植物提取物调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵的研究进展

植物提取物中的挥发油、皂苷、生物碱、萜类等化学物质具有抗菌、促生长、提高免疫力和抗氧化等功能。近年来研究发现,植物提取物还可以调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵模式,提高氮存留,减少甲烷排放的功能,因此,植物提取物作为调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵的一种重要添加剂得到了广泛的研究与应用。目前国内外的学者已经在有效植物品种的筛选和植物提取物作用机理、剂量效应等方面的研究取得了较大进展。文中就目前植物提取物对反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控的最新研究进展作一综述,为我国开展植物提取物作为反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控添加剂的研究提供参考。     

植物提取物调控瘤胃发酵的研究进展

植物提取物因其低毒副作用及所具有的独特天然性、营养性和生物活性,成为抗生素的理想替代品之一。许多植物提取物可用于调控单胃动物和反刍动物的消化道功能。本文旨在阐述精油、皂苷和大蒜提取物等植物提取物对反刍动物瘤胃发酵的影响,探讨其作用机理及作为瘤胃发酵调控剂的可行性。     

植物提取物对瘤胃发酵的调控作用

<正>与单胃动物不同,反刍动物能够大量地利用粗纤维饲料,这应归功于反刍动物特有的瘤胃发酵功能,即瘤胃微生物能够降解结构性碳水化合物,合成微生物蛋白,给反刍动物提供能量和优质的蛋白质。然而,     

植物次生代谢产物对瘤胃发酵调控的研究进展

瘤胃发酵调控在反刍动物营养与饲料产品研究中占有重要地位.近年来大量研究证实,植物提取物中含有生物碱、皂苷、萜类、挥发精油等多种生物活性成分,具有抗菌、促生长、提高免疫力和抗氧化等功能,同时具有调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵模式,提高氮存留,减少甲烷排放的功能.因此,植物次生代谢产物作为反刍动物饲料添加剂研究和应用将成为研究的热点,对发展反刍动物绿色营养技术、提高饲料利用效率和保护环境起到积极作用.本文针对目前应用于反刍动物饲料添加剂的植物次生代谢产物的来源、种类、组成特性和应用做了综述,以期对今后我国该领域的研究和产品开发提供参考价值.     

植物精油对瘤胃发酵的调控作用

瘤胃微生物可降解饲料中营养成分来生成挥发性脂肪酸并合成微生物蛋白来为反刍动物提供能量和蛋白。但瘤胃发酵过程中会有能量损失和蛋白利用效率低下现象发生,进而降低了反刍动物生产性能。植物精油可以与微生物细胞膜作用,可抑制一些革兰阴性菌和阳性菌,进而调控瘤胃微生物发酵作用。论文主要介绍近年来植物精油对瘤胃发酵调控作用研究近况,讨论其作为瘤胃发酵调控剂的可行性。     

瘤胃发酵调控研究进展

本文综述了通过调控饲料的加工细度和饲料精粗比 ,去瘤胃原虫或向日粮中添加唾液盐、应用酵母培养物及瘤胃素调控瘤胃发酵来提高饲料利用率的方法。并讨论了调控效果及调控瘤胃发酵应该注意的一些问题     

植物提取物对反刍动物生产性能及瘤胃发酵的影响

长期使用抗生素会引发耐药菌的产生,对动物和人的健康带来安全隐患,因此,研究开发新的天然饲料添加剂成为近年来的热点。本文讨论了植物及植物提取物（单宁、挥发油等）对反刍动物生产性能及消化,特别是对瘤胃发酵作用方式的影响。     

植物精油调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵的研究进展

饲料在反刍动物瘤胃内发酵过程中,造成能量和蛋白质的流失,降低饲料利用效率。植物精油因其低毒副作用及其所具有的天然性、营养性和生物活性,对反刍动物瘤胃发酵具有积极的调控作用,成为抗生素的理想替代品之一。文章主要综述了植物精油对反刍动物瘤胃微生物及瘤胃发酵的影响及调控作用。     

植物次生代谢产物调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵及甲烷产生的研究进展

论文主要阐述了植物次级代谢产物的种类,及其对反刍动物瘤胃微生物（原虫、真菌、细菌）的影响,进一步综述了其对瘤胃发酵参数（瘤胃液pH、氨态氮的浓度、挥发性脂肪酸浓度）、瘤胃微生物蛋白的合成及甲烷产量的影响.     

植物提取物对反刍动物瘤胃发酵、甲烷产量及生产性能影响的研究进展

植物提取物中含有生物碱、皂苷、单宁和多糖等多种生物活性成分,具有抗菌、促生长、提高免疫力等功能,可以调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵模式,提高氮利用率,降低甲烷排放和提高动物生产性能等,是一种理想的抗生素替代品.文章综述植物提取物对反刍动物瘤胃发酵、甲烷排放、氮利用率和生产性能方面的调控作用,为植物提取物在反刍动物方面的研究和实际...     

药用植物提取物对绵羊采食量、养分消化及瘤胃发酵性能的影响

文章旨在探讨日粮添加不同水平药用植物提取物对绵羊采食量、采食行为、养分消化及瘤胃发酵性能的影响.试验将60头平均体重为82.76 kg的绵羊随机分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复4头.3组绵羊在10?w的试验期中分别饲喂基础日粮+0、80和160?mg/kg药物复合植物提取物.结果:80?mg/kg植物提取物组绵羊的平均...     

瘤胃原虫营养研究进展

瘤胃原虫是瘤胃微生物的重要组成部分。本文针对瘤胃原虫特点、作用、调控及瘤胃细菌和真菌间的相互作用作一综述。     

Effect of plant oils and aspartate on rumen fermentation in vitro

The effect of plant oils and aspartate (ASP) on rumen fermentation in vitro. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of plant oils (rapeseed - RO, sunflower - SO; linseed - LO; 10% wt/wt) and 8 mmol sodium aspartate on rumen fermentation of a diet (250 mg) consisting of hay, barley and sugar beet molasses (60 : 30 : 10). Rumen fluid was collected from two Slovak Merino sheep fed the same diet twice daily. Mixed ruminal micro-organisms were incubated in fermentation fluid (40 ml) containing rumen fluid and McDougall's buffer (1 : 4). Incubations were carried out in batch cultures for 72 h at 39 degrees C two times in a 3-week intervals. When compared to the control, all supplemented diets (RO, SO, LO, ASP) significantly increased the pH, the mol% of propionate (LO + 8.7%; SO + 10.12%; RO + 8.65%; ASP + 5.86%) and the acetate : propionate ratio and numerically decreased methane production (SO -32.8%; LO, RO -30.08%; ASP -21.56%). Lactate production was also significantly decreased. Addition of plant oils to aspartate-treated incubations partly inhibited the decrease of n-butyrate, lactate and the increase of pH and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) caused by ASP treatment. The effect of combined additives (RO + ASP, SO + ASP, LO + ASP) on methane production SO + ASP (-19.23%) and mol% propionate SO + ASP (+2.66%), LO + ASP (+4.28%) was less effective. All combined additives caused a significant decrease in digestibility of the given feeds. No effect of plant oils and ASP could be observed on the parameters of rumen fermentation (mainly methane and propionate).     

瘤胃肽代谢的研究进展

瘤胃是反刍动物特有的消化器官，瘤胃蛋白质代谢的调控将是今后长时期内反刍动物营养研究的重点。肽作为蛋白质降解的中间产物，在氨基酸消化、吸收和代谢中起着重要作用。肽是瘤胃微生物的重要营养来源，包括细菌、原虫和真菌都具有水解蛋白质的能力，利用蛋白质降解产物-肽、氨基酸和氨-作为氮源以维持其生长，并合成微生物蛋白。作者从蛋白质在瘤胃消化过程中肽的释放和降解、瘤胃内肽的吸收、瘤胃肽代谢的调控、肽对瘤胃微生物的营养作用等方面阐述了当前瘤胃肽代谢的研究进展。     

Screening for the effects of natural plant extracts at different pH on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation of a high-concentrate diet for beef cattle

Six natural plant extracts and three secondary plant metabolites were tested at five doses (0, 0.3, 3, 30, and 300 mg/L) and two different pH (7.0 and 5.5) in a duplicate 9 x 5 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to determine their effects on in vitro microbial fermentation using ruminal fluid from heifers fed a high-concentrate finishing diet. Treatments were extracts of garlic (GAR), cinnamon (CIN), yucca (YUC), anise (ANI), oregano (ORE), and capsicum (CAP) and pure cinnamaldehyde (CDH), anethole (ATL), and eugenol (EUG). Each treatment was tested in triplicate and in two periods. Fifty milliliters of a 1:1 ruminal fluid-to-buffer solution were introduced into polypropylene tubes supplied with 0.5 g of DM of a 10:90 forage:concentrate diet (15.4% CP, 16.0% NDF; DM basis) and incubated for 24 h at 39 degrees C. Samples were collected for ammonia N and VFA concentrations. The decrease in pH from 7.0 to 5.5 resulted in lower (P < 0.05) total VFA, ammonia N, branched-chain VFA concentration, acetate proportion, and acetate:propionate, and in a higher (P < 0.05) propionate proportion. The interaction between pH and doses was significant for all measurements, except for ATL and CDH for butyrate, ATL and EUG for acetate:propionate ratio, and ORE for ammonia N concentration. The high dose of all plant extracts decreased (P < 0.05) total VFA concentrations. When pH was 7.0, ATL, GAR, CAP, and CDH decreased (P < 0.05) total VFA concentration, and ANI, ORE, CIN, CAP, and CDH increased (P < 0.05) the acetate:propionate. The CIN, GAR, CAP, CDH, ORE, and YUC decreased (P < 0.05), and EUG, ANI, and ATL increased (P < 0.05) ammonia N concentration. The effects of plant extracts on the fermentation profile when pH was 7.0 were not favorable for beef production. In contrast, when pH was 5.5, total VFA concentration did not change (ATL, ANI, ORE, and CIN) or increased (P < 0.05) (EUG, GAR, CAP, CDH, and YUC), and the acetate:propionate (ORE, GAR, CAP, CDH, and YUC) decreased (P < 0.05), which would be favorable for beef production. Ammonia N (ATL, ANI, CIN, GAR, CAP, and CDH) and branched-chain VFA (ATL, EUG, ANI, ORE, CAP, and CDH) concentrations also were decreased (P < 0.05), suggesting that deamination was inhibited. Results indicate that the effects of plant extracts on ruminal fermentation in beef cattle diets may differ depending on ruminal pH. When pH was 5.5, GAR, CAP, YUC, and CDH altered ruminal microbial fermentation in favor of propionate, which is more energetically efficient.     

Effects of pure plant secondary metabolites on methane production,rumen fermentation and rumen bacteria populations in vitro

In this study, the effects of seven pure plant secondary metabolites (PSM s) on rumen fermentation, methane (CH₄) production and rumen bacterial community composition were determined. Two in vitro trials were conducted. In trial 1, nine concentrations of 8‐hydroxyquinoline, α‐ terpineol, camphor, bornyl acetate, α‐ pinene, thymoquinone and thymol were incubated on separate days using in vitro 24‐hr batch incubations. All compounds tested demonstrated the ability to alter rumen fermentation parameters and decrease CH₄ production. However, effective concentrations differed among individual PSM s. The lowest concentrations that reduced (p  <  .05) CH₄ production were as follows: 8 mg/L of 8‐hydroxyquinoline, 120 mg/L of thymoquinone, 240 mg/L of thymol and 480 mg/L of α‐ terpineol, camphor, bornyl acetate and α‐ pinene. These concentrations were selected for use in trial 2. In trial 2, PSM s were incubated in one run. Methane was decreased (p  <  .05) by all PSM s at selected concentrations. However, only 8‐hydroxyquinoline, bornyl acetate and thymoquinone decreased (p  <  .05) CH₄ relative to volatile fatty acids (VFA s). Based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis, different PSM s changed the composition of bacterial communities to different extents. As revealed by Ion Torrent sequencing, the effects of PSM s on relative abundance were most pronounced in the predominant families, especially in Lachnospiraceae , Succinivibrionaceae , Prevotellaceae , unclassified Clostridiales and Ruminococcaceae . The CH ₄ production was correlated negatively (?.72; p  <  .05) with relative abundance of Succinivibrionaceae and positively with relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae (.86; p  <  .05). In summary, this study identified three pure PSM s (8hydroxyquinoline, bornyl acetate and thymoquinone) with potentially promising effects on rumen CH₄ production. The PSM s tested in this study demonstrated considerable impact on rumen bacterial communities even at the lowest concentrations that decreased CH₄ production. The findings from this study may help to elucidate how PSM s affect rumen bacterial fermentation.     

反刍动物过瘤胃淀粉研究进展

过瘤胃淀粉是高产反刍动物葡萄糖的重要来源之一。本文阐述了过瘤胃淀粉在反刍动物营养中的作用,以及提高饲料过瘤胃淀粉比例的处理方法,并根据近年来的应用研究状况,提出了过瘤胃淀粉在应用中存在的问题及今后的研究方向。