空心圆柱土壤试样试验仪及应力路径自校正预报控制技术的研究

采用机、电、液、光一体化技术,研制了能实现土壤试样可控三维及扭矩加载的空心圆柱试样试验仪装置,以模拟农业土壤及实际工程问题的三维或伴随有主应力方向旋转的三维实际工况。采用Wittenmark自校正递推预报控制算法克服空心圆柱试样试验仪各加载通道响应速度不一致的问题,从而使尽可能多的离散点遵循设定的应力路径。整个试验过程在微机IBM—PC/XT控制下自动完成。     

褐飞虱在我国东部地区秋季回迁的三维轨迹研究

利用时空分辨率较高的中尺度气象数值模式模拟得到的边界层内的风温场，在国内首次推算了褐飞虱秋季在我国东部回迁的三维轨迹。结果表明三维轨迹揭示了褐飞虱秋季回迁方向是由东北向西南，迁飞时褐飞虱距地面高度是随时间波动变化的，三维轨迹能更好地描述褐飞虱迁飞的实际情况。     

浅谈用三维计算法和微分法计算淤地坝坝体工程量

鉴于目前多数设计单位使用的横断面法手工计算坝体工程量的方法存在效率低、准确性不高等问题,结合工作实际,在假定坝体横断面均匀的前提下,提出了计算坝体工程量的新方法——三维计算法和微分法,详细介绍了三维计算法的计算原理与方法、微分法的具体应用及用三维计算法和微分法计算淤地坝坝体工程量的特点。     

基于三维激光扫描的水稻种子离散元建模及试验

在采用离散元法进行精量播种、收获、清选等关键部件的工作过程仿真分析时,需要建立与物料真实形态逼近的三维离散元颗粒模型。目前非规则形状物料常规建模方法是将其近似处理为规则体,导致仿真精度降低。该文以水稻为研究对象,提出一种基于三维激光扫描建立水稻等非规则颗粒材料的三维离散元建模方法,运用三维激光扫描技术获取其点云,利用自动化逆向工程软件Geomagic Studio和SolidWorks对种子进行点云处理和逆向建模,得到种子轮廓模型及其空间坐标信息,并基于颗粒聚合体理论建立水稻种子的三维离散元模型。通过离散元分析软件EDEM分别对三维激光扫描的水稻种子离散元建模和常规椭球体处理离散元建模条件下水稻种子的自然休止角进行仿真测定,并与实际水稻种子自然休止角测定试验结果进行对比分析,得出2种建模方法所得自然休止角与实际试验结果的误差分别为0.24%和8.83%,证明了基于三维激光扫描的水稻种子离散元建模方法的有效性和可行性。该建模方法为提高非规则物料离散元仿真精度提供了一种新手段。     

基于粒子系统的土壤可视化仿真研究

土壤结构三维可视化将有助于更好地理解土壤结构及其与功能的关系.本文从描述土壤固体颗粒结构入手,基于土壤结构具有明显分形特征,采用粒子系统来模拟土壤颗粒并进而实现土壤结构的三维可视化.设置9种土壤粒子基本形状,将具有农学意义的土壤容重和比重等转化为粒子数量并进行相应初始化,结合特定的运动学方程和碰撞处理方法描述粒子的运动,待粒子运动进入平衡态后,暂停粒子运动就可获得可视化的土壤.对模型进行验证:输入三种不同土壤的参数,生成了具有真实感的土壤三维结构.可视化计算结果表明,计算结果和趋势都与实际相符.本方法初步实现了土壤结构的三维重建,具有一定研究和应用价值.     

基于BDS和IMU的挖掘机铲斗位姿测量方法与试验

为提高农田建设中挖掘机施工作业精度和智能化程度，本文提出了一种基于BDS（BeiDou Navigation Satellite System，北斗卫星导航系统）和IMU（Inertial Measurement Unit，惯性测量单元）的挖掘机铲斗位姿测量方法。首先，采用IMU测量挖掘机各执行机构的姿态角信息，解算获得挖掘机车体坐标系下铲斗末端的三维坐标，利用双天线BDS和IMU检测车体的位置和姿态建立了挖掘机铲斗末端三维坐标的实时解算模型，并设计了融合双天线BDS和IMU输出高频率高精度位姿的卡尔曼滤波算法。模拟挖掘机实际施工场景进行了静态和动态试验，采用全站仪验证铲斗末端三维坐标解算值。试验结果表明，该方法能准确实时测量挖掘机铲斗末端三维坐标，挖掘机铲斗末端三维坐标解算值与全站仪实测值的运动轨迹变化一致，同一时刻空间两坐标点距离均方根偏差小于30mm，三个轴向坐标动态测量均方根偏差均在20mm内，绝对偏差≤30mm的数据占比不低于95.35%，挖掘机铲斗位姿的准确测量为挖掘机精准施工智能引导提供了基础。     

浅谈基于GIS的三维激光扫描仪在水土保持方案编制中应用的可行性

本文简要地介绍了三维激光扫描技术及其特点,分析了基于GIS的三维激光扫描技术应用于水土保持方案编制的可行性和突出优势,提出了在方案编制实践中应用三维激光扫描技术还存在的问题。     

基于移动趋势面的降水面雨量分析

在分析现有面雨量计算方法及降水站点相互关系的基础上,采用移动趋势面分析法对已知站点降水进行拟合,建立区域降水三维模型。并通过某地区62个雨量站点的年降雨量进行了实例演示,通过比较已知站点实际降雨量和拟合降雨量,发现最大相对误差为8%,平均相对误差为5.1%,不仅满足实际需要,而且形象直观地反映该地区降水量变化趋势。     

基于虚拟仪器的绿篱机手柄三维振动测试

为了找出简单实用的测试绿篱机手柄三维振动的方法,将虚拟仪器技术应用于手柄三维振动测试,探索一种检测模式,使“通用硬件+软件设计＝多套专用测试设备”变为现实。虚拟仪器的软件设计了达到实时准确采集、显示、试验数据处理的目的;试验方案的选择找出了各因素对测试结果的影响程度大小;通用硬件的配置减少了专用硬件的使用。试验结果表明,测试样机手柄振动值与发动机转速、安装位置和接触面积有关;左手柄在中转速、中部、小接触面积条件下振动值最大,右手柄在高转速、后部、中接触面积条件下振动值最大;左、右手柄出现最大振动值时,其时域和频域的结果不一致,测试时应在同一条件下进行比较才能说明问题。由此可见,将虚拟仪器应用于手柄三维振动的测试简单有效,具有实际应用价值。     

滑坡三维破坏概率计算

[目的]对滑坡的三维破坏概率进行计算和验证,为滑坡稳定性定量评价提供一种新思路。[方法]采用FLAC 3D数值模拟软件,运用Rosenblueth方法计算滑坡的三维破坏概率,将其计算结果与二维破坏概率进行对比研究。[结果]以三峡库区某滑坡为例,该滑坡在2种计算工况下的三维破坏概率分别为13.57%和21.77%,属低危险性,与滑坡实际情况基本一致,而滑坡二维破坏计算结果属中等危险性。[结论]Rosenblueth方法计算的滑坡三维破坏概率能较好地评价滑坡的稳定性,其评价结果比二维破坏概率评价结果更为可靠。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.