海岛地区小流域暴雨洪涝灾害模拟研究

[目的] 对海岛地区小流域暴雨洪涝灾害进行模拟研究，为该类地区后续开发建设以及防洪排涝治理工作的顺利开展提供技术支撑。[方法] 选取浙江省舟山市朱家尖岛为研究对象，根据设计暴雨及设计和校核潮位资料，运用MIKE构建了一维河网模型、二维水动力模型以及MIKE FLOOD耦合计算模型，对比分析两种方案的淹没面积和水深、典型河道断面水位以及重点区域洪水演进过程。[结果] 相对于设计暴雨及设计潮位条件下的方案1（94降雨+实测潮位），设计暴雨及校核潮位条件下的方案2（94降雨+极限潮位）在相对高水位时刻淹没面积更大，最大淹没深度更深。[结论] 朱家尖流域内河流比降大，汇流时间短，流域调蓄能力差，抵抗暴雨产生的洪涝灾害的能力较弱。特别是暴雨遭受天文大潮时，研究区域受灾程度更重。     

SPSS在数据缺失值处理中的应用

为了解决在利用灰色理论建模中出现的数据缺失问题。提出了利用SPSS软件的缺失值处理模块以及稳健估计计算模块的合成,针对数据的缺失机制进行处理。通过该方法对数据缺失的处理,保证了模型能够正常进行数据拟合。利用SPSS软件对某一实例中缺失值进行估计并对缺失值填充后的结果进行评价,以达到客观、准确的结果。     

淹水梯度对红树林湿地土壤微生物生物量与酶活性的影响

[目的] 研究红树林土壤微生物生物量与酶活性对不同淹水梯度的响应，揭示随淹水时间延长红树林下土壤质量的变化特征及影响因素，为该区域红树林保护与管理提供理论依据。 [方法] 以广东省雷州半岛附城镇红树林为研究对象，依据潮间带分布情况及红树林群落类型，采集低潮位、中低潮位、中潮位、中高潮位、高潮位表层0-20 cm沉积物样品，测定与分析红树林湿地不同潮位表层土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)、磷(MBP)与酶活性。 [结果] 随淹水频率的增加，MBC，MBN分别减少96.7%和98.4%，在高潮位为最大值；MBP呈波浪式下降，在中高潮位为最大值；微生物熵碳(q_MBC)、氮(q_MBN)先增后降，微生物熵磷(q_MBP)呈波浪式下降，q_MBC，q_MBN，q_MBP均在中高潮位为最大值；土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶、酸性磷酸酶活性先增后降，在中高潮位为最大值，脲酶活性显著减少20.2%，在高潮位为最大值。冗余分析结果表明，q_MBN，MBN，MBC是研究区红树林表层土壤酶活性变异的关键环境因素，可解释其变异的50.9%。 [结论] 淹水梯度的变化对湛江红树林湿地表层土壤微生物生物量和酶活性变化产生了显著影响。随淹水频率增加土壤质量总体呈衰退态势，建议适当增加研究区湿地土壤氮素供给以改善土壤质量，促进红树植树造林及其生长。     

城市热岛效应和迁址对东阿站气温资料序列的影响

为了揭示城市热岛效应和迁址对东阿站气温资料的影响,本文选取东阿站和相邻的阳谷、聊城、茌平3个站1960-2009年年平均气温、年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温资料,用线性倾向估计、累积距平等方法对比分析了东阿站和参照站气温资料变化趋势,并计算了热岛效应强度,用Mann-Kendall法对年平均气温进行了气候突变检验。结果表明:1960-2007年,东阿站与参照站的年平均气温变化曲线随年份的增加呈波动上升,变化趋势基本上是一致的,但东阿站的线性回归系数(0.032)比参照站的(0.010)大;累积距平分析表明,东阿站主要变暖趋势在1986以后,参照站主要变暖趋势在1994年后;1970-2007年东阿站热岛效应强度随年代增加呈增强的趋势,增温率为0.25℃/10a;热岛效应的存在使得气候变暖的突变点发生了改变,东阿站气候变暖的突变点在1988年附近,参照站气候变暖的突变点在1993年。2008年,东阿站迁址后热岛效应明显减弱或消失,使得气温变化趋势出现了不连续现象。因此在应用东阿站气温资料进行气候分析时,应考虑热岛效应的影响,在热岛效应影响显著的年代里,可利用热岛效应强度的变化方程:y=0.0254x-0.0217进行温度订正。     

鱼源嗜水气单胞菌aopB-/aopD-/aroA-缺失株的构建及鉴定

嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)能引起多种鱼类暴发性出血性败血症,为研制更加安全的嗜水气单胞菌口服活疫苗,构建了鱼源嗜水气单胞菌aopB-/aopD-/aroA-缺失株。首先构建含缺失369 bp的aopB/aopD基因(编码嗜水气单胞菌外膜蛋白B、D)与蔗糖敏感基因(sacB)的重组自杀性质粒pREaopB/aopD,与嗜水气单胞菌Ah2056接合转移,应用二步法筛选aopB-/aopD-缺失株,PCR证实aopB/aopD基因的缺失突变。在此基础上,构建另一个含缺失1 290 bp的aroA基因(编码5-酸烯醇式丙酮酸莽草酸-3-磷酸合酶)与庆大霉素抗性片段（aacC1片段）的重组自杀性质粒pSUParoA,与aopB-/aopD-缺失株接合转移,利用庆大霉素抗性筛选aopB-/aopD-/aroA-缺失株,用PCR证实aroA基因的缺失突变。进一步对aopB-/aopD--/aroA-缺失株进行生长特性、对鱼的毒力等生物学特性鉴定。结果表明,aopB-/aopD-/aroA-缺失株构建成功,且该缺失株为毒力丧失、营养缺陷株。     

基于传递函数的土壤数据库缺失数据的填补研究

数据缺失在土壤调查研究中是一个非常普遍的现象,处理不当一定程度上会影响研究结果的可靠性。土壤转换函数(pedotransfer functions,PTFs)是简单、快速、大批量填补土壤数据库缺失信息的有效手段。但目前分析和厘定我国土壤数据库缺失数据特征的研究较少,针对土壤数据库缺失数据的填补方法也亟待规范。本文对我国第二次土壤普查数据库进行分析,探讨该数据库的数据缺失特征,并对数据缺失严重的土壤属性进行预测,以期为今后的土壤数据库缺失数据填补工作提供参考。总体来看,质地(砂粒、粉粒和黏粒含量)、pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾是土壤普查中最基础的调查项目,这些土壤属性信息的完整性最好。有效磷、速效钾和阳离子交换量数据有一定的缺失。碱解氮、容重、砾石含量、各种类型氧化铁数据缺失严重。在填补缺失数据时,建议首先考虑模型的稳定性,尽量使用那些相对稳定且数据完整性好的土壤属性来预测缺失数据。我国第二次土壤普查数据库基本都缺少空间属性信息,在填补缺失数据时最好采用简单而相对稳定的回归模型。利用回归分析得到的土壤传递函数可以较好地实现容重、碱解氮和部分阳离子交换量缺失数据的填补工作。尽管如此,由于部分土壤属性信息有一定的时效性,应用传递函数时要注意数据源的历史背景。     

基于MODIS遥感资料估算高原地表潜热通量

利用2014年夏季青藏高原9个观测站的实测资料,首先分析了夏季高原地区的湍流输送特征,并对MODIS(Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)地表潜热产品在高原地区的适用性进行检验,进一步在潜热模型中引入MODIS昼夜地表温度来估算研究区的地表潜热,并将估算值与实测值进行对比。结果表明:下垫面以裸土/稀疏植被为主的阿里站能量输送以感热为主,其他观测站的湍流输送则以潜热输送为主;MODIS潜热产品在高原各地区的适用性存在差异,产品在高原东部偏东地区适用性较好,其他地区适用性较差,且高原西部的潜热有效数据大量缺失;而新提出的方法不仅可以弥补高原西部地表潜热的缺失,还可以提高地表潜热的估算精度,估算值与实测值之间相关系数达到0.77,均方根误差仅为29.8 W/m2,相对误差为35.59%;模型给出的高原地区地表潜热区域分布特征与高原的地表覆盖类型吻合较好,说明模型给出的高原地表潜热分布是合理的。     

来源于水牛瘤胃未培养微生物的内切葡聚糖酶的碱性羧基末端结构域的功能鉴定

本碱性羧基末端结构域（basic C-terminal domain,BTD）是瘤胃细菌的碳水化合物活性酶（carbohydrateactive enzymes）中未知功能的一个结构域。BTD都位于酶或蛋白质的羧基最末端,大小为30～80个氨基酸（aa）,含有较多的碱性氨基酸,一般该结构域等电点都大于10。本工作构建了来源于水牛瘤胃未培养微生物的内切葡聚糖酶C5614-1的BTD缺失酶C5614-1RBTD57（缺失C5614-1羧基末端的57个aa）和C5614-1RBTD40（缺失C5614-1羧基末端的40个aa）以及C67-1的BTD缺失酶C67-1ΔBTD（缺失C67-1羧基末端的42个aa）,酶学特性分析发现BTD缺失酶与野生酶对pH和温度的稳定性是相似的,说明BTD结构域对酶的酶学特性方面贡献不大。尽管缺失了C5614-1的羧基末端57个氨基酸后,缺失酶C5614-1RBTD57对温度和pH的稳定性明显降低,但同时缺失酶对Avicel的结合能力也显著下降,说明该缺失酶是因为该酶的碳水化合物结合组件（carbohydrate binding module,CBM）的部分缺失而导致了酶的稳定性的改变。本文还对BTD可能的功能做了预测。     

从西汉水水沙变化看水土保持综合治理成效

西汉水流域为嘉陵江的重点产沙区,自1989年开始全面实施"长治"水土保持工程建设以来,水土保持措施在控制流域水土流失中起到了显著的作用。对西汉水干流控制水文站礼县站、大桥站和镡家坝站自建站到2010年的实测水文资料进行分析的结果表明,礼县站以上区域在降水量仅减少10%的情况下径流量减少了56%、泥沙量减少了80%,说明"长治"水土保持工程在蓄水保土、减少流域水土流失方面取得了明显的成效。     

北京郊区生物质两种气站净产能评估与分析

该文采用能值方法对北京郊区生物质大中型秸秆气化站和沼气站的能值投入及产出进行了核算,结果表明,大中型秸秆气化站和沼气站净能值产出率（EYR）均小于1,秸秆气化站净能值产出率为0.55,沼气站净能值产出率为0.70,说明此2种能源经济生产方式效率低,不具备经济活动竞争力。因受到技术水平制约,这2种能源开发方式为经济不合算开发方式,对其开发利用尤其是大中型沼气站的开发利用应有清醒认识,因地制宜地建设并加大技术研发力度;同时要注重其公益性特征,充分挖掘北京郊区生物质资源开发潜力。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.