星载高分辨率合成孔径雷达影像纠正技术

TERRASAR、COSMO SkyMed、RADARSAT-2等星载高分辨率合成孔径雷达影像为土地利用调查监测提供了重要数据源,但尚未形成业务化应用技术流程。该文根据高分辨率星载合成孔径雷达影像成像机理,在对典型特征地物点定位精度分析的基础上,提出几何纠正控制点选取方法;通过类比法分析了不同纠正模型应用效果。试验表明高分辨率星载合成孔径雷达影像几何纠正需要10～15个控制点,1?m聚束模式纠正中误差约3～5 m,3 m条带模式纠正中误差约5～8 m,分别满足1∶1万和1∶2.5万土地调查监测几何精度要求。     

TM卫星影像几何纠正技术方法浅探

从卫星地面站选购的TM卫星影像 ,须经几何纠正才能使用。随着计算机硬软件技术的发展 ,数字纠正方法被广泛采用 ,其关键是控制点的选择 ,控制点要尽量选取不易变动的地物 ;为提高精度 ,对可信度高的控制点应赋较大的权重 ,而对可信度低的控制点应赋较小权重或将其删除 ;以地形图纠正TM卫星影像 ,方法简便、可行、实用。     

基于GF-3全极化SAR影像多特征优选的水产养殖塘提取

高分三号作为中国首颗民用高分辨率多极化合成孔径雷达卫星,为水产养殖用地监测提供了重要的数据源.为了充分利用GF-3全极化SAR影像,该研究提出了一种基于特征优选的全极化SAR影像养殖塘提取方法.首先通过极化分解和灰度共生矩阵方法共获取了55维特征;然后对影像进行多尺度分割,并利用随机森林-递归特征消除(Random F...     

基于合成孔径雷达的农作物后向散射特性及纹理信息分析——以吉林省农安县为例

及时掌握农作物类型、时空分布和结构信息,是合理调整农业结构的重要科学依据。针对光学遥感依赖于太阳辐射,在农作物生长周期内常受制于云雾的影响而无法获取到光学遥感数据的问题,本文采用全天时全天候、不受云雾等天气影响的合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture radar,SAR）影像,探讨典型农作物的后向散射特性和纹理特征,为采用合成孔径雷达影像实现高精度农作物大面积监测提供科学依据。以吉林省农安县为例,利用12景Sentinel-1B双极化SAR影像数据,经影像预处理和统计分析,研究不同极化的农作物后向散射特性和纹理信息。结果表明：3种作物（大豆、玉米、水稻1和水稻2）同极化（VV）的SAR后向散射系数在生长周期内均高于交叉极化（VH）,农作物植株形态改变极化方式的能力为-25~-15 dB。3种作物在整个生长期内,后向散射系数呈现较大波动,各阶段后向散射特征差异明显。在生长初期,土壤对后向散射特征起主要作用,在SAR图像上表现为暗色调;随着作物生长,冠层散射叠加土壤散射作用占据主要位置,散射值随作物生长呈现逐渐增加的趋势,在SAR图像上表现为亮色调;拔节（分枝）后（7月10日后）作物的后向散射信号除冠层散射作用外,还主要受到土壤含水量及其与作物相互作用的影响,因此拔节后两种水稻后向散射系数下降幅度较大。水稻对雷达波的吸收强于玉米和大豆,整体上后向散射系数第2种水稻<第1种水稻<玉米<大豆,尤其在VH极化方式下表现更明显。对作物SAR纹理信息的研究表明纹理信息的均值、方差和协同性对于农作物的SAR识别更有效,最佳纹理信息为VH极化均值,有利于识别3种作物;VV极化方差和VV协同性有助于区分两种水稻;SAR影像识别作物的最佳时相为5月23日至7月10日。     

基于多时相合成孔径雷达与光学影像的冬小麦种植面积提取

小麦是中国最重要的农作物之一,准确、及时掌握小麦种植面积具有重要意义。以探索合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)与光学数据对种植结构复杂地区冬小麦识别的能力,提高识别精度为目的。该研究以多时相SAR(Sentinel-1A)和光学影像(Landsat-8)为数据源,选取种植结构复杂的都市农业区为研究区。构建不同特征向量组合,利用支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)提取冬小麦种植面积。通过对比分析基于不同特征向量组合的冬小麦识别精度,结果表明:1)使用SAR后向散射数据得到85.7%的制图精度和87.9%的用户精度;2)添加SAR数据纹理信息,总体精度高达90.6%,比单独使用后向散射数据在制图精度和用户精度上分别提高7.6%和6.7%;3)当SAR数据和光学影像结合时,总体精度高达95.3%(制图精度97%,用户精度98.4%),比单独使用SAR数据在制图精度和用户精度上分别提高3.7%和3.8%。因此,基于SAR数据的都市农业区冬小麦分类,有着较高分类精度,纹理信息和光学影像的添加能有效提高识别精度。研究结果可为SAR数据的农作物识别和应用提供理论基础。     

基于三分量分解优化模型的农用地SAR影像提取方法

针对中国北方部分农区夏秋两季易受长时间云、雨、雾影响导致区域农用地信息难以实时准确获取的现状,在Freeman极化分解模型基础上,该文提出了一种三分量极化分解优化模型农用地合成孔径雷达(SAR)影像自动提取方法,并开展不同作物覆盖条件下农用地信息提取试验研究。该文首先通过引入体散射分量参数,二次散射分量参数和布拉格散射分量参数,对现有Freeman极化分解模型进行优化,使分解结果更符合农业区域不同地物散射特征;然后,在利用优化三分量极化分解方法提取极化分量基础上,结合模糊C均值聚类,实现农用地信息高精度自动提取。最后,该研究以中国重要黄淮海农业区河北衡水枣强县为试验区,以Radarsat-2影像为试验数据源,在作物全覆盖和作物部分覆盖2种条件下,通过将优化三分量-FCM分类和常用雷达分类方法 H-Alpha-Lambda分类的农用地提取结果与地面验证样方进行对比,完成该研究所提出SAR影像农用地提取方法的精度验证和评价。结果表明,在作物全覆盖条件下,利用优化三分量-FCM分类提取农用地信息的总体精度和Kappa系数分别为96.12%和0.857,较H-Alpha-Lambda分类方法分别提高了8.69个百分点和0.337;在作物部分覆盖条件下,利用优化三分量-FCM分类提取农用地信息的总体精度和Kappa系数分别为97.53%和0.902,较H-Alpha-Lambda分类分别提高了17.37个百分点和0.595。可见,无论在作物全覆盖还是部分覆盖条件下,优化三分量-FCM分类方法提取的农用地精度均优于H-Alpha-Lambda分类方法,证明了该算法提取农用地信息具有一定可行性和适用性,为SAR影像在农业遥感应用中的农用地信息提取提供了新的思路。     

基于极化分解和集成学习的PolSAR影像分类

为实现Pol SAR数据极化信息的充分利用,以进一步改善分类效果,该研究提出了一种基于极化分解和集成学习的Pol SAR影像分类方法。该方法首先利用多种极化分解方法从Pol SAR影像中提取极化参数;将提取的极化参数组合成一幅多通道影像;然后对多通道影像进行分割和特征提取,分别提取出各目标极化分解方法所对应的特征;并进行特征选择和分类,得到各目标极化分解方法的分类结果;最后利用集成学习技术对各分类结果进行集成。该研究以吉林省长春市部分区域为研究区,Radarsat2影像为数据源,将提出的方法应用于土地覆被分类中,取得了较好的分类效果,总体精度和Kappa系数分别达到了92.49%和0.90。此外,该研究还将提出方法与其他基于多种极化分解的分类方法进行比较,对比方法的总体精度和Kappa系数分别为90.74%和0.88,比提出方法分别低1.75%和0.02,对比结果进一步证明了提出方法的优越性。     

基于土地监测调查的高分雷达正射纠正精度控制方法研究

为了控制高分雷达遥感数据正射纠正精度,选择满足要求的控制点采集方法,对图像采集和实地布设角反射器(CR)两种采集正射纠正控制点的方法进行对比分析,结果表明,传统图像采集控制点方法可以保证纠正精度整体控制在5个像素内,采用角反射器采集控制点的方法可以控制在半个像素左右。因此,在土地调查与监测中,以发现地物变化为主要目的,对地物绝对精度要求不高,可从参考影像采集控制点,否则需选择角反射器实测控制点。     

基于ARSIS策略的SAR影像与多光谱遥感小波融合

针对南方多云多雨、光学遥感数据不易获取的特点,在江苏省宝应县设置了区域试验,探索了ENVISAT/SAR影像与HJ-1A星多光谱遥感融合的模式与效果。基于ARSIS策略,利用Mallat小波变换和波段间交互构造模型IBSM,对SAR影像和HJ-1A/CCD影像进行小波分解与低频、高频系数重构,然后通过小波逆变换得到信息融合影像。针对低频与高频影像的不同区域特征使用不同的融合规则,以增强融合过程的自适应性。对融合影像进行了主观与相应的定量评价,并与PCA变换、IHS变换等传统方法进行比较。最后,利用GPS矢量样点提取了小波融合前后影像的波段值与NDVI信息,对融合效果做了进一步的分析与说明。结果表明,小波融合、IHS变换、PCA变换影像光谱扭曲度平均值分别为0.1016、0.3261、1.2772,其中小波融合方法的值最小。三者的信息熵平均值分别为14.7015、11.8993和13.2293,以小波融合方法的值最高。说明小波融合方法在提高空间分别率的同时,较好的增强了光谱保持能力,信息解译效果明显优于PCA变换和IHS变换2种方法。     

山区星载ALOS PALSAR微波遥感图像的正射校正

多山地区微波遥感图像的正射校正是实践应用中的关键和瓶颈,该文以星载合成孔径雷达数据ALOS(advanced landobservation satellite)PALSAR为基础数据,GAMMA软件为处理平台,研究微波图像正射校正方法。首先利用数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)及卫星轨道参数生成模拟合成孔径雷达数据(synthetic aperture radar,SAR),再利用图像交叉相关分析算法自动搜索模拟SAR与真实SAR同名地物点偏移量,建立校正多项式模型,在此基础上通过建立校正查找表方法实现真实SAR图像的地理编码及正射校正。校正效果经检验,误差在一个像元以内,校正效果较好。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.