Heavy metal contamination near major highways,industrial and urban areas in belgian grassland

An investigation was made of the Zn, Cu, Mn, and Pb contents in samples of soil and grass collected along highways and in fields adjoining industrial zones in Belgium. Soil contamination by Zn and Pb was quite pronounced along highways and in some cases contamination by Mn was also observed. Contamination by these heavy metals decreased rapidly with increasing distance from the highway. High values of metal accumulation in plants located near highways were observed. The accumulation of Pb was particularly pronounced. Contamination by Cu, Zn, Pb and possibly Mn in soils of some urban gardens was also recorded.     

工业发达城市区域耕地土壤重金属时空变异与来源变化

为研究耕地土壤重金属随着社会经济的发展所表现出的时空变异与来源变化规律,以东莞市为研究区,通过多元统计对2002年和2012年耕地土壤中8种主要重金属元素的含量特征进行描述,并结合地统计分析和主成份分析/绝对主成分分数模型对Hg、Cd、Cu、Ni 4种污染元素的时空变异和来源变化进行分析。结果表明:除Hg外,4种污染元素含量在10 a期间均呈升高趋势。半变异分析表明,Hg、Cd和Cu在2012年受到更强的人为干扰。随着经济社会发展Hg和Cd的主要污染来源由电镀、电子、化工、制革产业和道路交通转变为电镀、电子产业与生活垃圾,导致这一转变的原因主要是政府污染整治力度的不断增加,交通环保技术的不断提高以及城市化导致的生活垃圾污染不断加剧。     

广州市都市型农业发展与产业结构调整方向探析

都市型农业已日益成为国内外现代化大都市农业发展的趋势和方向。广州市农业结构日趋多元化，其产业化和基地化生产特色也日益凸现，在生产和经营方面已逐步形成生态农业、产业化、设施农业、订单农业和观光旅游农业等典型模式，在产业结构布局方面将需进一步调整与优化，以逐步形成新的功能分区。     

施用鸡粪后土壤磷的累积特征

根据不同方式计算鸡粪施用量,进行连续6茬蔬菜施用鸡粪田间试验,研究农田土壤中磷的累积特征。结果表明:土壤中全磷、树脂态磷、碳酸氢钠提取态磷、氢氧化钠提取态磷和稀盐酸提取态磷含量均随着鸡粪用量的提高而显著提高,且含量增幅随着种植茬数的增加而提高,故在生产实践中以作物需磷量配施鸡粪较优,否则由此所引起的土壤盈余磷素流失或淋失对地表水和地下水水质的潜在影响风险较大。     

Soils in Japan

There are two ideas in relation to explain soils. The one is to accept soils as material, and the other is, as a natural body.     

Magnetic signature and source identification of heavy metal contamination in urban soils of steel industrial city,Northeast China

Purpose

Identifying the spatial distribution and degree of heavy metal contamination in the soils is required for urban environmental management. Magnetic measurement provides a rapid means of determining spatial distribution and degree of soil pollution and identifying various anthropogenic sources of heavy metals. The purpose of this study was to characterize the magnetic signature of heavy metal contamination and identify the sources of heavy metals in urban soils from steel industrial city.

Materials and methods

A total of 115 urban topsoils from Anshan city, Northeast China, were collected and determined for magnetic properties and heavy metal concentration. Magnetic susceptibility (χlf) and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) were determined as proxy for ferrimagnetic mineral concentration. Magnetic minerals were identified by using Curie temperature, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The Pearson’ correlation and matrix cluster analyses were used to establish the relationship between magnetic parameters and heavy metal concentrations.

Results and discussion

Urban topsoils exhibit characteristic magnetic enhancement. The magnetic measurement in particle size fractions indicates that 50–2 μm fraction has the highest low-field magnetic susceptibility (χlf), while <2 μm has the highest frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility (χfd) value. The soil χlf and SIRM values are significantly correlated with the contents of metals (Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cr) and Tomlinson pollution load index (PLI), which indicates that χlf and SIRM could be served as better indicators for the pollution of heavy metals in the urban topsoil. Spatial distribution maps of χlf, SIRM, and PLI indicate that the pollution hotspots tend to associate with the regions within and close to steel industrial zones. XRD and Curie temperature analyses indicate that the main magnetic minerals of urban topsoils are magnetite (Fe₃O₄), hematite (α-Fe₂O₃), and metallic iron. Magnetic minerals mostly occur in the pseudo-single-domain/multidomain (PSD/MD) grain size range, which is the dominant contributor to the magnetic enhancement of topsoils. SEM observation reveals that magnetic particles in soils exist in irregular-shaped particles and spherule. Results reveal that heavy metals from industrially derived and traffic emissions coexist with coarse-grained magnetic phases.

Conclusions

It is concluded that the magnetic measurement could be regarded as a proxy tool to detect the level of heavy metal pollution and identify the source of heavy metals in urban soils. Magnetic properties provide a fast and inexpensive method to map the spatial distribution of long-term pollution from steel industrial origin on region scale.

     

Sorption of atrazine, 2,4‐D,nitrobenzene and pentachlorophenol by urban and industrial wastes

This study was carried out to investigate the sorption properties of man‐made soil developed from sewage sludge, municipal wastes, brick and mortar debris, harbour sludge, sand fills, fly ash, and wastes from coking plants and coal mines. The composition of organic matter in the samples was analysed, and the sorption isotherms of four reference chemicals (nitrobenzene, atrazine, 2,4‐D, pentachlorophenol) were determined. Fly ash, which contains up to 89% of its carbon as Black Carbon, showed a strong affinity to all four chemicals. For the other waste materials, a strong correlation between the logarithm of the Freundlich adsorption constant, K_f, and the logarithm of organic carbon, C_o, was established (r = 0.85–0.96). This holds for the non‐ionic nitrobenzene and also, within a certain pH range depending on the pK_a of the compound, for the three ionizable organic compounds (atrazine: pH > 4; 2,4‐D: pH > 5; PCP: pH > 6). At pH near the pK_a value the sorption is sensitive to pH. There were no statistically significant differences between the waste materials and the natural soils in the relations between logK_f and logC_o for either ionic or non‐ionic chemicals. This result suggests that the method devised for estimating the sorption of organic chemicals in natural soils based on their content of organic carbon is equally valuable for the waste materials, with the exception of fly ash which contains a large amount of Black Carbon.     

旱地土壤中的硝化-反硝化作用

本文综述了国内外旱地土壤硝化 -反硝化作用的过程及其影响因数和硝化 -反硝化作用产生的N2 O量及其影响因素以及旱地土壤上氮肥硝化 -反硝化损失量等方面的研究进展     

Comparative Analysis of Bacteriophages and Bacteria Removal in Soils and Pyrophyllite-Amended Soils: Column Experiments

The objective of the present study was to investigate the transport and removal of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, bacteriophage MS2, and bacteriophage Phix174 in the soils and pyrophyllite-amended soils. Laboratory columns experiments were performed under saturated flow conditions. Our results showed that bacteriophages passed through the soils more easily than bacteria under the given experimental conditions (pulse injection?=?15 min, flow rate?=?0.5 mL/min, column length?=?20 cm, inner diameter?=?2.5 cm, pH?=?7.6, electrical conductivity (EC)?=?150.1 μS/cm); the log removals of bacteria were in the range of 0.44 to 1.72, whereas the log removals of bacteriophages were between 0.01 and 0.13. Our results also demonstrated that the transport of bacteria and bacteriophages in the soil columns could be reduced considerably in the presence of pyrophyllite. Under the same column experimental conditions above, the log removals for MS2 and Phix174 in 50% soil?+?50% pyrophyllite were 2.64 and 3.05, respectively, whereas the log removals in 100% pyrophyllite were 5.70 for MS2 and 5.10 for Phix174; those values were far greater than the log removals in 100% soil (MS2?=?0.063, Phix174?=?0.128). Additional column experiments (step injection, flow rate?=?0.3 mL/min, column length?=?30 cm, inner diameter?=?2.5 cm, solution pH?=?8.4, EC?=?39.8 mS/cm) showed that the log removals for B. subtilis (1.72) and Phix174 (1.48) in the pyrophyllite were greater than those in the soil (B. subtilis?=?1.41; Phix174?=?0.39). This study demonstrated that the pyrophyllite amendment method could be used for protecting groundwater from microbial contamination by animal carcass burial soils.     

Cryptopodzolic Soils in Switzerland

Cryptopodzolic Soils are characterized by a thick blackish-brown mineral horizon rich in organic matter, the dark colour of which masks the morphological characteristics of podzolization. Little is known about the specific site factors that lead to the formation of these soils. Four representative soil profiles from a typical toposequence between 1700 and 500 m above sea level in southern Switzerland, embracing Haplic Podzols, Humic Cambisols and Cryptopodzolic Soils, are described morphologically, chemically and physically. The Cryptopodzolic Soils in this region are characterized by weak to moderate A1 and Fe translocation, and by a uniform incorporation of organic matter deep into the soil. The most prominent feature is the exceptional stability of the soil organic matter with a maximum in the spodic horizon. All these characteristics can be explained by the unique combined effect of a mild, wet climate, an Fe- and Al-rich acid bedrock and a litter layer providing dissolved organic matter rich in polyphenolic substances with strong metal-binding properties.     

唑螨酯在土壤中的降解及淋溶特性

为研究唑螨酯在环境中的行为特性,采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了唑螨酯在土壤中的降解及淋溶特性,通过降解半衰期和比移值Rf来评价其在土壤环境中的安全性。结果表明:唑螨酯在3种土壤中的降解符合一级动力学方程,好气条件下,在黄壤、水稻土和石灰土的降解半衰期分别为81.5、96.3和84.5 d,唑螨酯在水稻土中较难降解,在黄壤和石灰土中中等降解;厌气条件下的半衰期分别为154.0、56.3和43.3 d,水稻土和石灰土中中等降解,黄壤中较难降解。唑螨酯在黄土、水稻土和石灰土中比移值Rf均为0.083,唑螨酯在3种土壤中均不移动,正常条件下不会对地下水造成污染。综上所述,唑螨酯在土壤环境中具有较强的稳定性,因此应严格掌握其使用量和使用时期,同时建议加强对唑螨酯残留的跟踪监测。     

Soils and plant nutrition on a serpentinized ridge in South Germany. I. Soils

The soil association is described for a serpentinized ridge and its adjacent upper slopes in Northeastern Bavaria (Germany). On gentle and moderately inclined parts of the relief medium to deeply weathered Eutric Cambisols dominate. Specific properties are the unusually high Mg saturation values (35 – 85 %) and Mg/Ca (exchangeable) ratios (1.6 – 10.8) in the mineral soil horizons. Steeper parts of the slopes are characterized by Rego-Eutric Cambisols and Eutric Regosols. Eutric Leptosols dominate the footslope of a quarry.     

土壤硅磷元素交互作用研究进展

介绍并讨论了国内外有关土壤硅、磷两种元素交互作用的研究动态与进展。硅、磷元素在植物体内的交互作用并非由于硅在生理上代替了植物对磷的需要,而是由于硅的存在降低了过量铁、锰、铝等金属离子的毒害,从而改善了植物的磷素营养。硅、磷元素可以相互促进肥效,提高各自的生物利用率。二者在土壤中存在着竞争性吸附关系,其中土壤对磷的吸附结合能更大。磷的施用不仅降低了土壤对硅的吸附,而且增加了硅的解吸。     

Biological Oxygen Demand in Soils and Litters

Biological oxygen demand (BOD) in mineral and organic horizons of soddy-podzolic soils in the forest-park belt of Moscow as an indicator of their microbial respiration and potential biodestruction function has been studied. The BOD of soil samples has been estimated with a portable electrochemical analyzer after incubation in closed flasks under optimum hydrothermal conditions. A universal gradation scale of this parameter from very low (<2 g O₂/(m³ h)) to extremely high (>140 g O₂/(m³ h)) has been proposed for mineral and organic horizons of soil. A physically substantiated model has been developed for the vertical distribution of BOD in the soil, which combines the diffusion transport of oxygen from the atmosphere and its biogenic uptake in the soil by the first-order reaction. An analytical solution of the model in the stationary state has been obtained; from it, the soil oxygen diffusivity and the kinetic constants of O₂ uptake have been estimated, and the profile-integrated total BOD value has been calculated (0.4–1.8 g O₂/(m² h)), which is theoretically identical to the potential oxygen flux from the soil surface due to soil respiration. All model parameters reflect the recreation load on the soil cover by the decrease in their values against the control.     

壬基酚在土壤中的降解和吸附特性

采用室内模拟试验,研究了壬基酚（NP）在3种土壤中的降解和吸附特性。结果表明,NP在土壤中的降解分为快速和慢速降解阶段,半衰期分别为6.74～9.72d和70.02～78.77d。降解前期3种土壤中的降解速率相差较大,依次为黑龙江黑土〉北京潮土〉广西红壤,与土壤有机质含量相一致,随培养时间推移,降解速率差异减小。NP在土壤中具有不同结合状态及异构体降解性不同可能是出现慢速降解阶段的主要原因。土壤对NP的吸附较为符合Linear等温吸附方程（r≥0.9686）,黑龙江黑土、北京潮土和广西红壤中吸附常数Kd值分别为65.52、31.66和32.71,黑龙江黑土对NP的吸附最强,广西红壤和北京潮土的吸附能力较为接近。各土壤理化性质参数中,以土壤有机质含量对NP吸附的影响最大（r=0.9950）,阳离子交换量对吸附也有一定影响,粘粒含量和pH对吸附的影响较小。NP在3种土壤中的有机碳吸附常数KOC在3696.22～4334.51之间,移动性很弱,吸附自由能变化均小于40kJ·mol-1,NP在土壤中的吸附以物理吸附为主。     

Soils and cultural layers in Velikii Novgorod

Urban pedosediments (cultural layers) dating back to the 10th–11th centuries AD and soddypodzolic soils buried under them were studied in two archaeological excavations in Velikii Novgorod. Stages of their development were described. It was found that the buried soddy-podzolic soils at the latest stages of their development were cultivated or were formed under meadow vegetation. Weakly developed garden soils were described in the thickness of urban pedosediments. The lowermost organic cultural layers in Velikii Novgorod were waterlogged and represented peatlike mass with well-preserved wood remains. The oxidation of organic matter, gleyzation, and vivianite formation were described in them. The upper mineral layers were enriched in brick debris and building lime. The processes of organic matter mineralization, alkalization, calcification, zoogenic turbation, and biogenic structuring were clearly manifested in this part. Soil solutions infiltrated from the cultural layers caused some alkalization of the buried soddy-podzolic soil. Diagenetic carbonates and vivianite appeared in some loci within the eluvial and the upper part of the illuvial horizon of this soil. The entire cultural layer was subjected to contamination with heavy metals.     

Plant Availability of Cadmium in Soils: I. Extractable Cadmium in Newly and Long-Term Cultivated Soils

Abstract

Effects of long-term use of phosphate fertilizers on extractable soil Cd in relation to its concentrations in plants were investigated. “Paired” soil samples were collected from newly and long-term cultivated fields and analyzed for Cd by extraction with NH₄OAc, DTPA, NH₄OAc-EDTA, NH₄NO₃, HCl and CaCl₂. Plant samples were also collected and analyzed for Cd. Significant differences in extractable Cd by all the extractants except NH₄NO₃ were observed between the newly and long-term cultivated soils. The Cd concentrations in plants were not increased by the elevated extractable Cd. Although significant relationships were observed between plant Cd and extractable soil Cd, none of the extractants used alone gave a good assessment of plant-available Cd for all the samples used in this study.