中国履行斯德哥尔摩公约防治持久性有机污染物进展

基于对持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约相关背景的介绍,阐述了中国持久性有机污染物（Persistent Organic Pollutants,POPs）的问题和履约工作时所采取的处理技术及其进展,分析了中国对POPs污染的防治对策,提出了我国在未来履约的工作方向上实施“自上而下”的政府强制行为和“自下而上”的民众自发行...     

中国履行斯德哥尔摩公约防治持久性有机污染物进展

基于对持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约相关背景的介绍,阐述了中国持久性有机污染物(Persistent Organic Pollutants,POPs)的问题和履约工作时所采取的处理技术及其进展,分析了中国对POPs污染的防治对策,提出了我国在未来履约的工作方向上实施"自上而下"的政府强制行为和"自下而上"的民众自发行为两种相辅相成的履约模式,为进一步推进履约工作的有效实施提供思路。     

堆肥过程中的微生物研究进展

堆肥是由群落结构演替非常迅速的多个微生物群体共同作用而实现固体废物资源化、无害化的动态过程.本文在综合国内外文献资料的基础上,结合本实验室的研究工作,从堆肥过程中微生物群落的演替、有机物降解菌的选育应用、变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)在堆肥微生物研究中的应用等方面介绍了现代堆肥过程中微生物研究的进展及存在问题,并且指出堆肥过程中微生物菌系组成变化复杂和实验手段有限是限制本研究的主要因素,今后应重视利用分子生物学方法进行微生物的研究工作,并根据微生物之间的协同关系有目的地构建降解多种有机废弃物的高效稳定复合菌系,以适应复杂的堆肥环境.     

氟铃脲的土壤降解动力学研究

采用实验室模拟试验研究了土壤微生物、氟铃脲初始浓度、土壤Cu含量、土壤含水率及温度对土壤中氟铃脲降解的影响.结果表明,微生物对氟铃脲在土壤中的降解有显著影响.氟铃脲在土壤中的降解速率与土壤温度、土壤含水量呈正相关;与氟铃脲初始浓度以及土壤中Cu离子含量呈负相关.     

稻田土壤微生物残体积累对外源秸秆输入的响应研究进展

稻田土壤碳循环是我国陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分。促进稻田生态系统碳的固定及稳定对减缓全球气候变化起着不容忽视的作用。微生物主导的有机碳转化过程是土壤碳循环研究的核心,微生物同化代谢介导的细胞残体迭代积累在土壤有机碳长期截获和稳定过程中发挥重要作用。与旱地土壤相比,关于稻田土壤中微生物残体积累动态对外源有机物质如作物秸秆输入的响应及主要影响因子的认识还相对有限,对微生物通过同化作用参与土壤固碳的过程和机制尚缺乏系统认识。基于此,本文介绍了微生物残体对土壤有机碳库形成和积累的重要性及评价指标,重点探讨了秸秆还田对稻田土壤微生物残体积累动态以及外源秸秆碳形成细胞残体转化过程的影响,分析了影响微生物残体积累转化的主要气候因素和土壤因素,最后提出了未来应借助先进的光谱和高分辨率成像技术并结合同位素示踪对微生物残体的稳定性与机理开展更为深入的研究。     

Effect of Seaweeds on Degradation of DDT in Soils

There are concerns over the environmental risks posed by Cu-based fungicide use, and there is community and regulatory pressure on viticultural industries to restrict the use of Cu-based fungicides. This study assesses the relative environmental risks posed by Cu-based and alternative synthetic organic fungicide compounds used in Australian vineyards, giving particular consideration to their adverse effects on soil microbial activity and how risks vary across different viticultural regions. The study was guided by key steps in the ecological risk assessment framework to analyse the risks of Cu-based fungicides towards soil organisms and involved four key steps: (1) problem formulation, (2) analysis (characterise exposure and effects), (3) risk characterisation and (4) risk assessment. There is evidence of a build-up of Cu-based fungicide residues in Australian vineyard soils, although this has occurred over many years, thus allowing the availability of Cu in the soil to be attenuated over time due to aging processes. On the whole, it appears that Cu-based fungicide residues are currently unlikely to pose a significant risk to soil organisms in Australian vineyard soils. However, there are indicators that continued applications of Cu-based fungicides may well have implications on the use of impacted land for sustainable agricultural production. Further detailed studies are required to enable a more definitive characterisation of the risks posed by Cu-based fungicide residues, such as establishing a clearer link between the laboratory and agricultural settings, investigating effects on other indicators of microbial activity and biodiversity and understanding the resilience of soil microbes to additional stressors. The challenge for agricultural industries and governments, both in Australia and globally, is to formulate appropriate plans to reduce the risks associated with Cu-based fungicide use. Further research is required to consider the relative risks of a wide range of alternative fungicide compounds to ensure that they pose a lower environmental risk than the Cu-based fungicides they may replace.     

土壤侵蚀退化研究

土壤退化是全球性的重大环境问题之一,直接威胁人类的生存。在引起土壤退化的诸因素中,土壤侵蚀是最普遍和最重要的因素。在前人土壤侵蚀退化研究成果的基础上简单回顾了其发展现状,重点综述了土壤侵蚀退化机理,并针对性地提出了土壤侵蚀退化防治措施。     

黑土环境中乙草胺的微生物降解特征研究

通过室内恒温(25℃)避光培养试验,研究了黑土环境中乙草胺的微生物降解特征。在适宜水分条件下,将土壤样品分别进行常规、灭菌、选择性抑菌剂加入等处理后培养并测定土壤乙草胺含量和土壤微生物量。结果显示:在灭菌土壤中乙草胺的残留量较未灭菌土壤显著增加,未灭菌土壤中乙草胺残留数量与微生物量变化密切相关,表明微生物活性是影响乙草胺降解的主要因素。适当的水分有益于土壤中微生物生长,从而促进了土壤中乙草胺的降解。加入青链霉素后乙草胺残留量远大于放线菌酮和常规培养,表明细菌比真菌具有更强的降解乙草胺的能力。随着乙草胺的施药量增加,初期微生物量显著降低,是导致乙草胺总降解率下降的主要原因。     

高粱基因组学研究进展

高粱是世界上主要的谷物作物之一,是越来越重要的生物燃料作物,是恶性杂草约翰逊草的祖先,同时也是很多具有复杂基因组的热带禾本科植物的植物学模型。因此高粱成为植物基因组学研究的主要对象之一。高粱基因组学研究的丰富历史随着重要的自交系材料BTx623全基因组测序的完成而达到顶峰,这为更好研究高粱基因及其相关功能打下了基础。对甘蔗亚族谷类植物以外的植物的更进一步的基因组特征分析,将有利于发现基因组大小和结构进化的机制,水平和模式,为进一步研究甘蔗和其它重要的经济作物奠定基础。     

稻米抗性淀粉的研究进展

稻米抗性淀粉具有重要的生理功能及食品应用价值,受到研究者的广泛关注。本文简述了抗性淀粉的分类及测定方法,介绍了稻米中抗性淀粉的测定方法、理化特性、生理功能和稻米抗性淀粉产业研发的研究进展,以期为我国富含抗性淀粉水稻品种选育及稻米抗性淀粉产业发展提供一些参考。     

土壤退化时间序列的构建及其在我国土壤退化研究中的意义

我国土壤退化发生广、发展快,后果严重,很多问题亟待解决,加大其研究力度势在必行。显而易见,人们对土壤特性与土壤退化过程了解得越详细,对土壤退化的评估与防治也会越好。因此迫切需要建立大量土壤退化时间序列来明确土壤退化过程中时间因素的作用并帮助人们正确理解和认识土壤退化与人为作用之间的关系。为了得到可靠的结果,土壤退化时间序列的建立需包括起始土壤相似性判定与退化土壤绝对或相对年龄的验证两个重要过程。本文详细论述了土壤退化时间序列的构建过程及应注意的问题,并探讨了土壤时间序列在我国土壤退化研究中的意义,旨在为土壤退化时间序列的正确建立与应用提供较为详尽的参考。     

河西走廊生态系统退化特征研究

从生态系统退化机制入手,主要对河西走廊生态系统由于水资源变化引起的退化特征进行了研究,探索了植物系统的逆行演替与环境退化的关系,提出了生态恢复的基本思路。     

Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Degradation of Phenols and Dyes in Wastewater: A Review

The heterogeneous photocatalytic water purification process has gained wide attention due to its effectiveness in degrading and mineralizing the recalcitrant organic compounds as well as the possibility of utilizing the solar UV and visible light spectrum. This paper aims to review and summarize the recently published works in the field of photocatalytic oxidation of toxic organic compounds such as phenols and dyes, predominant in wastewater effluent. In this review, the effects of various operating parameters on the photocatalytic degradation of phenols and dyes are presented. Recent findings suggested that different parameters, such as type of photocatalyst and composition, light intensity, initial substrate concentration, amount of catalyst, pH of the reaction medium, ionic components in water, solvent types, oxidizing agents/electron acceptors, mode of catalyst application, and calcinations temperature can play an important role on the photocatalytic degradation of organic compounds in water environment. Extensive research has focused on the enhancement of photocatalysis by modification of TiO₂ employing metal, non-metal, and ion doping. Recent advances in TiO₂ photocatalysis for the degradation of various phenols and dyes are also highlighted in this review.