Multiple Morphologies of "Crew-Cut" Aggregates of Polystyrene-b-poly(acrylic acid) Block Copolymers

The observation by transmission electron microscopy of six different stable aggregate morphologies is reported for the same family of highly asymmetric polystyrene-poly-(acrylic acid) block copolymers prepared in a low molecular weight solvent system. Four of the morphologies consist of spheres, rods, lamellae, and vesicles in aqueous solution, whereas the fifth consists of simple reverse micelle-like aggregates. The sixth consists of up to micrometer-size spheres in aqueous solution that have hydrophilic surfaces and are filled with the reverse micelle-like aggregates. In addition, a needle-like solid, which is highly birefringent, is obtained on drying of aqueous solutions of the spherical micelles. This range of morphologies is believed to be unprecedented for a block copolymer system.     

Effects of Long-Term Winter Planted Green Manure on Distribution and Storage of Organic Carbon and Nitrogen in Water-Stable Aggregates of Reddish Paddy Soil Under a Double-Rice Cropping System

In agricultural systems, maintenance of soil organic matter has long been recognized as a strategy to reduce soil degradation. Manure amendments and green manures are management practices that can increase some nutrient contents and improve soil aggregation. We investigated the effects of 28 yr of winter planted green manure on soil aggregate-size distribution and aggregateassociated carbon（C） and nitrogen（N）. The study was a randomized completed block design with three replicates. The treatments included rice-rice-fallow, rice-rice-rape, rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch and rice-rice-ryegrass. The experiment was established in 1982 on a silty light clayey paddy soil derived from Quaternary red clay（classified as Fe-Accumuli-Stagnic Anthrosols） with continuous early and late rice. In 2009, soil samples were collected（0-15 cm depth） from the field treatment plots and separated into water-stable aggregates of different sizes（i.e., 〉5, 2-5, 1-2, 0.5-1, 0.25-0.5 and 〈0.25 mm） by wet sieving. The long-term winter planted green manure significantly increased total C and N, and the formation of the 2-5-mm water-stable aggregate fraction. Compared with rice-rice-rape, rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch and rice-rice-ryegrass, the rice-rice-fallow significantly reduced 2-5-mm water-stable aggregates, with a significant redistribution of aggregates into micro-aggregates. Long-term winter planted green manure obviously improved C/N ratio and macro-aggregate-associated C and N. The highest contribution to soil fertility was from macro-aggregates of 2-5 mm in most cases.     

Ion-Induced Morphological Changes in "Crew-Cut" Aggregates of Amphiphilic Block Copolymers

The addition of ions in micromolar (CaCl2 or HCl) or millimolar (NaCl) concentrations can change the morphology of "crew-cut" aggregates of amphiphilic block copolymers in dilute solutions. In addition to spherical, rodlike, and univesicular or lamellar aggregates, an unusual large compound vesicle morphology can be obtained from a single block copolymer. Some features of the spontaneously formed large compound vesicles may make them especially useful as vehicles for delivering drugs and as models of biological cells. Gelation of a dilute spherical micelle solution can also be induced by ions as the result of the formation of a cross-linked "pearl necklace" morphology.     

Spherical bilayer vesicles of fullerene-based surfactants in water: a laser light scattering study

The low solubility of fullerenes in aqueous solution limits their applications in biology. By appropriate substitution, the fullerenes can be transformed into stabilized anions that are water soluble and can form large aggregated structures. A laser light scattering study of the association behavior of the potassium salt of pentaphenyl fullerene (Ph5C60K) in water revealed that the hydrocarbon anions Ph5C60- associate into bilayers, forming stable spherical vesicles with an average hydrodynamic radius and a radius of gyration of about 17 nanometers at a very low critical aggregation concentration of less than 10(-7) moles per liter. The average aggregation number of associated particles in these large spherical vesicles is about 1.2 x 10(4).     

宁南山区植被恢复对土壤团聚体水稳定及有机碳粒径分布的影响

土壤团聚作用和土壤有机碳固定之间密切相关.对宁南山区不同植被恢复措施和年限下土壤团聚体粒径分布及稳定性、土壤团聚体中有机碳及其组分分布进行了研究,探讨了有机碳及其组分对植被恢复的响应.结果表明,不同植被恢复措施下,土壤团聚体粒径分布表现为“V”字分布:＞5 mm和＜0.25 mm这两个粒径的团聚体含量最多,5-2 mm、1-0.25 mm团聚体的含量次之,2-1 mm粒径的团聚体含量最少.坡耕地的平均重量直径(MWD)最低,为1.4,其他植被恢复措施下土壤的平均重量直径MWD在1.9-3.1之间.不同的植被恢复措施下,0-20 cm土层和20-40 cm土层全土有机碳含量在7.4-17.7 g/kg之间、微生物碳含量分布在50.3-664.7 mg/kg之间、腐殖质碳含量在0.9-2.5g/kg之间.胡敏酸碳含量分布在0.2-0.6 g/kg,富里酸碳含量在0.6-1.9 g/kg之间.全土有机碳、微生物碳、腐殖质碳、富里酸碳均为坡耕地最低,其他植被恢复措施的有机碳、微生物碳、腐殖质碳、富里酸碳含量分别是坡耕地的1.1-2.3倍、2.0-8.4倍、1.0-2.0倍、1.2-2.4倍.不同粒径团聚体有机碳相比较,大多呈现中间高两边低的变化趋势,最大值出现在中间粒径,即5-2 mm、2-1 mm、1-0.25 mm这3个粒径.逐步回归表明,5-2 mm团聚体和1-0.25 mm团聚体有机碳含量的提高有助于土壤水稳性团聚体的形成.研究结果表明,植被恢复提高了土壤团聚体有机碳含量,在碳形态上,富里酸碳和微生物生物量碳对不同植被恢复措施的敏感度较高,胡敏酸碳含量则相对稳定.     

Influence of Conservation Tillage on Soil Aggregates Features in North China Plain

Tillage greatly influences the aggregation and stability of soil aggregates. This study investigated the effects of conservation tillage on soil aggregate characteristics. During a four-year study period （2001-2005）, soils were sampled from no-tillage （NT）, rotary tillage （RT）, and conventional tillage （moldboard tillage, CT） plots at the Luancheng Agriculture and Ecology Experimental Station in Hebei Province, China, and the amount, size distribution, and fractal dimension of the aggregates were examined by dry and wet sieving methods. The results indicated that NT significantly increased the topsoil （0-5 cm） bulk density （BD）, while RT maintained a lower BD as CT. Dry sieving results showed that NT had higher macro-aggregate content （R0.25）, and a larger mean weight diameter （MWD） and geometric mean diameter （GMD） than other treatments in the 0-10 cm layer, while RT showed no difference from CT. In wet sieving, results showed that most of the aggregates were unstable, and the MWD and GMD of water-table aggregates showed the trend of NT 〉 RT 〉 CT. At 0-5 cm layer, the fractal dimension （D） of water-stable aggregates under NT was lower than it was under RT and CT. At 5-10 cm, RT yielded the highest D, and showed stability. After four years, NT increased the aggregation and the stability of soil aggregates; while due to intense disturbance, the aggregation and stability of the upper layer （0-10 cm） under RT and CT decreased.     

农田土壤团聚体研究进展

土壤团聚体是土壤的重要组成部分,影响着土壤中养分和水分的含量及作物的生长状况,是土壤肥力和结构的重要指标。该文综合回顾了土壤团聚体的形成机制,团聚体胶结剂、农田管理措施对土壤团聚体的重要影响等方面的研究进展,发现并指出其中存在问题并为其进一步研究指出方向。     

利用方式对珠江三角洲耕层土壤团聚体分布及碳氮磷化学计量特征的影响

为探明利用方式对珠江三角洲农田耕层土壤团聚体特征和碳氮磷的影响,采集长期水田、旱地和水旱轮作的耕层土壤,对土壤团聚体组成、碳氮磷分布及其化学计量特征进行研究。结果表明,水田土壤以>2 mm团聚体为主,其含量占比显著高于旱地和水旱轮作两种利用方式,旱地和水旱轮作土壤则以<0.25 mm微团聚体为主。各粒级团聚体有机碳和全氮含量均表现为水田显著高于旱地、水旱轮作,而全磷含量变化规律不明显。水田土壤团聚体有机碳和全氮含量随粒径减小呈先升高后降低趋势,旱地、水旱轮作土壤的有机碳、全氮和全磷含量均随粒径减小呈降低趋势,三种利用方式碳氮磷主要集中在>2 mm和2~0.5 mm团聚体中。各粒级团聚体C：P和N：P表现为水田土壤显著高于旱地、水旱轮作,而C：N差异不显著（P>0.05）。水田和旱地土壤团聚体C：N、C：P和N：P随粒径变化规律与其团聚体养分表现出一致性,而水旱轮作则表现出相反规律。土壤碳氮磷与团聚体碳氮磷总体上呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,表明团聚体碳氮磷对土壤养分具有良好的指示性,且随粒径减小指示作用增强。土壤团聚体C：P对利用方式变化最敏感,可作为反映该区域耕层土壤团聚体碳氮磷含量及化学计量特征的敏感性指标。水田土壤大团聚体及其碳氮磷含量较高,土壤结构良好,有利于团聚体对土壤养分的物理保护和土壤碳氮磷的积累。     

河西走廊中段边缘绿洲农田土壤性状与团聚体特征

 【目的】土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性与土壤质量、土壤侵蚀和农业可持续性有着密切联系。【方法】在甘肃河西走廊中段近几十年来开垦的边缘绿洲区4种土类中（砂质新成土、正常干旱土、旱耕人为土和干润雏形土）采集49个农田表层土样（0～10 cm），用干筛和湿筛法分析土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性，并分析了与土壤团聚体形成有关的土壤物理、化学性状。【结果】除干润雏形土外，大部分土壤粒级组成以沙粒为主；土壤有机碳含量低，平均为（5.88±2.52）g•kg-1，4种土类中有机碳平均含量平均为4.75～10.51 g•kg-1，以砂质新成土最低，干润雏形土最高；碳酸钙含量普遍较高，平均含量为84.7～164.8 g•kg-1，随土壤粘粉粒和有机碳含量的增加而增加；不同土类＞0.25 mm的干团聚体平均变动在65.2%～94.6%，干团聚体组成以>5 mm的大块状团聚体（土块）为主，平均重量粒径（DMWD）变动在3.2～5.5 mm；>0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体变动在23.8%～45.4%，团聚体破坏率（PAD）为52.4%～66.8%，团聚体组成和特征有利于抵抗土壤风蚀，但稳定性差，灌溉后易于分散、沉实板结、通透性差。土壤粘粉粒、有机碳、碳酸钙及铁铝氧化物均对团聚体的形成有显著作用，以土壤粘粒和细粉粒作用最大，有机碳和碳酸钙作用次之；但有机碳和碳酸钙对团聚体的稳定性较粘粉粒的影响更为明显。退耕种植多年生苜蓿后，土壤有机碳、团聚体数量及其稳定性显著增加。【结论】对生态脆弱的边缘绿洲区新垦土地，退耕还草或推行草粮轮作，是改善土壤结构、提高土壤肥力、减轻土壤风蚀的可持续土地利用的有效途径。     

黑土团聚体与颗粒中碳、氮含量及腐殖质组成的比较

【目的】研究黑土不同粒级团聚体和颗粒中的碳、氮及腐殖质组分含量,并分析、比较土壤团聚体与土壤颗粒中腐殖质相互关系。【方法】以黑土区连续9年的耕作试验为平台,采用湿筛法分离土壤团聚体,超声波方法分离土壤颗粒,分别测定不同粒级团聚体和土壤颗粒中的碳、氮、胡敏酸（HA）、富里酸（FA）、铁结合胡敏素（Hi）、黏粒结合胡敏素（Hc）和不溶性胡敏素（Hr）的含量。【结果】＞53 μm粒级颗粒中的碳、氮以及HA、FA、Hi和Hc的含量明显低于＜53 μm粒级颗粒,而＞53 μm和＜53 μm粒级团聚体中的碳、氮以及HA、FA、Hi和Hc的含量则基本处于同一水平。因此,形成团聚体的过程,弱化了粒级之间有机质的差异。相同粒级比较,在＞53 μm粒级中,团聚体比颗粒含有更多的腐殖质,且PQ值和腐殖质化程度大于颗粒;但在＜53 μm粒级中,团聚体和颗粒中腐殖质的含量和PQ值则处于同一水平,说明在较大粒级中,由于同样也包含了小颗粒的作用,强化了团聚体与颗粒中有机质的差异。【结论】土壤团聚体与土壤颗粒中碳、氮以及腐殖质各组分含量随粒级变化的规律存在着明显差异。不同粒级土壤颗粒中有机质的含量差异及其腐殖化程度差异会随着团聚化作用减弱。     

黑土旱地改稻田土壤水稳性团聚体有机碳和全氮的变化特征

【目的】分析东北黑土旱地改稻田后土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性、各粒级团聚体有机碳、全氮含量及其¹³C、¹⁵N自然丰度值的动态变化,探讨旱地改稻田后土壤团聚体有机碳、全氮的赋存能力及稳定性,揭示旱地改稻田后土壤团聚体及其有机碳、全氮的演变规律。【方法】选择东北典型黑土旱地土壤(种植大豆年限大于60年,作为对照)和改种不同年限的稻田土壤(3、5、10、17、20和25年,改稻田前种植作物均为大豆),利用土壤团聚体湿筛分离技术和稳定同位素分析技术,研究旱地改稻田后土壤团聚体有机碳、全氮的动态变化特征。【结果】在0—60 cm土层,与对照土壤相比,改种水稻各年限土壤中2—0.25 mm团聚体组成有所减少,0.25—0.053 mm和<0.053 mm团聚体组成有所增加,>2 mm团聚体组成的变化无明显规律,但旱地改稻田不同年限均以2—0.053 mm团聚体为主;团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)与>2 mm团聚体组成之间呈显著线性正相关关系(P<0.01),与0.25—0.053 mm、<0.053 mm团聚体组成之间均呈显著线性...     

Soil Properties and Characteristics of Soil Aggregate in Marginal Farmlands of Oasis in the Middle of Hexi Corridor Region, Northwest China

The composition and stability of soil aggregate are closely related to soil quality, soil erosion, and agricultural sustainability. In this study, 49 soil samples at the 0-10 cm surface layer were collected from four soil types (i.e., Ari-Sandic Primosols, Calci-Orthic Aridosols, Siltigi-Otrthic Anthrosols, and Ustic Cambosols) in the marginal farmland in the oasis of the middle Hexi Corridor region and was used to determine the characteristics of soil aggregates. The composition of dry- and wet- sieved aggregates and the physical and chemical properties (including soil particle distribution, soil organic carbon (SOC), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and oxides of Fe3+ and Al3t) of the selected soils were analyzed. The results show that soil particle size distribution is dominated by fine sand fraction in most of soils except Ustic Cambosols. Soil organic carbon concentration is 5.88±2.52 g kg-1 on average, ranging from 4.75 g kg-1 in Ari-Sandic Primosols to 10.51 g kg-1 in Ustic Cambosols. The soils have high calcium carbonate (CaCO3) concentration, ranging from 84.7 to 164.8 g kg-1, which is increased with soil fine particle and organic carbon content. The percentage of　＞0.25 mm dry aggregates ranges from 65.2% in Ari-Sandic Primosols to 94.6% in Ustic Cambosols, and large dry blocky aggregates (＞5 mm) is dominant in all soils. The mean weight diameter of dry aggregates (DMWD) ranges from 3.2 mm to 5.5 mm. The percentage of ＞0.25 mm water-stable aggregate is from 23.8% to 45.4%. The percentage of aggregate destruction (PAD) is from 52.4% to 66.8%, which shows a weak aggregate stability. Ari-Sandic Primosols has the highest PAD. The distribution and characteristics of soil aggregates are in favor of controlling soil wind erosion. However, the stability of aggregate of all soils is weak and soils are prone to disperse and harden after irrigation. The mass of macro-aggregates and DMWD are positively significantly correlated with the contents of soil clay and silt, soil organic carbon (SOC), CaCO3, and oxides of Fe3+ and A13+. Soil fine silt and clay, SOC and CaCO3 are important agents of aggregation in this region, and the effect of SOC and CaCO3 on aggregate stability is more significant than that of soil silt and clay. Converting cropland to alfalfa forage land can increase SOC concentration, and in turn, enhance the formation of aggregates and stability. For the marginal farmlands in this fragile ecological area, converting cropland to alfalfa grassland or performing crop-grass rotation is an effective and basic strategy to improve soil structure and quality, to mitigate soil wind erosion, and to enhance oasis agricultural sustainability.     

长期施肥对紫色水稻土团聚体中有机碳和微生物的影响

【目的】土壤微生物在维持土壤肥力、土壤健康和提高作物产量等方面都具有非常重要的作用,探讨长期不同施肥措施对紫色水稻土团聚体微生物量及活性的影响,明确不同施肥制度下土壤不同粒级团聚体中微生物特性,为系统了解施肥管理对土壤肥力演变的影响提供理论依据。【方法】依托重庆市北碚区中性紫色水稻土22年的长期定位试验,选取对照（CK,不施肥）、氮磷钾（NPK）、稻草还田（S）、氮磷钾+稻草还田（NPK+S）4个处理,采集0-20 cm耕层土壤样品,采用湿筛法获得不同粒级土壤团聚体,研究不同粒级土壤团聚体中的有机碳以及微生物量、呼吸代谢熵等微生物特性。【结果】连续22年定位试验表明,与CK相比,各施肥处理均显著增加了耕层土壤中水稳性大团聚体（＞0.25 mm）含量,以NPK+S的促进作用最为明显,表明化肥与稻草还田长期配施有利于紫色水稻土水稳性大团聚体的形成;施肥还显著提高了团聚体稳定性和土壤有机碳水平,以稻草还田（S和NPK+S处理）效果最佳。长期施肥改变了土壤养分及生物活性在不同粒径团聚体上的分布。土壤中有机碳、微生物量碳、呼吸代谢熵在不同粒级团聚体中呈异质分布,在2.00-1.00 mm和1.00-0.25 mm两个级别的水稳性大团聚体中土壤有机碳、呼吸速率和代谢熵显著高于0.25-0.053 mm和＜0.053 mm两个级别的水稳性小团聚体。【结论】＞0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体是土壤有机碳和微生物量碳的主要载体,2.00-1.00 mm团聚体的生物活性最强;长期氮磷钾配施结合稻草还田显著提高了紫色水稻土团聚体的水稳性及大团聚体中有机碳和微生物量碳的含量,是改善紫色水稻土团粒结构和生物功能的有效措施。     

长期定位施肥和地膜覆盖对棕壤团聚体稳定性及其有机碳含量的影响

以沈阳农业大学长期定位试验（29年）不同施肥与地膜覆盖处理棕壤为研究对象,采用湿筛方法,研究了覆膜和不覆膜条件下不同施肥措施对棕壤各粒级团聚体分布及其有机碳含量的影响,为揭示施肥措施对土壤地力形成演变的影响机制提供理论基础。选取的试验处理包括：不施肥对照（CK）、单施高量氮肥（N4）、氮磷肥配施（N4P2）、单施高量有机肥（M4）、有机-氮肥配施（M2N2）、有机-氮磷肥配施（M4N2P1）以及所有相对应的覆膜处理。结果表明,连续29年的不同施肥和覆膜处理显著影响了土壤团聚体的含量、稳定性及团聚体有机碳的含量。不覆膜条件下,长期施肥处理使>2 mm团聚体的含量显著增加,而0.25~2 mm粒级团聚体含量显著下降,其中有机肥和氮磷肥处理变幅最大。有机肥的施入（M4、M2N2、M4N2P1）均显著增加了不覆膜土壤各粒级团聚体的有机碳含量,且单施有机肥能显著增加不覆膜土壤团聚体平均重量直径,说明长期有机物料投入有利于增加土壤团聚体的稳定性及有机碳在团聚体中的固持。覆膜条件下,各施肥处理也显著影响土壤团聚体的稳定性及有机碳含量,但是不同施肥处理之间的差异变小,说明相同施肥模式下覆膜与不覆膜处理对土壤团聚体的形成和稳定性会产生不同的影响。覆膜条件下,与对照相比,只有高量有机肥（M4和M4N2P1）处理能显著增加土壤团聚体的平均重量直径和各粒级团聚体有机碳含量,说明在覆膜条件下,需要投入更多的有机物质才能维持土壤团聚体的稳定性及较高的有机碳含量。不同施肥和覆膜处理下,氮磷肥配施可以显著提高土壤团聚体的平均重量直径,但对团聚体有机碳含量的影响表现为显著降低或不显著。各处理土壤中水稳性大团聚体是土壤有机碳的主要载体,施用有机肥及有机无机配施有利于促进土壤各粒级水稳性团聚体的有机碳含量,是改善土壤团聚体结构、维持和提高棕壤地力的有效措施。     

西藏林芝不同土地利用方式的土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布

为揭示西藏林芝地区不同土地利用方式对土壤团聚体及其有机碳含量的影响,以八一镇耕地(FL)、蔬菜大棚(VG)、撂荒地(AL)、草地(GL)、次生林地(SF)为研究对象,采用干筛法对土壤团聚体进行分级,分析团聚体及其有机碳、易氧化有机碳的含量和分布。结果表明:在0~20 cm土层,各土地利用方式下基本以≥2 mm团聚体为主,其含量大致表现为GL、AL高于VG和FL,表明与农用地(FL、VG)相比,自然生态系统的土壤结构较好。土壤团聚体有机碳和易氧化有机碳的含量在不同土地利用方式下整体表现为0~10 cm>10~20 cm,大团聚体(≥0.25 mm)高于微团聚体(<0.25 mm),并以≥2 mm团聚体的贡献率最高,碳汇能力较强。结果说明,自然生态系统的土壤结构较好,草地、林地的开垦行为将导致土壤结构变差。实施保护性耕作措施,减少草地、林地的人为干扰有利于提高土壤有机碳库的稳定性,发挥土壤"碳汇"功能。     

亚热带地区不同种植年限果园土壤团聚体结构及有机碳、氮分布特征

研究不同种植年限果园土壤团聚体结构变化规律,探究各粒级团聚体有机碳、全氮分布变化特征,旨在为亚热带地区果园土壤肥力形成和变化规律等相关研究提供参考。以林地土壤(0 a)和不同种植年限(2、10、20、30 a)果园土壤为研究对象,分析种植年限与土壤团聚体结构及其有机碳和全氮含量的关系。结果表明:与林地土壤相比,开垦为果园后的土壤中2 mm团聚体含量显著增加;果园土壤团聚体含量随粒级减小而降低,其中2 mm和0.25～2 mm粒级分别占40.1%～64.9%和30.6%～46.4%;不同种植年限果园土壤各粒级团聚体含量无显著差异。各粒级团聚体有机碳和全氮含量随着种植年限的延长呈增加趋势,但C/N值呈下降趋势。相关分析表明,随种植年限延长而增加的土壤有机碳或全氮主要分布于0.25～2 mm粒级团聚体。亚热带地区林地开垦为果园可增加土壤大团聚体含量,但开垦为果园后种植年限对土壤团聚体各粒级的分布无显著影响。虽然随着种植年限延长可显著提高各粒径下有机质和全氮含量,但C/N降低,建议果园管理过程中应适当减施氮肥、增施有机肥,提高土壤养分有效性。     

Aggregation of Diesel Contaminated Soil for Bioremediation

Diesel contaminated soil（DCS） contained a large amount of the hydrocarbons and salt which was dominated by soluble sodium chloride. Aggregation process which made the desired aggregate size distribution could speed up the degradation rate of the hydrocarbons since the aggregated DCS had better physical characteristics than the non-aggregated material. Artificial aggregation increased pores 〉30 μm by approximately 5% and reduced pores 〈1 μm by 5%, but did not change the percentage of the pores between 1 and 30 μm. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of non-aggregated DCS was 5×10-6 m · s-l, but it increased to 1×10-5 m · s-l after aggregation. The compression index of the non-aggregated DCS was 0.0186; however, the artificial aggregates with and without lime were 0.031 and 0.028, respectively. DCS could be piled 0.2 m deep without artificial aggregation; however, it could be applied 0.28 m deep when artificial aggregates were formed without limiting O2 transport.     

耕作管理对潮土团聚体形成及有机碳累积的长期效应

【目的】研究黄淮海平原潮土区耕作管理对土壤水稳性团聚体形成及有机碳累积的长期效应,为提升潮土地力、推动农业可持续发展提供理论基础与技术支持。【方法】采集河南省封丘县中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站连续8年保护性耕作的不同处理原状土壤样品,分析测定土壤团聚体的数量、稳定性以及土壤和各粒径团聚体中的有机碳含量。【结果】与常规翻耕处理相比,长期免耕和间歇性翻耕使0-10 cm土层粗大团聚体和10-20 cm土层细大团聚体的质量比例分别提高了63.4%和28.1%。秸秆还田主要提高了0-20 cm土层大团聚体的质量比例,平均提高率为3.0%。降低翻耕频率或秸秆还田处理,使不同土层团聚体的稳定性有所提升,前者使0-10 cm平均重量直径（mean weight diameter,MWD）和几何平均直径（geometric mean diameter,GMD）值分别增加了11.9%-31.6%和4.1%-13.7%;后者使0-20 cm MWD和GMD值分别增加了3.5%和4.5%,翻耕频率对团聚体稳定性的影响程度显著高于秸秆还田处理。在0-10 cm土层,各粒径团聚体的有机碳含量随翻耕频率的降低而提高,而秸秆还田对团聚体有机碳的影响可以深入0-20 cm土层。耕作方式耦合秸秆还田处理对团聚体特征的影响显著大于降低翻耕频率或秸秆还田处理。潮土有机碳积累的主要贡献来源于粗大团聚体和细大团聚体,通过降低翻耕频率,可以提高0-10 cm土层粗大团聚体和10-20 cm土层细大团聚体对潮土有机碳积累的相对贡献,提高率分别达49.2%和29.1%。【结论】长期免耕和间歇性翻耕结合秸秆还田能显著提高潮土大团聚体的数量及其稳定性,通过提高大团聚体对土壤有机碳积累的相对贡献,可以增加潮土碳累积量。     

Soil Aggregation and Its Relationship with Organic Carbon of Purple Soils in the Sichuan Basin, China

The interaction of soil aggregate dynamics with soil organic carbon is complex with varied spatio-temporal processes in macro-and micro-aggregates. This paper is to determine the aggregation of soil aggregates in purple soils （Regosols in FAO Taxonomy or Entisols in USDA Taxonomy） for four types of land use, cropland [corn （Zea mays L.）], orchard （citrus）, forestland （bamboo or cypress）, and barren land （wild grass）, and to explore their relationship with soil organic carbon in the Sichuan basin of southwestern China. Procedures and methods, including manual dry sieving procedure, Yoder＇s wet sieving procedure, pyrophosphates solution method, and Kachisky method, are used to acquire dry, wet, and chemically stable aggregates, and microaggregates. Light and heavy fractions of soil organic carbon were separated using 2.0 g·mL^-1 HgI2-KI mixed solution. The loosely, stably, and tightly combined organic carbon in heavy fraction were separated by extraction with 0.1 M NaOH and 0.1 M NaOH-0.1M Na4P2O7 mixed solution （pH 13）. The results show that the contents of dry and wet macroaggregates 〉0.25 mm in diameter were 974.1 and 900.0 g·kg^-1 highest in red brown purple soils under forestland, while 889.6 and 350.6 g·kg^-1 lowest in dark purple soil and lowest in grey brown purple soils under cropland, respectively. The chemical stability of macroaggregates was lowest in grey brown purple soil with 8.47% under cropland, and highest in red brown purple soil with 69.34% under barren land. The content of microaggregates in dark purple soils was 587g·kg^-1 higher than brown purple soils, while 655g·kg^-1 in red brown purple soils was similar to grey brown purple soils （651g·kg^-1）. Cropland conditions, only 38.4% of organic carbon was of the combined form, and 61.6% of that existed in light fraction. Forestland conditions, 90.7% of organic carbon in red brown purple soil was complexed with minerals as a form of humic substances. The contents and stability of wet aggregates 〉 0.25 mm, con     

添加玉米秸秆对旱作土壤团聚体及其有机碳含量的影响

【目的】研究玉米秸秆还田对不同耕作处理下旱地土壤团聚体及其有机碳的影响,旨在探究长期传统耕作土壤添加秸秆后团聚体及其有机碳的变化规律,并确定添加秸秆提高土壤有机碳的主要原因,为旱地农田固碳技术提供理论依据。【方法】采集大田长期试验地的传统耕作和免耕小区土样进行室内培养试验,设置4个处理,分别为传统耕作土壤不加秸秆（CT）、免耕土壤不加秸秆（NT）、传统耕作土壤加秸秆（CTS）和免耕土壤加秸秆（NTS）,15次重复;秸秆为传统耕作玉米植株地上部分,用量为5%烘干土质量,在25℃恒温培养箱中通气培养180 d,定期取样进行团聚体组成和有机碳含量的测定。【结果】（1）不加秸秆处理团聚体以250—53 μm为主,占全部团聚体的52%—66%;添加秸秆处理以2 000—250 μm团聚体为主,占全部团聚体的41%—50%,CTS较CT提高230%—302%,NTS较NT提高92%—134%。（2）添加秸秆处理平均重量直径（MWD）、几何平均直径（GMD）以及>0.25 mm团聚体百分比（R_0.25）显著提高,培养到180 d时,CTS较CT分别提高133%、130%和235%,NTS较NT分别提高53%、75%和87%。（3）培养至180 d时,CTS较CT分别提高250—53 μm和<53 μm团聚体有机碳70%和54%;NTS较NT分别提高250—53 μm和<53 μm团聚体有机碳30%和25%。（4）添加秸秆显著提高2 000—250 μm团聚体有机碳对土壤有机碳的贡献率,CTS和NTS分别为49%—61%和50%—60%,且受团聚体组成影响较大。【结论】添加秸秆能够有效提高旱作土壤大团聚体（>250 μm）形成并增强其稳定性,提高大团聚体有机碳对土壤有机碳的贡献率,且对传统耕作处理土壤的促进效果更明显。