气候变化对台兰河年平均径流量的影响

以台兰河为研究对象,选用台兰水文站1957-2011年平均流量序列,采用SPSS统计软件对其55 a序列进行趋势分析。结果显示：台兰河径流与降水量的年内分配极不均匀,径流主要集中在夏秋两季,降水量集中在春夏两季,径流与降水量集中期主要分布在7月。识别和提取台兰河年平均流量时间序列的趋势函数QS(t),获得了相应的趋势回归模型;台兰河年平均流量序列存在1957-1981年、1981-1999年、1999-2011年3个时段呈递减→递增→递减变化态势;降水、气温变化是影响台兰河不同时段年平均流量变化的主要因素,年平均径流量变化趋势与气温、降水变化趋势一致。     

黄土高原西部人工灌木林土壤水分分布规律

利用便携式中子水分测定仪,对黄土高原西部丘陵区不同立地条件、不同灌木类型覆盖下土壤水分含量进行观测研究,同时对人工灌木林土壤水分分布规律进行了初步的探讨。结果表明：阴坡土壤水分储量最高,其次为半阴坡和半阳坡,阳坡最低,坡向因子与土壤水分储量呈显著正相关,坡位因子与土壤水分储量相关性不显著。柠条(Caragana korshinskii)、半日花(Helianthemum songaricum)耗水量较大,沙木蓼(Atraphaxis bracteata）、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)等耗水量居中,荒漠锦鸡儿(Caragana roborovskyi)、甘蒙锦鸡儿(Caragana opulens)、枸杞(Lycium chinense)耗水量较低,在植被恢复过程中,应根据物种抗旱性的不同在不同坡向进行合理的配置。从单株植物对土壤水分水平分布的影响看,随着离树干距离的加大,土壤水分含量越高,但在不同的土层深度土壤水分水平分布特征有差异。     

新疆碳排放估算及其特征分析

由于二氧化碳有较长的寿命年限及超高排放量,已成为温室效应的标志性气体。依据IPCC（2006）自上而下一阶估算的参考方法,计算得出新疆2003-2011年能源消费产生的二氧化碳量,结果表明：该地区二氧化碳排放量逐年迅速增长,主要表现为固体燃料燃烧产生的二氧化碳的增长,且排放量较高的重点行业主要以化工、电力、钢铁、水泥为代表的高耗能行业。结合新疆能源、经济及环境现状,提出了建立市场准入机制、碳交易机制、优化产业结构及提高能源利用效率等一系列促进新疆低碳经济发展的相关建议。     

近10 a来祁连山植被覆盖变化研究

NDVI作为植被生长状况及植被覆盖度的最佳指示因子,被认为是监测地区或全球植被和环境变化的最有效指标。基于2000-2011年250 m分辨率的MODIS NDVI数据并结合气候资料,采用最大值合成法、均值法、斜率分析法、相关分析法,研究祁连山生长季植被覆盖的时空变化及其与气候因子的相关性。结果表明：祁连山植被覆盖总体上自西向东递增,呈现东多西少的分布格局;植被覆盖变化存在明显的空间差异,表现为中西部植被覆盖增加,增加面积为79 149 km2,占祁连山总面积的52.93%;东部植被覆盖减少,减少面积为22 865 km2,占祁连山总面积的11.09%。近10 a来植被覆盖整体上呈增加趋势,生长季各月植被覆盖整体上呈增加趋势,全球气候变暖导致的降水增加是祁连山植被覆盖增加的主要原因。NDVI与气温、降水的相关性较高并存在一定的滞后性,6、7月NDVI分别与前期1月和前期2月的降水显著相关,相关系数分别为0.788和0.684;8、9月NDVI分别与当月、前期1月的气温极显著相关,相关系数分别为0.825和0.829。     

华家岭人工云杉林群落结构研究

以黄土丘陵区华家岭杨树低效生态公益林改造的典型模式--人工云杉林为研究对象,采用典型取样法,对研究区域内分布于西段、中东段和南段的云杉林进行调查研究,分析其群落结构特征。结果表明：① 华家岭人工云杉林成分群落结构较为简单,灌木层、草本层的结构参数均与乔木层的结构参数呈负相关关系;② 区域内云杉林个体植株集中分布于低高度级与小径级范围内,多属幼龄林。且受立地条件的影响,西段、中东段、南段云杉林树高、胸径表现出较大的差异,中东段的云杉林长势优于西段和南段的云杉林;③ 人工云杉林初植密度偏大,且大多为纯林。这制约了区域林分的结构优化,可能对黄土丘陵区生态公益林的持续发展带来一定的不利影响。     

内蒙古巴彦淖尔花岗岩石林的特征及成因

通过对内蒙古巴彦淖尔花岗岩石林的调查和研究,对其形态类型和成因作了详尽的阐述。研究区的花岗岩石林从形态上可分为石柱、石锥、石蛋、蘑菇石、石排5种类型。根据形态特征的分析,该石林是由晚古生代花岗闪长岩-黑云二长花岗岩经重力崩塌、风化、流水侵蚀等外力作用而形成的一种特殊地貌,其形成发育受岩性、地质构造、气候条件等因素的控制。     

Range extension of four highland agamid lizards in Shimshal Pamir, Pakistan

As part of the Sino-Pak trans-boundary cooperation for conservation and sustainable development in Pamir border region,World Wild Fund (WWF)-Pakistan conducted a preliminary social,economic and ecological survey in the Shimshal-Pamir Lakes area in July 2009.The purpose of the study was to explore potentials and opportunities for future collaborative conservation of some species,habitats and high altitude ecosystems in the border region between China and Pakistan.The two-week herpetological study in the Shimshal Pamir area of Khunjerab National Park (KNP) along Pakistan-China border was an integral part of the survey,conducted exclu-sively to document reptilian fauna with a special emphasis on investigating their occurrence,distribution and status in the study area.Field investigations were performed during daytime when it was hot enough and reptiles were active,basking or feeding.A total of 15 specimens belonging to four species of the Agamidae family were captured by striking stones and beating bushes with sticks.Collected specimens were preserved using 10% formalin solution,tagged with field information and stored in Zoological Survey Department,Karachi for future reference.Laboratory investigations were carried out for pholidosic counts and morphometric measurements.A detailed review of relevant literature,habitat characteristics and laboratory investigations revealed the occurrence of Laudakia himalayana,L.pakistanica,L.tuberculata and L.badakhshana at 4,082 m,4,172 m,4,005 m and 4,240 m asl,respectively,which are much higher altitudes as compared to the previously reported heights of 3,353 m,3,200 m,2,500 m and 2,400 m asl.The terrain offers a variety of ecological barriers,in the form of fast and freezing running waters and massive glaciers with peculiar harsh climatic conditions prevailing for nine months of the year,which restricts species migration and thus increases endemism.Although one of the four species recorded from the study area,i.e.L.pakistanica is endemic to Pakistan,L.tuberculata and L.badakhshana are new records from Shimshal,Pakistan,so a detailed investigation is suggested for further herpetological records from the study area.     

The migration of total dissolved solids during natural freezing process in Ulansuhai Lake

High total dissolved solids (TDS) content is one of the most important pollution contributors in lakes in arid and semiarid areas.Ulansuhai Lake,located in Urad Qianqi,Inner Mongolia,China,was selected as the object of study.Temperatures and TDS contents of both ice and under-ice water were collected together with corresponding ice thickness.TDS profiles were drawn to show the distribution of TDS and to describe TDS migration.The results showed that about 80% (that is 3.602×10 8 kg) of TDS migrated from ice to water during the whole growth period of ice.Within ice layer,TDS migration only occurred during initial ice-on period,and then perished.The TDS in ice decreased with increasing ice thickness,following a negative exponential-like trend.Within under-ice water,the TDS migrated from ice-water interface to the entire water column under the effect of concentration gradient until the water TDS content was uniform.In winter,6.044×10 7 kg (16.78% of total TDS) TDS migrated from water to sediment,which indicated that winter is the best time for dredging sediment.The migration effect gives rise to TDS concentration in under-ice water and sediment that is likely to affect ecosystem and water quality of the Yellow River.The trend of transfer flux of ice-water and water-sediment interfaces is similar to that of ice growth rate,which reveals that ice growth rate is one of the determinants of TDS migration.The process and mechanism of TDS migration can be referenced by research on other lakes with similar TDS content in cold and arid areas.     

Responses of microbial activities and soil physical-chemical properties to the successional process of biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert,Xinjiang

Biological soil crusts(BSCs) are capable of modifying nutrient availability to favor the establishment of biogeochemical cycles. Microbial activities serve as critical roles for both carbon and nutrient transformation in BSCs. However, little is known about microbial activities and physical-chemical properties of BSCs in the Gurbantunggut Desert, Xinjiang, China. In the present research, a sampling line with 1-m wide and 20-m long was set up in each of five typical interdune areas selected randomly in the Gurbantunggut Desert. Within each sampling line, samples of bare sand sheet, algal crusts, lichen crusts and moss crusts were randomly collected at the depth of 0–2 cm. Variations of microalgal biomass, microbial biomass, enzyme activities and soil physical-chemical properties in different succession of BSCs were analyzed. The relationships between microalgal biomass, microbial biomass, enzymatic activities and soil physical-chemical properties were explored by stepwise regression. Our results indicate that microalgal biomass, microbial biomass and most of enzyme activities increased as the BSCs developed and their highest values occurred in lichen or moss crusts. Except for total K, the contents of most soil nutrients(organic C, total N, total P, available N, available P and available K) were the lowest in the bare sand sheet and significantly increased with the BSCs development, reaching their highest values in moss crusts. However, pH values significantly decreased as the BSCs developed. Significant and positive correlations were observed between chlorophyll a and microbial biomass C. Total P and N were positively associated with chlorophyll a and microbial biomass C, whereas there was a significant and negative correlation between microbial biomass and available P. The growth of cyanobacteria and microorganism contributed C and N in the soil, which offered substrates for enzyme activities thus increasing enzyme activities. Probably, improvement in enzyme activities increased soil fertility and promoted the growth of cyanobacteria, eukaryotic algae and heterotrophic microorganism, with the accelerating succession of BSCs. The present research found that microalgal-microbial biomass and enzyme activities played important roles on the contents of nutrients in the successional stages of BSCs and helped us to understand developmental mechanism in the succession of BSCs.     

新疆车尔臣河及其水资源利用研究

车尔臣河是塔里木盆地东南部最大的一条河流,主要依靠雪冰融水和地下水补给。上游山区由于有库木库里盆地和吐拉盆地对径流的调节,水量各季节变化比较平稳,特别是春季占全年径流量的29%,是新疆春季径流所占比例最大的河流之一,春灌基本不缺水。农业灌溉和生态用水各占水资源总量的一半。绿洲虽不断扩大,但中游地下水位仍较高,植被未发生明显退化,同时还向台特玛湖输送一定水量。因此,对车尔臣河水资源利用应保持原生态状况,不宜人工修建大型水利工程。由于车尔臣河出山口有巨大的洪积冲积扇,渗漏量占出山口径流量约30%,是一个比较理想的天然地下水库,所以今后经济发展用水应以开发地下水为主。     

蛇麻黄和沙蒿两种典型灌丛对藻类分布的影响

为了解生物结皮中藻类植物与维管植物的关系,通过野外采样和室内固体培养法,研究了古尔班通古特沙漠中蛇麻黄和沙蒿灌丛对藻类分布的影响。结果表明：在两种灌丛内外,藻类种类组成主要表现在优势物种和优势度的变化。藻类物种多样性在两种灌丛内外有一定的差异,蛇麻黄灌丛内藻类物种数及多样性指数显著低于灌丛外（P＜0.05）,而沙蒿内藻类物种数显著高于灌丛外,多样性指数无明显差异。在群落结构中,蛇麻黄灌丛内蓝藻和丝状藻类物种数及优势度显著低于灌丛外（P＜0.05）,但单细胞和球形种类的优势度变化趋势相反且变化极显著（P＜0.01）。沙蒿灌丛内蓝藻、单细胞和球形种类的物种数显著高于灌丛外;蓝藻和丝状藻类的优势度由灌丛内至灌丛外显著升高（P＜0.01）,而绿藻、单细胞和球形种类则相反。在两种灌丛内外,藻类不同类群优势度的变化主要由一些关键物种引起,藻类在这两种灌丛中的不同分布特征可能是由于调节机制不同所致。     

林隙对黄土高原马栏林区优势种更新的影响

林隙对森林的结构和动态具有重要的影响。黄土高原马栏林区主要群落类型中,对优势种辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)不同大小林隙内的幼苗和幼树进行统计计算,并与林冠下进行对比分析。结果表明:两个优势种存在不同的更新策略,即辽东栎主要通过高萌发量来维持其种群的更新,而油松则是通过降低幼苗到幼树过程中的死亡率来维持其种群的更新;林隙面积在20~40m²时油松的自然更新情况最好,而辽东栎在不同大小林隙中的自然更新情况较为复杂;适当的林隙干扰总体上促进了该地区优势种的自然更新,林隙对其更新的促进机制各异;在林隙干扰下,辽东栎和油松在各自占优势群落(辽东栎林和油松林)中的优势地位均没有被对方取代的趋势,所以辽东栎林和油松林会作为该地区的顶级群落和亚顶级群落而长期存在。     

新疆丝瓜藓属(Pohlia Hedw.)的分类学修订

基于标本和文献,对新疆丝瓜藓属（Pohlia Hedw.）进行全面修订,更正了此前部分标本的错误鉴定,将卵蒴丝瓜藓(Pohlia proligera)和糙枝丝瓜藓(P.camptotrachela)从本区名录中移除,将多态丝瓜藓(P.minor)归并为丝瓜藓多态变种(P.elongata var.greenii)的异名,新增新疆丝瓜藓属新纪录2种：拟长蒴丝瓜藓(P.longicollis)和小丝瓜藓狭叶变种(P.crudoides var.revolvens)。[WTBZ]现已知新疆丝瓜藓属有8种,2变种,种数约占全国的1/3。通过分析各个种的识别特征、与相近种的区别和生境,编制了新疆丝瓜藓属分种检索表。     

普氏野马(Equus przewalskii)重引入区域的社区保护意识调查分析

采用入户面对面访谈的方法,调查普氏野马野放区的社区牧民对保护区的认识、保护野放普氏野马意识以及积极主动参与保护等。结果表明：① 野放区4个乡镇社区牧民对调查涉及的保护区及普氏野马的认识有显著的差异,但对保护普氏野马持有积极肯定的态度;② 野放普氏野马和家畜争夺草场的矛盾,与各乡镇到野放核心区的距离具有相关性;③ 随着到野放核心区距离的增加,社区牧民保护野放普氏野马的意识逐渐减弱;④ 社区牧民对野放普氏野马等野生动物保护法律普遍了解较少。根据调查情况及卡拉麦里山保护区自身的特点,因地制宜地采取科学合理的措施,从而逐步理顺社区发展与保护之间的关系。     

Effects of moisture and carbonate additions on CO_2 emission from calcareous soil during closed–jar incubation

Calcareous soil contains organic and inorganic carbon(C) pools,which both contribute to CO2 emission during closed-jar incubation. The mineralization of organic C and dissolution of inorganic C are both related to soil moisture,but the exact effect of water content on CO2 emission from calcareous soil is unclear. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of soil water content(air-dried,30%,70%,and 100% water-holding capacity(WHC)),carbonate type(CaCO3 or MgCO3),and carbonate amount(0.0,1.0%,and 2.0%) on CO2 emission from calcareous soil during closed-jar incubation. Soil CO2 emission increased significantly as the water content increased to 70% WHC,regardless of whether or not the soil was amended with carbonates. Soil CO2 emission remained the same or increased slowly as the soil water content increased from 70% WHC to 100% WHC. When the water content was ≤30% WHC,soil CO2 emission from soil amended with 1.0% inorganic C was greater than that from unamended soil. When the soil water content was 70% or 100% WHC,CO2 emission from CaCO3 amended soil was greater than that from the control. Furthermore,CO2 emission from soil amended with 2.0% CaCO3 was greater than that from soil amended with 1.0% CaCO3. Soil CO2 emission was higher in the MgCO3 amended soil than from the unamended soil. Soil CO2 emission decreased as the MgCO3 content increased. Cumulative CO2 emission was 3-6 times higher from MgCO3 amended soil than from CaCO3 amended soil. There was significant interaction effect between soil moisture and carbonates on CO2 emission. Soil moisture plays an important role in CO2 emission from calcareous soil because it affects both biotic and abiotic processes during the closed-jar incubation.     

沙棘AM真菌孢子形态结构及其生态适应性

为了探明干旱环境下AM真菌形态结构及其生态适应性,2009年7月在内蒙古和河北农牧交错带选取4个样地,采集沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides L.)根围土壤样品,利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对分离的AM真菌进行分类鉴定。共分离鉴定3属17种AM真菌,其中球囊霉属(Glomus)11种,无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)5种,盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)1种。沙棘AM真菌孢子具有体积小、颜色深、孢壁厚,整体形态不饱满等特征,表现出对干旱荒漠环境的生态适应性。扫描电镜下,不同属种孢子表面纹饰特征差异明显,可作为AM真菌属种分类的参考依据。     

金沙江干热河谷银合欢人工林对土壤养分的影响

通过干热河谷银合欢人工林对土壤改良效应5年的研究,结果表明:银合欢林具有很好的土壤改良效应,土壤有机质明显高于CK,在0～20 cm,20～40cm和40～60cm的土层中,比CK分别高52.61%,51.09%和43.52%,土壤有机质随着土壤深度的增加而减少.pH在0～20cm,20～40cm和40～60cm的土层...     

不同培肥方式对伊犁新垦区淡灰钙土的熟化效果

针对伊犁新垦区淡灰钙土土壤肥力不高的特点,设计了4种土壤熟化处理措施（无施肥,CK;施氮磷钾肥,NPK;施氮磷钾+糠醛渣,NPKK;施氮磷钾+秸秆还田,NPKJ）,进行3 a定点试验。应用模糊数学（Fuzzy）综合评判法,计算不同熟化处理下土壤的综合肥力指数（IFI）。在不同熟化方式下,对比分析单项土壤肥力指标与综合肥力指数以及作物产量。结果表明：增施有机物对土壤养分含量均有提高,同时还可以有效降低土壤pH和土壤容重,其中以增施糠醛渣效果最明显;综合肥力评价表明,施氮磷钾+糠醛渣的土壤肥力综合指数最高,达0.826,施氮磷钾+秸秆还田高于单施氮磷钾肥或不施肥;增施有机物是提高土壤综合肥力的有效方法,但有机物中养分的释放存在一定延后性。     

Interaction between Cd and Pb in the soil-plant system: a case study of an arid oasis soil-cole system

The Hexi Corridor,our study area,is located in Northwest China and is also the most developed area of oasis farming in arid regions of Northwestern China.However,the rapid development of metallurgy and chemical industries in this region poses a great threat to the accumulation of heavy metals in crops.The objectives of this study are(1)to determine the influence of heavy metals on plant growth;(2)to assess the translocation capability of heavy metals in soil-plant system;and(3)to investigate the interaction between heavy metals.Pot experiments were conducted on cole(Brassica campestris L.)grown in the arid oasis soils singly and jointly treated with cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb).Nine treatments were applied into the pots.Under the same planting conditions,three scenarios of Cd,Pb and Cd–Pb were designed to compare the interaction between Cd and Pb.The results showed that the response of cole weights to Cd,Pb and Cd–Pb treatments was slight,while Cd and Pb uptakes in cole were more sensitive to the single effects of Cd and Pb concentration in soils from the lower treatment levels.Under the influence of the single Cd,Pb and joint Cd–Pb treatments,Cd concentrations were lower in the cole roots than in the shoots,while for Pb,the results were opposite.Comparison studies revealed that the interaction of Cd and Pb could weaken the cole’s ability to uptake,concentrate and translocate heavy metals in arid oasis soils.     

准噶尔盆地南缘梭梭群落春季融雪期的土壤呼吸动态

积雪对温带中高纬度地区早春土壤温度和水分具有调控作用,并对土壤呼吸具有重要影响。利用箱式法观测2012年早春积雪融化阶段古尔班通古特沙漠南缘典型温带荒漠梭梭群落内土壤呼吸的动态变化。结果表明：春季融雪期梭梭群落土壤呼吸变异极大,变化范围为0.2~1.2 μmol•m-²•s^-1,日平均土壤呼吸速率变化呈先增后减趋势,但土壤最大呼吸速率随土壤含水量的减少而减少。融雪期灌丛内外土壤呼吸变化规律相同,梭梭灌丛内土壤呼吸速率显著高于灌丛外。融雪期土壤含水量与最大土壤呼吸具有显著的相关关系,但在日尺度上土壤温度与土壤呼吸具有显著的相关关系。研究表明：积雪融化对土壤呼吸具有显著的激发效应,早春积雪变化对土壤呼吸速率将产生重要影响。