas of Xinjiang, China.     

Developing a spectral disease index for myrtle rust (Austropuccinia psidii)

Since 2010 Australian ecosystems and managed landscapes have been severely threatened by the invasive fungal pathogen Austropuccinia psidii. Detecting and monitoring disease outbreaks is currently only possible by human assessors, which is slow and labour intensive. Over the last 25 years, spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) have been designed to assess variation in biochemical or biophysical traits of vegetation. However, diagnosis of individual diseases based on classical SVIs is currently not possible because they lack disease specificity. Here, a novel spectral disease index (SDI), the lemon myrtle–myrtle rust index (LMMR), has been developed. The index was designed from hyperspectral leaf-clip data collected at a lemon myrtle plantation in New South Wales, Australia. A total of 236 fungicide-treated (disease free) and 228 untreated (diseased) lemon myrtle leaves were sampled and a random forest classifier was used to show that the LMMR discriminates those classes with an overall accuracy of 90%. Compared to three classical SVIs (PRI, MCARI, NBNDVI), commonly applied for stress detection, the LMMR clearly improved classification accuracies (58%, 67%, 60%, respectively). If the LMMR can be validated on independent datasets from similar and different host species, it could enable land managers to reduce disease impact by earlier control. There might also be potential to collect useful data for epidemiology models. Calculating the LMMR based on hyperspectral data collected from aerial platforms (e.g. drones) would allow for rapid and high-capacity screening for disease outbreaks.     

Comparison of three evapotranspiration models with eddy covariance measurements for a Populus euphratica Oliv. forest in an arid region of northwestern China

The accurate estimation of evapotranspiration(ET) in arid regions is important for improving the water use efficiency of vegetation. Based on successive observations from May to October of 2014, we estimated the ET of a Populus euphratica Oliv. forest during the growing season in an extremely arid region using the PM(Penman-Monteith), SW(Shuttleworth-Wallace) and SSW(an improved canopy transpiration model) models. Estimated ET values were compared with those of the eddy covariance measurements. Results indicated that the actual ET of the P. euphratica forest was always overestimated by the PM model. The accuracy of the SW model was higher than that of the PM model. However, some data were not easily obtained because of the complicated structure of the SW model. The newly proposed SSW model gave the most accurate ET values, and its accuracy was higher at hourly than at daily time scale. In conclusion, the SSW model is more suitable for sparse vegetation system at large scales in extremely arid regions.     

黑河中游湿地胡杨蒸腾速率与叶性状的关联性分析

干旱区湿地植物叶片蒸腾作用与叶性状的关联性研究,对揭示植物叶片叶脉网络性状、叶片形态构建模式与植物体内水分平衡间的内在联系至关重要.以黑河中游湿地胡杨(Populus euphratica)为研究对象,按胡杨林距离水域的远近分别设置:I(离水域30～110 m,土壤含水量(SMC)58.23％)、II(离水域160～2...     

新疆滨藜属植物叶表皮微形态学及叶的比较解剖学研究

本研究采用了石蜡切片法，电子显微镜扫描的方法，对新疆分布的滨藜属１２种及２变种植物进行了研究，观察到滨藜属植物叶的结构可分为三种类型：全栅型、双栅型、单栅型。叶表皮附属物表皮毛、角质层都非常多。表皮毛－光状毛，在幼叶及茎顶泡状毛为生活状态，在成熟的叶上泡状毛破裂、死亡，覆盖在叶的表面；角质层在叶的上、下表皮细胞表面分布，可分为皱纹状角质层和脊状角质层。以上特点都是滨藜属植物叶对干旱的环境条件的适应     

内蒙古磴口县10种园林绿化树种滞尘能力研究

植物对大气中的粉尘有滞留、吸附和过滤作用,因此,滞尘能力被看作是园林绿化树种选择的一个重要指标。采用水洗过滤法对磴口县10种绿化树种的单位叶面积滞尘量进行了测定。结果表明:不同树种的单位叶面积滞尘量存在显著差异,这主要是与植物叶片特性、树冠结构、枝叶密度、叶面倾角等差异有关。灌木树种单位叶面积滞尘量从大到小为玫瑰(2.7470±0.2033g/m2)>榆叶梅(2.2817±0.0387g/m2)>黄刺玫(1.5975±0.1144g/m2)>华北珍珠梅(1.2269±0.0262g/m2)>桃叶卫矛(1.0965±0.2103g/m2);乔木树种单位叶面积滞尘量从大到小为洋白蜡(1.4977±0.1780g/m2)>胡杨(0.8622±0.2216g/m2)>国槐(0.5207±0.0928g/m2)>香花槐(0.3775±0.0780g/m2)>垂柳(0.1330±0.1360g/m2)。灌木树种的单位叶面积滞尘量整体上大于乔木。     

Spatial regression approach to estimate synthetic unit hydrograph by geomorphic characteristics of watersheds in arid regions

Rainfall-runoff relationship in arid regions is unique and challenging to study. Studies for bridging the hydro-meteorological knowledge gap for planning, designing and managing water resources is therefore vitally important. The objective of this study is to develop a method for estimating unit hydrograph at reasonably finer time resolutions (10-min and 1-h) which can be easily adaptable by practitioners at sub-catchment levels, especially when the focus area is ungauged. Observed wadi-flow at 5-min interval and tipping bucket rainfall measurements at 1-min interval were obtained to cover 10 major watersheds in Oman. The deconvolution method was applied to derive the unit hydrographs (UHs) from wadi-flow and excess rainfall. Key catchment characteristics such as the watershed area, length of the main wadi and the length to the centroid of the catchment area were derived from digital elevation model (DEM) data. The whole study area was then divided into 515 sub-catchments with various shapes and sizes. A strong relationship was found between the wadi length and the length to the centroid of the catchment area (R²>0.89). This relationship was then adopted to simplify the classical Snyder method to determine UHs. Moreover, several parameters of the Snyder method were calibrated to the arid environment by matching the peak-flow, lag-time and three time-widths (75%, 50% and 30% of the peak-flow) of 10-min and 1-h UHs with physical characteristics of the watersheds. All developed relationships were validated with independent rainfall and wadi-flow events. Results indicate that the calibrated parameters in these arid watersheds are quite distinct from those suggested for other regions of the world. A marked difference was found between the 10-min UHs estimated by the S-hydrograph method and the deconvolution method. Therefore, it is concluded that a method depends on natural hydro-meteorological conditions would be more practical in arid region. The proposed methodology can be used for water resources management in arid regions having similar climate and geographical settings.     

Hyperspectral signal decomposition and symptom detection of wheat rust disease at the leaf scale using pure fungal spore spectra as reference

This study establishes a method to detect and distinguish between brown rust and yellow rust on wheat leaves based on hyperspectral imaging at the leaf scale under controlled laboratory conditions. A major problem at this scale is the generation of representative and correctly labelled training data, as only mixed spectra comprising plant and fungal material are observed. For this purpose, the pure spectra of rust spores of Puccinia triticina and P. striiformis, causal agents of brown and yellow rust, respectively, were used to serve as a spectral fingerprint for the detection of a specific leaf rust disease. A least-squares factorization was used on hyperspectral images to unveil the presence of the spectral signal of rust spores in mixed spectra on wheat leaves. A quantification of yellow and brown rust, chlorosis and healthy tissue was verified in time series experiments on inoculated plants. The detection of fungal crop diseases by hyperspectral imaging was enabled without pixel-wise labelling at the leaf scale by using reference spectra from spore-scale observations. For the first time, this study shows an interpretable decomposition of the spectral reflectance mixture during pathogenesis. This novel approach will support a more sophisticated and precise detection of foliar diseases of wheat by hyperspectral imaging.     

13种锦鸡儿属植物叶的解剖生态学研究

本文对锦鸡儿属 1 3种植物的叶进行了解部观察 ,并对同一地区引种的不同种及分布于不同地区的同一种植物进行了对此分析。结果表明 :锦鸡儿属植物随分布地域的不同 ,其叶解剖结构呈现有规律的梯度变化 ,尤其是叶的形态结构随生态环境的变化表现出明显差异。这 1 3种锦鸡儿属植物多数分布于我国西北干旱地区 ,其解剖结构上的规律变化由东向西表现出抗旱能力的逐渐增强 ,具体表现为 :( 1 )叶面积缩小 ;( 2 )叶肉组织栅栏化 ;( 3 )细胞间隙呈递减之势 ;( 4)叶表面被表皮毛 ,角质化程度加深 ;( 5)叶脉中的输导、机械组织趋于发达     

Fusion of sensor data for the detection and differentiation of plant diseases in cucumber

The development of plant diseases is associated with biophysical and biochemical changes in host plants. Various sensor methods have been used and assessed as alternative diagnostic tools under greenhouse conditions. Changes in photosynthetic activity, spectral reflectance and transpiration rate of diseased leaves, inoculated with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), and the powdery mildew fungus Sphaerotheca fuliginea were assessed by the use of non‐invasive sensors during disease development. Spatiotemporal changes in leaf temperature related to transpiration were visualized by digital infrared thermography. The maximum temperature difference within a leaf was an appropriate parameter to differentiate between healthy and diseased plants. The photosynthetic activity of healthy and diseased cucumber plants varied as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence and compared to the actual chlorophyll content. Hyperspectral imaging data were analysed using spectral vegetation indices. The results from this study confirm that each pathogen has a characteristic influence on the physiology and vitality of cucumber plants, which can be measured by a combination of non‐invasive sensors. Whereas thermography and chlorophyll fluorescence are unspecific indicators for plant diseases, hyperspectral imaging offers the potential for an identification of plant diseases. In a sensor data fusion approach, an early detection of each pathogen was possible by discriminant analysis. Although it still needs to be validated under real conditions, the combination of information from different sensors seems to be a promising tool.     

Derivation of salt content in salinized soil from hyperspectral reflectance data: A case study at Minqin Oasis,Northwest China

Soil salinization is a serious ecological and environmental problem because it adversely affects sustainable development worldwide, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. It is crucial and urgent that advanced technologies are used to efficiently and accurately assess the status of salinization processes. Case studies to determine the relations between particular types of salinization and their spectral reflectances are essential because of the distinctive characteristics of the reflectance spectra of particular salts. During April 2015 we collected surface soil samples(0–10 cm depth) at 64 field sites in the downstream area of Minqin Oasis in Northwest China, an area that is undergoing serious salinization. We developed a linear model for determination of salt content in soil from hyperspectral data as follows. First, we undertook chemical analysis of the soil samples to determine their soluble salt contents. We then measured the reflectance spectra of the soil samples, which we post-processed using a continuum-removed reflectance algorithm to enhance the absorption features and better discriminate subtle differences in spectral features. We applied a normalized difference salinity index to the continuum-removed hyperspectral data to obtain all possible waveband pairs. Correlation of the indices obtained for all of the waveband pairs with the wavebands corresponding to measured soil salinities showed that two wavebands centred at wavelengths of 1358 and 2382 nm had the highest sensitivity to salinity. We then applied the linear regression modelling to the data from half of the soil samples to develop a soil salinity index for the relationships between wavebands and laboratory measured soluble salt content. We used the hyperspectral data from the remaining samples to validate the model. The salt content in soil from Minqin Oasis were well produced by the model. Our results indicate that wavelengths at 1358 and 2382 nm are the optimal wavebands for monitoring the concentrations of chlorine and sulphate compounds, the predominant salts at Minqin Oasis. Our modelling provides a reference for future case studies on the use of hyperspectral data for predictive quantitative estimation of salt content in soils in arid regions. Further research is warranted on the application of this method to remotely sensed hyperspectral data to investigate its potential use for large-scale mapping of the extent and severity of soil salinity.     

干旱生境下3种植物叶凋落物分解动态特征

以塔里木盆地胡杨、多枝柽柳、胀果甘草为研究对象,应用凋落袋法,研究叶凋落物分解动态,揭示3种植物叶凋落物在干旱生境下分解动态特征,结果表明:①经过810d分解,胡杨、胀果甘草叶凋落物质量残留率分别为48.93%、38.07%,经630d分解多枝柽柳叶凋落物质量残留率为69.55%,分解时间对胡杨、胀果干草、多枝柽柳叶凋落物残留率均有极显著影响,处理(林窗、林下)对胡杨、胀果干草叶凋落物残留率有显著影响、极显著影响。②处理对3种植物叶凋落物分解系数有显著影响(P<0.05),且分解系数(k)表现为k林窗>k林下,k胀果甘草>k胡杨>k多枝柽柳,经810d分解胡杨、胀果甘草叶凋落物t0.95分别为9.159.48a、6.757.03a,经630d分解多枝柽柳叶凋落物t0.95为13.8215.05a。③受植物种类的影响,分解时间、处理对C、N、P元素释放进程影响不同。3种植物C元素都表现出释放-富积-释放的变化过程,多枝柽柳、胀果甘草叶凋落物N元素在观测期内表现出释放-富积的过程,而胡杨林下则表现出富积-释放-富积的规律,观测期内P元素释放过程与N元素表现出相似的变化规律。④叶凋落物分解系数k值与分解时间、残留量、全氮、全磷、木质素、木质素比氮呈极显著相关(P<0.01),土壤湿度、全碳、C/N均与k林窗、k林下存在极显著差异。干旱区微生境(林下、林窗)的变化对叶凋落物分解有显著影响,凋落物质量与土壤湿度对凋落物分解起主导作用。     

基于地表高光谱与OLI影像的土壤含盐量和pH值估测

针对宁夏银北地区大面积土壤盐碱化监测的需要,利用实测植被冠层光谱与Landsat 8 OLI影像相结合进行土壤含盐量和pH值估测研究.对实测植被冠层高光谱与影像多光谱反射率进行倒数、对数、三角函数及其一阶微分等一系列变换,确定最佳光谱变换形式,筛选敏感植被指数和敏感波段,分别建立基于实测植被光谱与Landsat 8 O...